I finally found the Calvin & Hobbes strip I'd been looking for. It's in Scientific Progress goes "Boink" (on page 23, for those Robert Rankin fans among us ...)
Calvin: Dad, how come old photographs are always black and white? Didn't they have colour film back then? Dad: Sure they did. In fact those old photographs *are* in colour. It's just the *world* was black and white then. Calvin: Really? Dad: Yep. The world didn't turn color until sometime in the 1930s, and it was pretty grainy color for a while, too. Calvin: That's really weird. Dad: Well, truth is stranger than fiction. Calvin: But then why are old *paintings* in color? If the world was black and white, wouldn't artists have painted it that way? Dad: Not necessarily. A lot of great artists were insane. Calvin: But how could they have painted in color anyway? Wouldn't their paints have been shades of grey back then? Dad: Of course, but they turned colors like everything else did in the '30s. Calvin: So why didn't old black and white photos turn color too? Dad: Because they were color pictures of black and white, remember?