Micheal Parelman posted on pen-l:
>ECONOMISTS
>struggling to make
>sense of the American
>economy agree about
>some big things.
>Nobody denies that
>its performance since
>the middle of the
>1990s has been
>remarkable. Nobody
>denies that
>technological progress
>in the computer
>industry has
>accelerated
>dramatically, and that
>this has directly
>boosted overall output
>and productivity.
I don't know where Parelman extracted this article from (Gordon?), but
the author's statement sounds terribly mainstream and US centric to me!!
Reading the US economy in isolation from the rest of the world must be
the wisest thing economists subscribe...
Viva boom and productivity!
here are the real reasons for America's prosperity:
Mine
>http://csf.colorado.edu/jwsr/archive/vol4/v4n2a4.htm
>> APPENDIX WORLD TABLES OF UNEQUAL EXCHANGE
1995, 119 countries
>
21. INTRODUCTION
The statistical tables below present quantitative estimates of unequal
exchange for 119 countries. The tables are based on the theory and
method developed in the main body of the article. The calculations are
based on export/import data and the exchange rate deviation index.
Losses or gains from unequal exchange are calculated as the difference
between a "fair value" of exports/imports and the "actual (unfair)
value" of exports/imports. The estimation formula is:
T = d*X - X
where
d = the exchange rate deviation index (also designated as "ERD" in
the literature)
X = the volume of exports from a low- or middle-income country to
high-income countries (valued at the actual exchange rate)
T = the unrecorded transfer of value (gain or loss) resulting from
unequal exchange
In the tables (below), this formula is applied to the data for 119
countries for the year 1995.
22. HOW TO READ THE TABLES
Table 1 presents the step-by-step calculations. Countries are arranged
in alphabetical order and in two groups -- first, non-OECD countries
and, secondly, OECD countries. The losses or gains from unequal exchange
are shown at the right-hand side (in terms of U.S. dollars and as a
percent of the country's GNP).
Table 2 presents the losses and gains (same as in Table 1), sorted by
dollar volume.
Table 3 presents the losses and gains (same as in Table 1), sorted by
percent of GNP.
The tables are followed by a brief discussion and further methodological
details.
23. THE WORLD TABLES
[Page 160]
Journal of World-Systems Research
Table A-1 -- WORLD TABLE OF UNEQUAL EXCHANGE 1995
NON-OECD countries (N=97)
Exchange
Fair
Country GNP Popul GNP/capita Exports Rate
Value of UNEQUAL EXCHANGE
1995 1995 1995 1995 to OECD Deviat'n
Exports LOSS (-) LOSS (-)
US $ US $ PPP $ US $ D/C
(G/0.9)*F J=F-H K=J/A
millions millions year millions ratio
$millions $millions % of GNP
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)
(H) (J) (K)
Algeria 44,800 28.0 1,600 5,300 1994 7,807 3.31
28,712 -20,905 -47%
Angola 4,428 10.8 410 1,310 92 3,512 3.20
12,486 -8,974 -203%
Argentina 278,641 34.7 8,030 8,310 95 7,259 1.03
