Thanks Jennifer, What a great example. IWhat I took from the article was that the HOV lane was already in place, to stimulate the self-organisation. So in other aspects of life and society are there things we can put in place that stimulate self-organisation. The flip-side is whether 'slugging' would happen without the pre-existence of the HOV lane?
Will be tweeting this aswell. Regards, Rory Rory O'Connor Director & Co-Founder The Creativity Hub http://www.thecreativityhub.com phone: +44(0)28 9085 0628 mobile: +44(0)7740 1000 68 twitter: @roryoconnor @storycubes Rory's Story Cubes - Nominated for Toy of the Year 2011 http://www.storycubes.com Available now on iPhone/iPod touch: http://tinyurl.com/ybl39bp On 9 Mar 2011, at 09:55, Jack Martin Leith wrote: > Thanks for this, Jennifer. Lovely - just Tweeted it. > > Warm wishes, > > Jack > > Jack Martin Leith > Co-Creation Consultant > Bristol, United Kingdom > Mobile: 07582 598548 (+44 7582 598548) <-- New! > j...@jackmartinleith.com > Skype: jackmartinleith > Twitter: @jackmartinleith > www.jackmartinleith.com > > > > On 8 March 2011 18:47, Jennifer Hurley <jlhur...@hfadesign.com> wrote: > The article below has a great example of a self-organizing system at work! > > Jennifer Hurley > __________________________ > HURLEY~FRANKS & ASSOCIATES > 1500 Walnut St STE 504 | Philadelphia, PA 19102 > p: 215-988-9440 | f: 215-988-9441 | c: 267-971-4598 > jlhur...@hfadesign.com | http://www.hfadesign.com > Certified WDBE through PA UCP, City of Philadelphia OEO, and NJ UCP > > http://www.miller-mccune.com/culture-society/slugging-the-peoples-transit-28068/ > > Slugging The Peoples Transit > > Workers who have come down from the surrounding high-rise offices begin to > line up on a sidewalk in downtown Arlington, Va., across the Potomac from the > nations capital, about 3:30 in the afternoon. They stand in a perfect queue, > iPods and newspapers in hand, and they look, by all indications, like theyre > waiting for the bus. > > Public transit never shows. But, eventually, a blue Chrysler Town & Country > does. The woman behind the wheel rolls down her window and yells a kind of > call-and-response. > > Horner Road? > > Horner Road? repeats the first woman in line. > > Horner Road! > > And two women get in the van, heading, presumably, for Horner Road. Several > more cars pull up: a Ford Explorer, a Toyota Camry, a Saturn minivan. Each > collects a pair of passengers and pulls out past the intersection for the > on-ramp onto State Route 110, which leads three miles to the south, past the > Pentagon and onto Interstate 395/95 and its glorious 28 miles of > uninterrupted, controlled-access, high-occupancy vehicle lanes. > > The queue of cars eventually backs up around the corner, and the line of > passengers on the sidewalk ebbs. In a few minutes, the balance shifts again. > Within half an hour, nearly 50 cars will have come through, capped by a dusty > Ford F-250 pickup truck. > > I dont care where we go, yells the driver. I just need two people! > > And off the three go toward the highway and the suburbs complete > strangers, with not the least concern for personal safety, trying to shave 20 > or 30 minutes, maybe more, off their afternoon trip home. People are > cooperating to commute? says Marc Oliphant, underscoring the novelty of > what is going on here. Its like the opposite of road rage! > > Oliphant has brought a dozen local and federal transportation officials to > the sidewalk here to gawk at the commuters. No one would believe this sight > unseen: People here have created their own transit system using their private > cars. On 13 other corners, in Arlington and the District of Columbia, more > strangers Oliphant estimates about 10,000 of them every day are doing the > same thing: slugging. > > Their culture exists almost nowhere else. San Francisco has a similar > casual-carpooling system, and theres a small one in Houston. But thats it. > Even in D.C., slugging exists along only one of the citys many arteries, > I-95 and 395, where the nations first HOV lanes were completed in 1975. > > Every morning, these commuters meet in park-and-ride lots along the > interstate in northern Virginia. They then ride, often in silence, without > exchanging so much as first names, obeying rules of etiquette but having no > formal organization. No money changes hands, although the motive is hardly > altruistic. Each person benefits in pursuit of a selfish goal: For the > passenger, its a free ride; for the driver, a pass to the HOV lane, and both > get a faster trip than they would otherwise. Even society reaps rewards, as > thousands of cars come off the highway. > > To me, marvels Oliphant, a facilities planner with the Navy, its an > illustration of the ideal for government. > > Hes drawn to slugging as a creative vision that would begin to ease the > eternal mess of urban gridlock. Society always reaches first for the > infrastructure fix the costly highway expansion, the new route for the > metro rail. But what if government could just nudge more people to do what > theyve done here, creating their own commuting cure within the existing > system? Federal Highway Administration