Tom Simms noted: >>My Post on Macedonian Army Usage seems to have missed the mark. The number of comments contradicting D. W. Engels' findings have been legion.<< Actually, they seem to be confirmed by Evenari, Shanan & Tadmor's _The Negev: the challenge of a desert._ (1971). >>Engels' little UCalifornia Press treatise on "THE LOGISTICS OF THE MACEDONIAN ARMY" is about the campaigns of ALEXANDER THE GREAT. << My apologies if I confused the subject of this book with Hannibal (which I know I did somewhere, as I even looked up the spelling of his name <g>). >>Again, here are the figures in 160 ounce 40 ounce quarts in Imperial measure likewise the similar pounds avoirdupois. Appendix 5, Table 3 0n p. 145 of Donald W. Engels, "Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army" Berkeley: U. California Press, 1978, gives The Army's Grain, Forage and Water Requirement for One Day Personnel - 3 lb. grain, 1/2 gal.(5 lb.) water Cavalry, Baggage and Provision animals - 20 lb. grain and forage 8 gal. (80 lb.) water<< I am a bit confused by this, as my understanding is that a US (128 fl oz) gallon weighs 10 (16 oz) lbs, which contradicts the data in the table if they represent Imperial gallons that should be 20% heavier. Are the weights in parentheses your comments, Tom, or in the text? The results of my inquiry at the Archeology Method list were as follows: Bob Kirk had noted that in his naval days he distilled 15 gallons (60 quarts) of water per day which served all personal needs (sans toilet flushing & steam for heat, etc). Jake Jacobson had recommended _The Negev: the challenge of a desert_ (Evenari, M., Shanan, L. & Tadmor, N., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971). Per his memory of 22 years ago, minimum estimate was 2 litres/day in winter and maximum estimate was 7 litres/day in summer. He also recommended a journal article he co-authored in which he used this data to speculate about settlement by small stock herders in an arid environment (in Namibia) with sparse, seasonal water resources: Carr, M.J., Carr, A.C. & Jacobson, L., Cimbebasia B2(11):235-258, 1978. Lon Bulgrin recommended _Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army_ by Donald Engels (1978 University of California Press), already recommended by Tom Simms, and which he highly recommended. Like Tom, he noted that "[m]uch of his (Engel's) information is based on 19th century British intelligence and army manuals" and "[w]ith water discipline, he estimated 2 quarts a day per person and 8 gallons a day per pack animal." Geoff Carver suggested looking at recent experiments involving Nabatean-style farming in the Negev region conducted by Ben Gurion University in Be'ersheva. Geoff was not sure this will be applicable to Qumran. I do not recall there being any extensive evidence for agricultural activities at Qumran, except possibly a relatively small (herb & vegetable?) garden. However, it may contain information regarding methods for collection of rainwater and their efficiency. Regards, Dave Hindley Cleveland, Ohio, USA For private reply, e-mail to "David C. Hindley" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> ---------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe from Orion, e-mail to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with the message: "unsubscribe Orion." Archives are on the Orion Web site, http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il.