Check this article as a starting point:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_manipulation
For breaking up and reassembling integers you only need bit shifting and bit
masking. Bit masking is needed to get rid of unwanted bits. For example:
Mask some byte:
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 (your data)
&
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 (your mask)
=
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 (result)
How to make your mask:
(1 << 4) is 16 (00010000)
(1 << 4)-1 is 15 (00001111) - here you go!
So the formular for making a mask where the rightmost N bits are all 1 is
(1 << N)-1
Now here's a simple example of how to break up a 16-bit integer into three
7-bit values:
unsigned char buf[3]; // buffer for three bytes
int a = 1234; // your integer, in binary it's 0000 0100 1101 0010
const unsigned char m = (1 << 7)-1; // a 7-bit mask
a &= (1 << 16)-1; // clip beyond 16 bit, just to be sure
buf[0] = a & m; // get the 7 rightmost bit by masking, in this case 101 0010 (=
82)
buf[1] = (a >> 7) & m; // shift 7 bits to the right and mask, in this case 000
1001 (= 9)
buf[2] = (a >> 14) & m; // shift 2*7 bits to the right and mask, in this case
000 0000 (= 0)
or with a loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i){
buf[i] = (a >> i*7) & m;
}
Now the other way round:
unsigned char buf[3] = {82, 9, 0}; // integer 1234 broken up into three 7-bit
values
int a = 0; // integer to be reassembled
a += (int) buf[0]; // just 82
a += (int) buf[1] << 7; // 9 shifted 7 bits to the left is 1152
a += (int) buf[2] << 14; // 0 shifted 14 bits to the left is 0
/* a is now 82 + 1152 = 1234 */
or with a loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i){
a += (int) buf[i] << i*7; // make sure to first cast the unsigned char
(byte) to an integer before shifting it to the left!!!
}
As you see, working with 7-bit data is actually quite neat. Just check if
incoming bytes are bigger than 127 to distinguish between 'system messages' and
actual data. This way it's quite simple to build your own little protocol.
Christof
Gesendet: Donnerstag, 02. Juni 2016 um 14:53 Uhr
Von: "jamal crawford" <three...@ml1.net>
An: pd-list@lists.iem.at, danomat...@gmail.com
Betreff: Re: [PD] Pduino sysex vs. OSC advice (Christof Ressi)
hi list
> If you need a greater resolution for your values, just break them up into
> several bytes. This way, sending > a single 16 bit integer would take 4 bytes
> (address, bit 14-15, bit 13-7, bit 0-6).
>That’s a great point. Everyone complains about MIDI now (not enough range,
>etc) but it’s *perfect* for >what it was designed to do: send small event data
>quickly on much older, slower hardware. I little >bitmasking and away you go.
i second that! very neat point indeed. would it be to much to ask if anyone
could clarify that bitmasking to a lower, non-programmers level? like sending
1234 with midi, how would you break it down bitwise?
thanks in advance
~/.jc
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