8,308 -1,049 0%
Armenia 2,774 3.8 730 2,260 92 4
3.10 14 -10 0%
Bahamas 3,295 0.3 11,940 14,710 91 120
1.23 164 -44 -1%
Bahrain 4,524 0.6 7,840 13,400 95 561 1.71
1,066 -505 -11%
Bangladesh 28,752 119.8 240 1,380 93 1,745 5.75
11,149 -9,404 -33%
Barbados 1,745 0.3 6,560 10,620 95 103
1.62 185 -82 -5%
Belize 568 0.2 2,630 5,400 95 151
2.05 343 -192 -34%
Benin 2,035 5.5 370 1,760 95 54
4.76 287 -233 -11%
Bhutan 292 0.7 420 1,260 92 0
3.00 0 0 0%
Bolivia 5,920 7.4 800 2,540 95 603 3.18
2,131 -1,528 -26%
Brazil 579,488 159.2 3,640 5,400 95 37,389 1.48
61,483 -24,095 -4%
Bulgaria 11,172 8.4 1,330 4,480 95 2,214 3.37
8,292 -6,077 -54%
Burkina Faso 2,392 10.4 230 780 91 62
3.39 233 -171 -7%
Cameroon 8,645 13.3 650 2,110 91 2,237 3.25
8,080 -5,842 -68%
Cape Verde 365 0.4 960 1,870 94 5
1.95 11 -6 -2%
Central African R 1,122 3.3 340 1,070 89 131
3.15 459 -328 -29%
Chile 59,072 14.2 4,160 9,520 95 10,067 2.29
25,614 -15,547 -26%
China 744,1241200.2 620 2,920 95 83,105 4.71
434,917 -351,811 -47%
Colombia 70,288 36.8 1,910 6,130 95 6,685 3.21
23,845 -17,159 -24%
Comoros 235 0.5 470 1,320 94 9
2.81 29 -20 -8%
Congo 1,768 2.6 680 2,050 94 747 3.01
2,499 -1,752 -99%
Costa Rica 8,874 3.4 2,610 5,850 95 2,089 2.24
5,198 -3,110 -35%
Czech Republic 39,861 10.3 3,870 9,770 95 10,221 2.52
28,620 -18,399 -46%
Dominican Republic 11,388 7.8 1,460 3,870 94 1,927 2.65
5,673 -3,746 -33%
Ecuador 15,985 11.5 1,390 4,220 94 3,578 3.04
12,086 -8,508 -53%
Egypt 45,662 57.8 790 3,820 95 2,226 4.84
11,970 -9,744 -21%
El Salvador 9,016 5.6 1,610 2,610 94 406
1.62 731 -325 -4%
Estonia 4,290 1.5 2,860 4,220 95 1,081 1.48
1,777 -697 -16%
Ethiopia 5,640 56.4 100 450 93 144
4.50 718 -575 -10%
Fiji 1,891 0.8 2,440 5,780 95 450 2.37
1,184 -735 -39%
Gambia 352 1.1 320 930 91 15
2.91 49 -34 -10%
Ghana 6,669 17.1 390 1,990 92 432 5.10
2,446 -2,014 -30%
Greece 86,205 10.5 8,210 11,710 94 6,320 1.43
10,042 -3,722 -4%
Guatemala 14,204 10.6 1,340 3,340 95 994 2.49
2,751 -1,756 -12%
Honduras 3,540 5.9 600 1,900 95 554 3.17
1,951 -1,397 -39%
Hongkong 142,538 6.2 22,990 22,950 95 84,418 1.00
93,798 -9,380 -7%
Hungary 42,024 10.2 4,120 6,410 95 9,115 1.56
15,800 -6,684 -16%
India 315,996 929.4 340 1,400 94 15,717 4.12
71,947 -56,231 -18%
Indonesia 189,434 193.3 980 3,800 95 29,799 3.88
128,468 -98,668 -52%
Israel 87,560 5.5 15,920 16,490 94 12,051 1.04
13,926 -1,875 -2%
Jamaica 3,775 2.5 1,510 3,540 92 915 2.34
2,380 -1,464 -39%
Jordan 6,342 4.2 1,510 4,060 95 265
2.69 791 -526 -8%
Kasakstan 22,078 16.6 1,330 3,010 93 921 2.26
2,312 -1,391 -6%
Kenya 7,476 26.7 280 1,380 93 581 4.93
3,183 -2,602 -35%
Kuwait 29,563 1.7 17,390 23,790 95 7,194 1.37
10,951 -3,757 -13%
Kyrgystan 3,150 4.5 700 1,800 92 0
2.57 1 0 0%
Latvia 5,675 2.5 2,270 3,370 95 624 1.48
1,026 -402 -7%
Lithuania 7,030 3.7 1,900 4,120 95 1,095 2.17
2,641 -1,546 -22%
Madagascar 3,151 13.7 230 640 95 270
2.78 835 -565 -18%
Malawi 1,666 9.8 170 750 91 398 4.41
1,950 -1,552 -93%
Malaysia 78,189 20.1 3,890 9,020 95 39,275 2.32
