Validate ALTER PUBLICATION after acquiring the publication lock.

AlterPublicationOptions() can use stale publication state when the
publication is modified concurrently while waiting for the publication
lock. In particular, a concurrent ALTER PUBLICATION ... SET ALL TABLES
can change puballtables, causing the validation to make decisions based
on the old value and leads to assertion failure. Likewise,
CheckAlterPublication() could miss a table added concurrently, letting
SET ALL TABLES EXCEPT (...) leave pg_publication_rel with a mixture of
inclusion and exclusion rows.

Fix by acquiring the lock and re-reading the publication tuple in
AlterPublication() before either path runs, and by calling
CheckAlterPublication() only after that.

Also fix 037_except.pl, which left one computed result untested and
silently reused a subscription created by an earlier test.

Author: Vignesh C <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Chao Li <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: shveta malik <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Hayato Kuroda <[email protected]>
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/caldanm1r2mkgu6h8zgu1kj1sx-fcmq7wgtelsnhx-5joiyx...@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 19, where it was introduced

Branch
------
REL_19_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/f6b2d6b827a0f1a7485ca43a64b9ddfbebcd2934

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/commands/publicationcmds.c | 73 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
src/test/subscription/t/037_except.pl  | 21 +++++-----
2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

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