studies suggest that free-flowing > traffic can be restored on a clogged highway simply by removing 10 percent of > its cars. > > To get more drivers into a self-sustaining casual carpool, though, officials > would have to confront sluggings built-in complication. Theyd have to > figure out how to stimulate slugging elsewhere without spoiling its defining > feature: Government is not involved, or at least it looks not to be. > > Slugging The Peoples Transit from Miller-McCune on Vimeo. > > Oliphant, a trim and animated 30-year-old, spent six months on loan from the > Navy last year thinking about just this question as a Federal Highway > Administration transportation policy fellow. He began studying slugs three > years earlier for a masters thesis at Virginia Tech. (Slugging is not most > interesting for what it can teach about carpooling, he wrote, but rather for > the trust among strangers it requires and its leaderless organization. > Slugging is a contradiction to the everyday culture of America.) > > Whenever I meet someone new, all I have to do is ask about their commute, > which Im often very interested in, he says. And I get an immediate > emotional response. Especially for people in urban areas, its like this > universal problem. No one likes how they get to work. > > Including him. He used to bike from his home in Virginia to his office at the > Navy Yard in Southeast Washington. But last summer was even hotter than the > usual D.C. steam bath, and his new office had no shower. His wife tried > dropping him off by car (20 minutes door to door), with a return trip home at > night by metro (1 hour, 10 minutes door to door). On mornings when Oliphant > uses public transit, he gets on a bus about a block from his house, rides to > the local metro stop, takes a subway into the city, transfers once, then > walks 10 minutes on the other end to his office. In more than an hour, he > covers about six miles. > > > The benefits of slugging: For the passenger, it's a free ride; for the > driver, a pass to the HOV lane, and both get a faster trip than they would > otherwise. (Monica Lopossay) > > But a driver who hops on the HOV from Horner Road, 23 miles south of the > city, can cover that distance in about 30 minutes. > > The way the entire transportation system in this country is set up is to > support people traveling by their own car, he says. So parking is > subsidized. The incentive with lots of different laws and programs is to > drive as much as possible. > > In America, he says, cars have become an extension of houses. Most people > would no sooner think to let a stranger into the back seat than they would > let the same stranger into their living rooms. Americans drive cars > everywhere because gas relatively cheap (half what it costs in Europe), > because only 6 percent of the interstate highway system requires tolls, > because insurance rates are unrelated to how many miles people drive. We pay > for the land we live on, but we expect the parking spot out front to come > free of charge. The federal government has lately encouraged drivers with tax > breaks to buy, variously: a new car, a hybrid or clean-diesel vehicle, a > truck or SUV weighing more than 6,000 pounds, or any upgrade from a > clunker. Then, regardless of what we drive, the IRS invites lucrative tax > deductions for work travel, now at 50 cents a mile. > > Go ahead, all the signs (and car ads) seem to suggest: Buy your own car and > ride in it alone! > > I think your average Joe or Jane who doesnt know anything about > transportation thinks things are the way they are because thats what society > wants, Oliphant says glumly. And thats not really the case. > > What if, instead of one bus with a capacity of 50 that came along every 30 > minutes, five cars came along every few minutes, each with a capacity to > carry five people? Looked at broadly, Oliphant says, slugging is a kind of > public transit, because public subsidies pay to pave and restrict the HOV > lanes on which slugging relies. > > What the people using HOV lanes really want, apparently, is not to enjoy > their own company in a stylish and spacious single-occupancy vehicle. People > who become slugs just want to get to work and home to dinner as painlessly as > possible. > > In late July, Oliphant organized a symposium on slugging in a conference room > of the Arlington County Commuter Services office. The topic had been, until > now, a fringe curiosity, largely ignored by local officials and > transportation academics. The few paying attention had never talked to each > other, but the meeting drew three dozen people: a local politician, a > researcher from the University of Maryland, officials from the district and > staffers from the Virginia Department of Transportation and the Federal > Highway Administration. > > Oliphant introduced them all to David LeBlanc, a retired Army officer best > described as a folk hero to the slugging community. > > This guy has basically been running a small public transit system for the > last 10 years! Oliphant said, making LeBlanc blush. He is frequently in the > awkward position of explaining that he doesnt lead the slugs. Slugs organize > themselves. > > When LeBlanc moved to the area in the mid-1990s, slugging was already > entrenched. It was born alongside the I-395 HOV in the 1970s. According to > the slugs creation story, drivers quickly realized they could get people in > their cars and qualify for the new lanes by poaching waiting passengers from > bus stops. Bitter bus drivers are credited with coining the term slug, > originally a derogatory reference that has been amiably reappropriated. > > The first organized slug line is thought to have formed in the parking lot of > Bobs Big Boy restaurant, now a Shoneys, in Springfield, Va. Its destination > as with most early slug lines was the largest single employment center in > the country: the Pentagon. There are 25,000 people who work there, and the > site is a hub for two underground Metro lines and exponentially more bus > routes. > > LeBlanc moved to town from Missouri, where he drove four minutes to work each > morning and parked in a spot right out front. A friend in Washington warned > him. He said one of the biggest issues in D.C. is where youre going to live > and how youre going to commute, LeBlanc says. A lot of people, they try to > figure out the commute first. > > The friend suggested slugging. LeBlanc balked at the idea. For several weeks, > he rode the bus 25 miles from Woodbridge, catching it each morning in the > same commuter lot where strangers were hopping into each others cars. > Oliphant often wonders about what pushes people into that position for the > first time. > > For LeBlanc, it was a morning in the winter of 1996. > > The light bulb went off, he says. Here I am standing in the rain, in > February, its really cold, Im waiting for a mode of transportation thats > going to get me to work slower and cost me money. And I could just walk > across the street, and maybe that would get me to work faster, easier. Let me > just try it this one time; give it a try. > > Of course, he never went back. Cars in the HOV lane regularly travel above > the speed limit through a corridor where the average speed during congestion > is 14 miles an hour. Once youve been in that lane, your whole quality of > life changes. > > LeBlanc slugged to the Pentagon for months, using the subway to hop two stops > north to his office in Rosslyn. Eventually, he learned there was a slug line > there, too. Up to that time, the slugging culture had sustained itself for 20 > years entirely by word of mouth. You could only learn about the system from > people inside it, and even after you joined a particular slug line, you might > not know about others. > > LeBlanc decided slugs needed a book, one that would identify all the lines > and the unwritten rules for how to use them. In 1999, he self-published 1,000 > copies of Slugging: The Commuting Alternative for Washington, D.C. (Today, a > collectible signed copy sells on Amazon for $88.65.) I wrote this book, > he explains in an introduction, because I dont want others to have to learn > about slugging the way I did through the school of hard knocks. But he put > his book out of business with its corresponding website. > > A decade later, slug-lines.com is the hive of community wisdom. LeBlanc posts > a code of etiquette, and the denizens have their message boards where they > swap tales of all who violate it. The rules are intricate, if unenforceable: > Passengers dont speak unless spoken to; no talk of religion, politics or > sex; no cell phones, no money offered, no smoking; no asking to change the > radio station or to adjust the thermostat; and never, ever leave a female > slug waiting in line alone. Also frowned upon is something called body > snatching cruising a parking lot for passengers to avoid waiting in the > orderly first-come, first-served car queue. And, it should go without saying, > no one wants to watch you put on your makeup or eat your Egg McMuffin. > > One of the more curious slugging behaviors does not appear on LeBlancs list: > Most cars pull up to a slug line and, regardless of its length, pick up two > passengers and only two. > > Jim Cech, who also attended the symposium, gets agitated about the Pentagon > parking lot. He pulls out a legal notepad and begins to sketch a diagram: > Here are the bus bays, the parking spots, the police directing traffic. There > are also eight slugging queues at the Pentagon, heading to more than 15 > destinations. The scene is chaotic and not, as Cech fumes, as efficient as it > could be. > > Single points of failure drive me crazy, he says. > > To improve the slugging situation at the Pentagon, last year Cech started a > side business in his basement. He has been driving slugs for nearly 20 years > and figured he could shave a few more minutes off his commute with a sign > mounted to the roof of his car, instantly communicating his destination. > Currently, each driver must negotiate out the window with each potential > passenger to find the right match. Cechs business, RUGoingMyWay, would > eliminate those interactions. > > He found a company in China to produce his acrylic signs, another in Canada > to make the roof-mount magnets, an outlet in Florida to print the stickers, > and a webmaster in