101,242 -61,967 -79%
Maldives 250 0.3 990 3,080 93 16
3.11 56 -40 -16%
Mauritius 3,718 1.1 3,380 13,210 95 1,408 3.91
6,116 -4,708 -127%
Mexico 304,776 91.8 3,320 6,400 95 73,494 1.93
157,604 -84,110 -28%
Morocco 29,526 26.6 1,110 3,340 95 3,579 3.01
11,968 -8,390 -28%
Mozambique 1,296 16.2 80 810 94 95 10.13
1,068 -973 -75%
Nepal 4,300 21.5 200 1,170 95 282 5.85
1,832 -1,550 -36%
Nicaragua 1,672 4.4 380 2,000 95 386 5.26
2,257 -1,871 -112%
Niger 1,980 9.0 220 750 91 235
3.41 890 -655 -33%
Nigeria 28,938 111.3 260 1,220 91 11,806 4.69
61,523 -49,717 -172%
Oman 10,604 2.2 4,820 8,140 95 2,837 1.69
5,328 -2,491 -23%
Pakistan 59,754 129.9 460 2,230 95 3,630 4.85
19,563 -15,933 -27%
Panama 7,150 2.6 2,750 5,980 94 1,054 2.17
2,542 -1,488 -21%
Papua New Guinea 4,988 4.3 1,160 2,420 93 1,735 2.09
4,030 -2,294 -46%
Paraguay 8,112 4.8 1,690 3,650 95 218
2.16 524 -306 -4%
Peru 54,978 23.8 2,310 3,770 95 3,063 1.63
5,548 -2,485 -5%
Philippines 72,030 68.6 1,050 2,850 95 12,794 2.71
38,524 -25,730 -36%
Poland 107,694 38.6 2,790 5,400 95 17,208 1.94
37,093 -19,885 -18%
Qatar 7,447 0.6 11,600 17,690 94 461
1.53 784 -323 -4%
Romania 33,596 22.7 1,480 4,360 95 4,333 2.95
14,202 -9,869 -29%
Russian Fed 331,968 148.2 2,240 4,480 93 26,643 2.00
59,206 -32,563 -10%
Saint Kitts and N 212 0.0 5,170 9,410 91 21
1.82 43 -22 -10%
Senegal 5,100 8.5 600 1,780 93 275
2.97 908 -633 -12%
Singapore 80,190 3.0 26,730 22,770 95 54,755 0.85
51,713 +3,042 +4%
Slovakia 15,930 5.4 2,950 3,610 95 3,508 1.22
4,755 -1,247 -8%
Solomon I 341 0.4 910 2,190 94 235
2.41 630 -395 -116%
Southern Africa 131,140 41.5 3,160 5,030 95 13,426 1.59
23,719 -10,293 -8%
Sri Lanka 12,670 18.1 700 3,250 95 1,838 4.64
9,475 -7,637 -60%
Suriname 361 0.4 880 2,250 94 447 2.56
1,270 -824 -228%
Syrian Arab R 15,792 14.1 1,120 5,320 94 2,038 4.75
10,757 -8,718 -55%
Thailand 159,468 58.2 2,740 7,540 95 31,120 2.75
95,088 -63,968 -40%
Togo 1,271 4.1 310 1,130 94 74
3.65 302 -227 -18%
Trinidad & Tobago 4,901 1.3 3,770 8,610 95 1,355 2.28
3,432 -2,077 -42%
Tunisia 16,380 9.0 1,820 5,000 95 4,473 2.75
13,667 -9,194 -56%
Turkey 169,858 61.1 2,780 5,580 95 13,361 2.01
29,839 -16,478 -10%
Uganda 4,608 19.2 240 1,470 92 128
6.13 871 -743 -16%
Ukraine 84,108 51.6 1,630 2,400 93 1,373 1.47
2,243 -870 -1%
U Arab Emirates 43,500 2.5 17,400 16,470 93 752
0.95 794 -42 0%
United R Tanzania 3,552 29.6 120 640 90 221 5.33
1,311 -1,090 -31%
Uruguay 16,544 3.2 5,170 6,630 95 628
1.28 893 -265 -2%
Uzbekistan 22,116 22.8 970 2,370 92 386 2.44
1,048 -661 -3%
Vanuatu 203 0.2 1,200 2,290 94 13
1.91 28 -15 -7%
Venezuela 65,534 21.7 3,020 7,900 95 11,863 2.62
34,535 -22,672 -35%
Zambia 3,600 9.0 400 930 90 384
2.33 994 -610 -17%
Zimbabwe 5,940 11.0 540 2,030 95 1,054 3.76
4,404 -3,350 -56%
NON-OECD
SUMMARY
Subtotal 4,993,765 4236.6 706,650
1,890,124 -1,183,474 -24%
Average (arithmetic)
2.88 -33%
Average (weighted by exports to OECD)
2.41 -30%
[Page 161]
Journal of World-Systems Research
