Fix join alias expansion in lateral TABLESAMPLE clauses

preprocess_expression skips flatten_join_alias_vars for TABLESAMPLE
clauses, on the assumption that they cannot contain Vars of the
current query level.  That's not true once a LATERAL subquery
containing a sampled relation has been pulled up: the relation's
TABLESAMPLE clause then becomes a lateral reference of this level, and
if it referred to a join alias Var, that Var is left unexpanded.
extract_lateral_references then pulls the join alias Var out as a
lateral reference and fails with "no relation entry for relid N".

To fix, treat such clauses like lateral function and VALUES RTEs:
introduce EXPRKIND_TABLESAMPLE_LATERAL, used for the TABLESAMPLE
clause of a lateral relation RTE, and keep skipping the alias
expansion only for the non-lateral kind.

Back-patch to all supported branches, as this dates back to the
introduction of TABLESAMPLE.

Author: Richard Guo <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Ewan Young <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Ayush Tiwari <[email protected]>
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/cambws4834twotyyycyvja3muobkfpxy3dfal0zt_vcm1ktq...@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 14

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/852fd5b86e1a2ac1139c716eb4c96c09c03a632e

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/optimizer/plan/planner.c      | 16 +++++++++++-----
src/test/regress/expected/tablesample.out | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/tablesample.sql      | 12 ++++++++++++
3 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

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