Modernize crypt-des.c a bit, avoiding dubious casts.

The header comment for this file says it assumes that "the CPU is not
picky about alignment", which we wouldn't really accept for Postgres.
The two functions that have alignment requirements have been hacked in
ways that are inconsistent and yet both ugly.  des_setkey just casts
its "const char *" argument to "const uint32 *", relying on the caller
to ensure that that pointer is actually word-aligned, which the caller
does by declaring the buffer as uint32[] and then casting to "char *".
Meanwhile des_cipher carefully memcpy's to and from an internal
uint32[] buffer, which is pretty silly given that what it's passed
must be word-aligned for the benefit of des_setkey.  And on top of
that we have a bunch of ugly casting and oddly-written pointer
arithmetic in the caller px_crypt_des.  The odd pointer arithmetic
causes warnings about possible buffer overrun when using recent gcc
at -O3 or higher.

Let's clean this up by converting the buffer variable into a union
of a uint8 array and a uint32 array, so that we can remove all these
casts, and also replace the strange loop logic with a simple subscript
variable to satisfy gcc.

Reported-by: Andres Freund <[email protected]>
Author: Tom Lane <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ayush Tiwari <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/[email protected]
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/3nuudxv365kjnmwjhnygdakhxuktpdjvf26rt26eb44esgqdrj@y2x3vomkrfoo
Backpatch-through: 14

Branch
------
REL_14_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/2a972dd5fb13489e057b0237bd5f7c8f6ef35b86

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/pgcrypto/crypt-des.c | 53 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

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