OECD countries (N=22)
Exchange
Fair
Country GNP Popul GNP/capita Imports from Rate
Value of UNEQUAL EXCHANGE
1995 1995 1995 1995 NON-OECD Deviat'n
Imports GAIN (+) GAIN (+)
US $ US $ PPP $ US $ D/C
(2.4/G)*F J=H-F K=J/A
millions millions year millions ratio
$millions $millions % of GNP
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)
(H) (J) (K)
Australia 338,832 18.1 18,720 18,940 95 14,493 1.01
34,438 +19,945 +6%
Austria 217,809 8.1 26,890 21,250 94 9,503 0.79
28,870 +19,367 +9%
Belgium-Luxembg 249,571 10.1 24,710 21,660 95 20,572 0.88
56,105 +35,533 +14%
Canada 573,648 29.6 19,380 21,130 95 23,658 1.09
52,090 +28,433 +5%
Denmark 155,428 5.2 29,890 21,230 95 6,043 0.71
20,428 +14,384 +9%
Finland 104,958 5.1 20,580 17,760 94 5,230 0.86
14,596 +9,366 +9%
France 1,451,919 58.1 24,990 21,030 95 51,318 0.84
146,623 +95,305 +7%
Germany 2,253,069 81.9 27,510 20,070 95 105,345 0.73
346,339 +240,994 +11%
Iceland 6,687 0.3 24,950 20,460 95 200
0.82 584 +385 +6%
Ireland 52,956 3.6 14,710 15,680 95 5,536 1.07
12,417 +6,881 +13%
Italy 1,087,944 57.2 19,020 19,870 95 49,325 1.04
113,827 +64,502 +6%
Japan 4,962,928 125.2 39,640 22,110 95 158,686 0.56
680,081 +521,396 +11%
Korea, Republic 435,530 44.9 9,700 11,450 95 42,927 1.18
87,308 +44,382 +10%
Netherldands 372,000 15.5 24,000 19,950 95 34,347 0.83
99,316 +64,970 +17%
New Zealand 51,624 3.6 14,340 16,360 95 2,627 1.14
5,531 +2,904 +6%
Norway 137,500 4.4 31,250 21,940 95 4,161 0.70
14,266 +10,105 +7%
Portugal 96,426 9.9 9,740 12,670 95 5,064 1.30
9,350 +4,285 +4%
Spain 532,336 39.2 13,580 14,520 95 23,671 1.07
53,095 +29,423 +6%
Sweden 209,000 8.8 23,750 18,540 94 7,442 0.78
22,898 +15,456 +7%
Switzerland 284,410 7.0 40,630 25,860 95 7,365 0.64
27,619 +20,254 +7%
United Kingdom 1,093,950 58.5 18,700 19,260 95 46,286 1.03
107,851 +61,565 +6%
United States 7,098,438 263.1 26,980 26,980 95 315,889 1.00
758,133 +442,244 +6%
OECD
SUMMARY
Subtotal 21,766,963 857.4 939,687
2,691,765 +1,752,078 +8%
Average (arithmetic)
0.91 +8%
Averages (weighted by imports from NON-OECD)
0.89 +8%
[Page 162]
Journal of World-Systems Research
WORLD SUMMARY ON UNEQUAL EXCHANGE 1995 (N = 119 countries)
1. World GNP 26,760,727 US $ millions = 26.8 US $ trillions
2. Gains (OECD) +1,752,078 $ millions = 1.8 $ trillions
3. Losses (NON-OECD) -1,183,474 $ millions = 1.2 $ trillions
4. Statistical Error -568,604 due to missing data for low- and
middle-income
countries
5. Gains (OECD) as percent: +6.55% of world GNP = +8% of
GNP of OECD
6. Losses (NON-OECD) as percent: -4.42% of world GNP = -24% of
GNP of NON-OECD
7. Statistical Error -2.12% due to missing data for
low- and middle-income
countries
SOURCES
1. for columns B, C, D (population, GNP per capita, PPP values, list of
OECD countries):
World Bank. World Development Report 1997, p.214-215 (Table 1), p.248
(Table 1a), p.265 (Table 1)
2. for columns E, F (year and volume of exports or imports):
United Nations. International Trade Statistics Yearbook 1995, Vol. 1.
