Notes and references 1 See, for example, R. Hanna, Unemployment in the 1990's: the need for new approaches to employment and unemployment - a discussion paper (Ottawa: Employment and Immigration Canada, Planning Branch, June 22, 1993); Economic Council of Canada, Good Jobs, Bad Jobs - Employment in the Service Economy. (Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Centre, 1990); B. Bluestone and B. Harrison, The De-Industrialization of America (New York: Basic Books, 1982). See also, for comment on the extent to which unemployment statistics underestimate the problem, D. Dembo and W. Morehouse, The Underbelly of the U.S. Economy (New York:Apex Press, 1993). 2 M. Castells, The Informational City (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Province of Ontario,People and Skills in the New Global Economy (Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1989); S. Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: the Future of Work and Power (NewYork: Basic Books, 1988); M. Gunderson, N. M. Meltz and S. Ostry, editors, Unemployment: International Perspectives (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987); J. R. Beniger,The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, 1986); R. Hanna, 'The future of work', Futures Canada, Fall-Winter 1986, 8(2,3), pages 9-12; C. Handy, The Future of Work (London: Basil Blackwell, 1984); W. Harman, 'Chronic unemployment: an emerging problem of postindustrial society, Futurist, 1975, 12(4), pages 209-214. The basic text on the Brundtland Commission is World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (London:Oxford University Press, 1987 Gill's 1985 description appears to have been a strikingly accurate forecast of what we are experiencing today, except that North America has not yet developed the "new forms of social organization" mentioned in his last point : "Many of the arguments which have been put forward throughout this book point to a very different form of work organization from the kind we have known in the past. If the present trends are significant, we are likely to see: 1.A situation where full employment cannot be guaranteed, and where fewer and fewer people are involved in paid full-time employment.; 2.A manufacturing sector that is smaller in terms of people employed but operating at considerably higher levels of productivity than at present, and more reliance on shift-work and subcontracting; 3.A demand for more highly technically qualified people to service the growing 'telematics' sector as well as more specialists and professionals, but fewer less-qualified workers; 4. Shorter working lives, increasing flexibility in work tasks, more part-time and home-working, short-term contracts based on fees rather than guaranteed life-time employment, and more self-employmen; 5.Work organizations in the future will be much smaller both in physical terms and also in the number of people they employ ; 6.The boundaries between leisure and work will become increasingly blurred and much more importance will be placed on the 'informal' economy or the home and the community; 7.There will be an increased demand for education at all levels; 8.A smaller earning population and a larger dependent population; 9. Fewer manual jobs and a much smaller (and weakened) trade union movement; 10.More 'self-servicing' in the home and the community; 11.New forms of social organization and government to complement the changes in the organization of work." Gill, ibid, pages 167-68. 3 J. Robertson, 'The challenge for new economics', in D. Boyle, editor, The New Economics of Information (London: The New Economics Foundation, 1989; J. Robertson, Future Work: Jobs, Self-Employment and Leisure After the Industrial Age (Aldershot, Hants, England, Gower/Maurice Temple Smith, 1985); C. Gill, Work, Unemployment and the New Technology (Oxford: Polity Press, Basil Blackwell, 1985) 4 Gill, ibid, page 166 5 See, for example, R.J. Barnet, 'The end of jobs', Harper's, September 1993, pages 47-52; J. Vardy, 'Job hopes take sharp nosedive: part-time workers at record high', The Financial Post, August 7, 1993; M. Levinson, 'Can anyone spare a job?: why the world's jobless woes are getting worse', Newsweek, June 14, 1993, pages 46-48; C. Ansberry, 'Workers are forced to take more jobs with few benefits: firms use contract labor and temps to cut costs and increase flexibility',The Wall Street Journal, March 11, 1993, pages 1, 9; M. Magnet, 'Why job growth is stalled', Fortune, March 8, 1993, pages 51-57; Toronto Globe and Mail , Series on "The Jobless Recovery", Report on Business, January 11-16, 1993. 6 W. Leontief and F. Duchin, The Future Impact of Automation on Workers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); J. P. Grayson, Plant Closures and De-Skilling: Three Case Studies (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1986); S. Beer, 'The future of work', Futures Canada, Fall-Winter 1986, 8(2,3) pages 4-8; U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Automation of America's Offices (Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office, OTA-CIT-287, December, 1985); C. Jenkins and B. Sherman, The Collapse of Work (London: Eyre Methuen, 1979) 7 D. Robertson and J. Wareham, 'Technological Change in the Auto Industry', CAW Technology Project, Draft (Willowdale, Ontario: CAW/TCA Canada, February 1987) 8 T.R.Ide and A. Cordell, The new tools: implications for the future of work. Paper presented at an international meeting organized by Fundacion Sistema, Seville, Spain, September 17-19, 1992 (obtain from S. Lerner) ; R. Kuttner, 'The declining middle', Atlantiic Monthly , July 1986, pages 60-72; Hanna,op cit , note 2; K.S. Newman, Falling From Grace: the Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class (New York: The Free Press, 1988); P. Blumberg, Inequality in an Age of Decline (New York, Oxford University Press, 1980). 9 K. S. Newman, Declining Fortunes: The Withering of the American Dream (New York: Basic Books, 1993); N. Kates,The Psychosocial Impact of Job Loss. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1990); S.C. Miller, Unemployment: The Turning of the Tide?: a Bibliography on the Social and Economic Impacts of Unemployment (Letchworth, Herts.SG6 3RR, England: Technical Communications, 1989); S. Fineman, editor,Unemployment: Personal and Social Consequences (London: Tavistock Publication, 1987); S.Kirsch, Unemployment: Its Impact on Body and Soul (Ottawa: Canadian Mental Health Association, 1983) 10 See, for example, D.W. Hornbeck and L.S. Salamon, editors, Human Capital and America's Future: An Economic Strategy for the Nineties (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). But see also, for a broader perspective on education, R.G. Brown, Schools of Thought: How the Politics of Literacy Shape Thinking in the Classroom (San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1991). 11 D. W. Orr, Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to the Postmodern World (Albany, NY:State University of New York Press, 1992); S. C. Lerner, editor, Environmental Stewardship: Studies in Active Earthkeeping (Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo, Geography Department Publication Series, 1993) 12 See M. Renner, Jobs in a Sustainable Economy - Worldwatch Paper 104 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1991) 13 See note 9. 14 See, for example, J. Robertson, Future Wealth: a New Economics for the 21st Century (London: Cassell Publishers Ltd., 1989); P. Ekins,The Living Economy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986); Robertson, 1985, op cit, note 3. 15 See, for example, F. Reid, 'Combating unemployment through work time reductions', Canadian Public Policy, 1986, 12, 2, pages 275-285; A. Gorz, Paths to Paradise: On the Liberation from Work (London: Pluto Press, 1985). 16 Reid, ibid 17 J. Vardy, op cit, note 5; C. Ansberry, op cit, note 5; L. Slotnick, 'Rules to curb overtime are widely flouted, Ontario Report Finds', Toronto Globe and Mail , June 25, 1987. 18 J. B.Schor, The Overworked American: the Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Slotnick, ibid; Reid, op cit, note 13; see also P.L.Wachtel, The Poverty of Affluence (New York: The Free Press, 1983) pages 243-260. 19 P. Kerans, Welfare and Worker Participation: Eight Case Studies (New York:St. Martin's Press, 1988); G. MacLeod, New Age Business: Community Corporations That Work (Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 1986); D.V. Nightingale, Workplace Democacry (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982); F. R. Anton, Worker Participation: Prescription for Industrial Change (Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Detselig Enterprises, Ltd., 1980); G. Hunnius, G. D. Garson and J. Case, editors, Workers' Control: A Reader on Labor and Social Change (New York: Random House, 1973); C. Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970). 20 Gill op cit, note 3; H. Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capitalism (new York: Monthly Review Press, 1974. 21 See, for example, P. Warr and T. Wall, Work and Well-Being (Hammondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1975) 22 R. Morrison,We Build the Road as We Travel: Mondragon, a Cooperative Social System (Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1991); C. Mungall, More Than Just a Job: Worker Cooperatives in Canada (Ottawa: Steel Rail Publishing, 1986; MacLeod, op cit, note 17. 23 A useful beginning has been made with studies related to impacts of new technologies completed several years ago by and for labour unions and other stakeholder groups, with support from the Technology Impact Research Fund. [Labour Canada, Technology Impact Research Fund. Project Results (Ottawa: Labour Canada, mimeo, n.d.)] 24 Gorz, op cit, note 13, pages 41 and 116, notes 3,4 25 ibid, page 47 26 Hanna, op cit, note 2 27 M. Wolfson, 'A guaranteed income', Policy Options , January 1986, page 36. 28 P. Van Parijs, Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform (London: Verso Press, 1992) 29 In Canada, the MacDonald Commission's proposed Universal Income Security Program (UISP) was the most recent model put forward for a GAI program. It drew both praise for keeping GAI on the agenda and thoughtful criticism (see D. P. Hum, 'UISP and the MacDonald Commission: reform and restraint', Canadian Public Policy, 1986, 12 (supplement), pages 92-100; J. R. Kesselman, 'The Royal Commission's proposals for income security reform', Canadian Public Policy, 1986, 12 (supplement), pages 101-112; Wolfson, ibid.28 30 D.P. Hum and W. Simpson, Income Maintenance, Work Effort and the Canadian Mincome Experiment (Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1991); see also D.P. Hum and W. Simpson, 'Demogrant transfer in Canada and the Basic Income standard', Basic Income Group Bulletin , No. 15, July 1992, pages 9-11 (London: Citizens Income Study Centre); see also A. Sheahen, Guaranteed Income:The Right to Economic Security (Los Angeles, GAIN Publications, 1983); D.P. Moynihan, The Politics of a Guaranteed Annual Income (New York: Random House, 1973); R. Theobald, editor, Committed Spending: A Route to Economic Security (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968). 31 See, for example, J. C. Jacob, 'Searching for a sustainable future:experiences from the back-to-the-land movement, Futures Research Quarterly, Spring 1992, 8:1, pages 5-29. For a typical new approach to barter, see E. Cahn and J. Rowe, Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans To Turn Their Hidden Resource--Time--in Personal Secureity & Community Renewal (Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1992). 32 For a discussion of 'backcasting' (planning for a desired future) versus attempting to predict the future, see J. B. Robinson, 'Unlearning and backcasting: rethinking some of the questions we ask about the future', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 1988, 33, pages 325-338. Some contemporary analysts see the need for broad-based planning with respect to the emerging issues related to long-term structural unemployment, including the environmental implications and the need for new health care arrangements in the U.S. (P. L.Wachtel, 'Health care, jobs and the environment: unrecognized connections', The Human Economy Newsletter, 14(2) June 1993, pages 1,10-11; 'The environment - turning brown', The Economist, July 3, 1993, page 55). The effects on the position of women in the workforce are also beginning to attract attention. See, for example, F. Weir, 'Russia: the kitchen counterrevolution' (women forced out of paid employment), In These Times (Institute for Public Affairs, Chicago, Illinois), March 22, 1993, pages 22-24 An earlier version of this article appeared in Technology and Work in Canada, edited by Scott Bennett (Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990)