India to host his site. > > Its become an international business, he jokes, all designed to help me > get to work faster! > > Cechs labor, like LeBlancs, speaks to a key element of the system: Absent > any real organization, slugging thrives on the compulsion of individuals who > are extremely interested in finding small efficiencies. This is, not > coincidentally, what Cech also does by day as an engineering consultant > working on naval radars. (Like LeBlanc, he is also retired military.) > > My day job is trying to eke out seconds and miles and bytes, he says from > his office near the Navy Yard. In order for the system Im working on to be > more effective, the radars got to search quicker, the missiles got to fly > straighter, the time to solve the solution has got to go quicker, the data > rate has got to be more efficient. The errors have got to be reduced. Its > the same kind of thing, trying to address a systems problem. > > He explains that slugs are, above all, motivated by time saved, not money > pocketed and certainly not by any regard for the environment. A Prius is a > rare sight pulling into a slug line. Those ostensibly eco-conscious drivers > dont need slugs to reach a three-person HOV threshold; hybrid owners in > Virginia are eligible for a special clean-fuel license plate that gives them > a free pass into the HOV. > > Lots of people will pay money for the gas, theyll pay the money for the > tolls, Cech says. Some of them will even pay to risk the HOV as a > single-occupancy vehicle. The first infraction costs $150, and it quickly > escalates to $1,000. The thing you cant buy, Cech says, is time. > > He concedes that hes not likely to recoup in minutes saved in the Pentagon > parking lot all the hours he has invested in his basement business. He took > on the project after retiring as the president of his homeowners association. > RUGoingMyWay has become, in place of that responsibility, something of a > personal challenge. > > Cechs understanding of the psychology of slugging mirrors one of the > startling findings of Oliphants thesis. Oliphant surveyed 284 participants > and asked them, among other things, what they liked least about slugging. > Only 31 people mentioned riding with strangers. In the three-decade history > of the activity, there has not been a single known incidence of violence or > crime. When safety was cited as a concern, slugs worried about safe drivers, > not personal attacks. > > The homogeneity of Washingtons work force may play a role in this casual > acceptance of strangers in cars. With so many federal employees and military > personnel, people here even look alike, sporting uniform haircuts, black > briefcases and government IDs. If youre a government employee or in the > military, youre taught the group, not individualism, suggests Donald > Vankleeck, a civilian on his way to Bolling Air Force Base one morning in > September at 80 miles an hour. So its nothing to get in a strangers car. > You may have been all over the world serving with people whose first names > you never knew. > > Where apprehension does exist, Cech recasts it in oddly bureaucratic terms: > Its not fear for safety; its fear for time, he says. Are you going to be > held hostage to someone elses agenda by riding with them? > > What if a driver swings by the Dunkin Donuts drive-through before getting on > the highway? > > The casual-carpooling system that thrives across the country in San Francisco > betrays any notion that slugging could exist only in Washington. The Bay Area > network grew up in similarly organic fashion in the 1970s, although more as a > response to public transit service disruptions and rising gas prices. > > Today, slugging exists on the HOV corridor on Interstate 80 between the East > Bay and, across the Bay Bridge, San Francisco. In addition to time savings, > commuters scored an additional advantage: Most cars crossing the Bay Bridge > westbound into the city paid a $4 toll. Carpools passed through for free > until last summer. > > On July 1, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission changed the toll > structure in a way that dramatically disrupted the local slugging ecosystem. > Now, everyone must pay a toll to cross the Bay Bridge. Three-person carpools > owe $2.50, which must be paid through an electronic transponder usable only > in the HOV lane. Everyone else pays a variable rate $6 per car during rush > hour and $4 during the off-peak times. Carpools without the transponder must > stop and pay the full rate, in cash, at a toll booth. > > Despite the fact we had all this messaging we were trying to talk about it > for months leading up to July 1 people still just didnt get it, says > Susan Heinrich, the commissions rideshare and bicycling coordinator. Local > news stations filmed bewildered drivers pulling into the wrong toll lanes and > trying to back out of them, then waving cash at automated transponders. > > Back in the East Bay commuter lots, where casual carpools form each morning, > more confusion ensued. The new tolls still give carpools crossing the bridge > a financial incentive, but the existence of any toll at all where once none > existed has