Barkley Rosser notes, correctly, that there is no way to measure efficiency outside the nc framework. I would take this a couple of steps further: 1. The nc frame work does not measure efficiency. It measures a trade off between a couple of points which may or may not lead to an efficient outcome BECAUSE: 2. Efficiency is in the eye of the beholder. Was Three Mile Island efficient? How does one define efficiency? maggie coleman [EMAIL PROTECTED]