For each country, Table 3
("Trade by Principal Countries of Production and last Consignment")
was used.
Aggregation: "NON-OECD" = "World"[from source] - "OECD".
"OECD" = [from source:]"Northern America" + "EEC" + "EFTA" + "other
Europe" + "Oceania" + "Japan" + "Korea, Republic of"
CALCULATIONS
col. A = B * C
col. B, C, D, E: none
col. F: see "SOURCES #2"
col. G = D / C (= d, = exchange rate deviation)
col. H: two formulae--(1) NON-OECD, fair value of exports to
OECD:(d/0.9)*exports=(colG/0.9)* col. F
( 0.9 is the average exchange rate deviation
for the block of OECD countries, see above)
--(2) OECD, fair value of imports from
NON-OECD:(2.4/d)*imports=(2.4/G)* col. F
( 2.4 is the average exchange rate deviation
for the block of NON-OECD countries, see above)
col. J -- for losses: J= F - H -- for gains: J = H - F
col K = J / A as a percent
End Table A-1
[Page 163]
Journal of World-Systems Research
TABLE A-2 -- WORLD TABLE OF UNEQUAL EXCHANGE 1995:
SORTED BY VOLUME
Country GAIN(+)
LOSS(-)
(US $ millions)
China -351,811
Indonesia -98,668
Mexico -84,110
Thailand -63,968
Malaysia -61,967
India -56,231
Nigeria -49,717
Russian Federation -32,563
Philippines -25,730
Brazil -24,095 case #10
Venezuela -22,672
Algeria -20,905
Poland -19,885
Czech Republic -18,399
Colombia -17,159
Turkey -16,478
Pakistan -15,933
Chile -15,547
Southern Africa(CU) -10,293
Romania -9,869 case #20
Egypt -9,744
Bangladesh -9,404
Hongkong -9,380
Tunisia -9,194
Angola -8,974
Syrian Arab Republic -8,718
Ecuador -8,508
Morocco -8,390
Sri Lanka -7,637
Hungary -6,684 case #30
Bulgaria -6,077
Cameroon -5,842
Mauritius -4,708
Kuwait -3,757
Dominican Republic -3,746
Greece -3,722
Zimbabwe -3,350
Costa Rica -3,110
Kenya -2,602
Oman -2,491 case #40
Peru -2,485
Papua New Guinea -2,294
Trinidad and Tobago -2,077
Ghana -2,014
Israel -1,875
Nicaragua -1,871
Guatemala -1,756
Congo -1,752
Malawi -1,552
Nepal -1,550 case #50
Lithuania -1,546
Bolivia -1,528
Panama -1,488
Jamaica -1,464
Honduras -1,397
Kasakstan -1,391
Slovakia -1,247
United R of Tanzania -1,090
Argentina -1,049
Mozambique -973 case #60
Ukraine -870
Suriname -824
Uganda -743
Fiji -735
Estonia -697
Uzbekistan -661
Niger -655
Senegal -633
Zambia -610
Ethiopia -575 case #70
Madagascar -565
Jordan -526
Bahrain -505
Latvia -402
Solomon I -395
Central African R -328
El Salvador -325
Qatar -323
Paraguay -306
Uruguay -265 case #80
Benin -233
Togo -227
Belize -192
Burkina Faso -171
Barbados -82
Bahamas -44
United Arab Emirates -42
Maldives -40
Gambia -34
Saint Kitts and N -22 case #90
Comoros -20
Vanuatu -15
Armenia -10
Cape Verde -6
Kyrgystan 0
Bhutan 0
Iceland +1,551
New Zealand +2,904
Portugal +4,285
Ireland +6,881 case #100
