Jerry and Jon, In mathematics -- including mathematical logic -- the notation is absolutely precise. Two different notations that are isomorphic (one-to-one mappings in both directions) have identical semantics, independent of any words used to describe them. JLRC> I suggest that CSP was consistent in his deployment of the triadic grammatical relatives (subject, copula, predicate). JAS> On my reading, Peirce did not consider the copula to be an essential part of a proposition in the same sense as the subjects and predicate. For Peirce (as for every mathematician), the notation is primary, and the words are useful only for explaining the notation to students. The first-order subset of Peirce's algebra of 1885 and the first-order subset of EGs (Alpha + Beta) have identical semantics. To understand exactly what Peirce intended, ignore the English words. Just translate his explanations to the algebra or the EGs. The words are useful only for teaching students. Mathematicians (as well as scientists and engineers who use mathematics) never talk about charity -- except for human charity in being sympathetic with students who are dong their best.. John
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