dislodged a central tenet of slugging: No money changes hands. > Without tolls, slugging is a perfectly equal exchange between riders and > drivers. > > Since July 1, the discussion board at ridenow.org the West Coast equivalent > of David LeBlancs cyberhub has been dominated by hundreds of comments on > the topic of who pays for the toll. Should passengers each offer up a dollar? > Does the burden lie with the driver or the rider to broach the issue? Should > drivers who expect a donation advertise that in a window sign? The debate has > thrust the whole premise of slugging into question: Who, after all, is > providing the service here? > > Certainly the contentiousness that exists here on the discussion board must > carry over into our carpools in the morning, one commenter laments. This is > not good for the community. > > We dont know exactly how all of this is going to play out yet, Heinrich > says. Transit officials did know, however, that one month after the tolls > implementation, carpooling was down 26 percent on all area bridges. Heinrich > suspects that the community will eventually settle into a détente, with the > driver paying the toll. Drivers still earn a discount thanks to the added > bodies. And, most important, they still reap the time savings on the HOV. > > The toll crisis, however, highlights the delicate balance of interests > essential for a slugging ecosystem to exist and why this activity thrives > in so few places. In Oliphants view, HOV-4 that is, a requirement that a > car have four occupants to drive in the high-occupancy vehicle lane doesnt > work, but HOV-3 does. HOV-3 lends a sense of security in numbers that HOV-2 > never could. The lanes, preferably separated by physical barrier from the > rest of traffic, must be long enough for time savings to accrue. The fines > for violating them must be steep enough to force compliance. Parallel public > transit must exist as a reliable backup. And employment nodes must be > situated just so, creating dense, communal urban epicenters that draw workers > from across suburbia. > > Back on the East Coast, Gabriel Ortiz, the transportation demand management > coordinator for Alexandria, has been trying to do what no municipal official > has done in the areas slugging history create a slug line from scratch, > artificially. Washingtons slug lines have expanded over the years, always in > response to the demand of the community and with the initiative of some of > its members. > > But slugs have never had a government body create a new line for them, and > the proposition entails both logistical and philosophical dilemmas. LeBlanc, > whom Ortiz enlisted as a consultant to the project, warned that he would have > to achieve just the right balance of drivers and passengers in the > experiments first phase to make the new line stick. Downtown Alexandria > isnt located immediately off the HOV, as destinations in Arlington and the > district are. So Ortiz was toying with the idea of temporary perks, maybe > Starbucks gift cards, to incentivize people where sluggings natural > conditions dont already exist. > > Once a slug himself, Ortiz knew hed also have to contend with the > communitys deep distaste for meddling. Many slugs told Oliphant that they > thought any type of intervention the very idea Oliphant is devoted to > encouraging in urban areas outside Washington would ruin the system. > (Cech points out that there is an irony here, or perhaps just a depressing > commentary on the state of government competence: Many of the slugging > proponents who abhor government involvement work, well, for the government.) > > Slugging is its own thing, and I dont want to have a heavy hand in saying > Heres City Hall doing this! Ortiz says. We want to keep things kind of > low-key. > > Chris Hamilton, the Arlington County Commuter Services bureau chief, > understands this better than anyone. Sitting in the 11th-floor office where > he hosted Oliphants symposium two months earlier, he confesses that > Arlington has been quietly funding LeBlancs website with an annual $10,000 > grant. For 10 years. The site doesnt disclose the connection, and Hamilton > seldom does. > > Its not public knowledge because we dont want people to know; it works > fine the way it is that people think its just this little slugging > community, he says. The slugging community has always had that idea about > themselves, that this is their own thing, and theyve created it, and they > dont need anybody else to muck it up. > > The $10,000 is not much in Arlingtons $8 million commuter services budget. A > model for urban smart growth atop a public transit corridor, the city has 50 > people who work in this office trying to prod residents and commuters into > alternative transportation. The city promotes the Metro, carpooling, bike > lanes and walkable development. > > Some officials continue to harbor the suspicion that slugging siphons riders > and fares from public transit (and not from single-occupancy vehicles). > But Hamilton says he doesnt care how people get to the city, as long as they > dont drive. He also shakes off the suggestion that a city takes on legal > liability the moment