Finland +9,366
Norway +10,105
Denmark +14,384
Sweden +15,456
Austria +19,367
Australia +19,945
Switzerland +20,254
Canada +28,433
Spain +29,423
Belgium-Luxembourg +35,533 case #110
Korea, Republic of +44,382
United Kingdom +61,565
Italy +64,502
Netherlands +64,970
France +95,305
Germany +240,994
United States +442,244
Japan +521,396
[Singapore omitted: no loss vis-a-vis OECD]
[Page 164]
Journal of World-Systems Research
TABLE A-3 -- WORLD TABLE OF UNEQUAL EXCHANGE 1995:
SORTED BY PERCENTAGE
Country GAIN(+)
LOSS(-)
(% of GNP)
Suriname -228%
Angola -203%
Nigeria -172%
Mauritius -127%
Solomon I -116%
Nicaragua -112%
Congo -99%
Malawi -93%
Malaysia -79%
Mozambique -75% case #10
Cameroon -68%
Sri Lanka -60%
Zimbabwe -56%
Tunisia -56%
Syrian Arab Republic-55%
Bulgaria -54%
Ecuador -53%
Indonesia -52%
China -47%
Algeria -47% case #20
Czech Republic -46%
Papua New Guinea -46%
Trinidad and Tobago -42%
Thailand -40%
Honduras -39%
Fiji -39%
Jamaica -39%
Nepal -36%
Philippines -36%
Costa Rica -35% case #30
Kenya -35%
Venezuela -35%
Belize -34%
Niger -33%
Dominican Republic -33%
Bangladesh -33%
United Rep Tanzania -31%
Ghana -30%
Romania -29%
Central African R -29% case #40
Morocco -28%
Mexico -28%
Pakistan -27%
Chile -26%
Bolivia -26%
Colombia -24%
Oman -23%
Lithuania -22%
Egypt -21%
Panama -21% case #50
Poland -18%
Madagascar -18%
Togo -18%
India -18%
Zambia -17%
Estonia -16%
Uganda -16%
Maldives -16%
Hungary -16%
Kuwait -13% case #60
Senegal -12%
Guatemala -12%
Benin -11%
Bahrain -11%
Saint Kitts and N -10%
Ethiopia -10%
Russian Federation -10%
Turkey -10%
Gambia -10%
Comoros -8% case #70
Jordan -8%
Southern Africa(CU) -8%
Slovakia -8%
Vanuatu -7%
Burkina Faso -7%
Latvia -7%
Hongkong -7%
Kasakstan -6%
Barbados -5%
Peru -5% case #80
Qatar -4%
Greece -4%
Brazil -4%
Paraguay -4%
El Salvador -4%
Uzbekistan -3%
Israel -2%
Uruguay -2%
Cape Verde -2%
Bahamas -1% case #90
Ukraine -1%
Argentina 0%
Armenia 0%
United Arab Emirates 0%
Bhutan 0%
Kyrgystan 0%
Portugal +4%
Canada +5%
Spain +6%
New Zealand +6% case #100
United Kingdom +6%
Iceland +6%
Australia +6%
Italy +6%
United States +6%
France +7%
Switzerland +7%
Norway +7%
Sweden +7%
Austria +9% case #110
Finland +9%
Denmark +9%
Korea, Republic of +10%
Japan +11%
Germany +11%
Ireland +13%
Belgium-Luxembourg +14%
Netherlands +17%
[Singapore omitted: no loss vis-a-vis OECD]
--
Mine Aysen Doyran
PhD Student
Department of Political Science
SUNY at Albany
Nelson A. Rockefeller College
135 Western Ave.; Milne 102
Albany, NY 12222
_____________________________________________
NetZero - Defenders of the Free World
Click here for FREE Internet Access and Email
http://www.netzero.net/download/index.html