it encourages people to ride in cars with strangers. If > the city also promotes buses and bike lines, and someone is injured using > those, is Arlington at fault? > > Slugging is kind of like a dream come true for someone like Chris Hamilton, > Oliphant says. His job is to give people information, to basically convince > them to do anything other than drive their own car. This is like a miracle to > him, because he has to spend all this time and energy going, Heres the bus, > heres how you do it! In slugging, people are lining up on their own to do > it; you dont have to do a thing. > > Oliphant always chuckles at slugs insistence that government stay out of the > way. The whole system wouldnt work if it werent for a crucial official > outlay: If law enforcement didnt police the HOV lanes, there would be no > incentive for scofflaws to stay out of it, and no time savings for the > carpoolers who go so far out of their way to get in. > > Government is also responsible for the free, sprawling park-and-ride lots > that dot the I-95 corridor, several of which have flyovers directly onto the > HOV. Government is, of course, also responsible for designating the carpool > lanes. In short, it has had a hand in creating every element of > infrastructure that gives rise to slugging in the first place. At the > Pentagon and in Arlington, officials have even put up signs for each > slug-line destination (Horner Road, Tacketts Mill). > > There are more creative ways to generate beneficial behaviors than the > direct heavy-handed ways, Oliphant says. I see it as: Give people lots of > choices, subsidize the beneficial ones and tax the non-beneficial ones. > > This idea resonates increasingly as the funding for heavy-handed > transportation solutions road expansions, for example dries up, and as > the available space to construct them in dense urban areas disappears. > Transportation officials could work with what they have, identifying more > HOVs, or converting existing HOV-2s into HOV-3s. They could open more carpool > lots in collar counties and build rain shelters to accommodate waiting > carpool passengers in the city. > > The district is now contemplating this last option in a bid to relocate slugs > off of 14th Street, a congested north-south thoroughfare through the city > (this, after an outbreak of moving violations incurred the wrath of the slug > community). District officials have now smartly offered to solicit community > input through LeBlancs website and have held several meetings with the slugs. > > Ten, 11 years ago when I first got involved, nobody from government would > even talk to you about it, LeBlanc says. The dynamics have changed a lot > over the years. > > Heinrich and Susan Shaheen, a transportation researcher at the University of > California, Berkeley, suspect the change has a lot to do with new technology. > With the ubiquity of smart phones, real-time ridesharing a close cousin of > the casual carpool suddenly has much greater appeal to transportation > officials and academics. Theoretically, a driver with a GPS application could > spot passengers standing on any street corner in the city. > > Several companies are already deploying pilot programs, although the arrival > of proprietary smart phone technology brings an added complication. Firms are > testing micro-payments between driver and passenger (some of which companies > would skim for profit), criminal background checks and reward systems. > > But all of those ideas make slugging appear that much more elegant in its > simplicity. The system is location-based, not data-driven. You dont have to > tell anyone a thing about yourself only where youre heading. And > ultimately, personal goals align with the group dynamic in a rare exception > to the principle that we often pursue our own interests at the expense of > someone elses (or at the expense of society or the environment). > > Its like anarchy or chaos, but it actually works, Oliphant says, > road-testing the catchphrase that might carry this idea elsewhere. It > actually works! > * * ========================================================== > osl...@listserv.boisestate.edu ------------------------------ To subscribe, > unsubscribe, change your options, view the archives of > osl...@listserv.boisestate.edu: > http://listserv.boisestate.edu/archives/oslist.html To learn about > OpenSpaceEmailLists and OSLIST FAQs: http://www.openspaceworld.org/oslist > > * * ========================================================== > osl...@listserv.boisestate.edu ------------------------------ To subscribe, > unsubscribe, change your options, view the archives of > osl...@listserv.boisestate.edu: > http://listserv.boisestate.edu/archives/oslist.html To learn about > OpenSpaceEmailLists and OSLIST FAQs: http://www.openspaceworld.org/oslist * * ========================================================== osl...@listserv.boisestate.edu ------------------------------ To subscribe, unsubscribe, change your options, view the archives of osl...@listserv.boisestate.edu: http://listserv.boisestate.edu/archives/oslist.html To learn about OpenSpaceEmailLists and OSLIST FAQs: http://www.openspaceworld.org/oslist
