Attached new version of the patch.

I did major refactoring of ltree label parsing, extracting common parsing
code for ltree, lquery, and ltxtquery.  This greatly simplified state
machines.

On the advice of Tomas Vondra, I also extracted a preliminary patch with
'if' to 'switch' conversion.

On 21.01.2020 22:13, Tom Lane wrote:

Dmitry Belyavsky <beld...@gmail.com> writes:
If the C part will be reviewed and considered mergeable, I'll update the
plpython tests.
I haven't looked at any of the code involved in this, but I did examine
the "failing" plpython test, and I'm quite distressed about that change
of behavior.  Simply removing the test case is certainly not okay,
and I do not think that just changing it to accept this new behavior
is okay either.  As Nikita said upthread:

7. ltree_plpython test does not fail now because Python list is converted to a
text and then to a ltree, and the textual representation of a Python list has
become a valid ltree text:

SELECT $$['foo', 'bar', 'baz']$$::ltree;
            ltree
-------------------------
   "['foo', 'bar', 'baz']"
(1 row)

So Python lists can be now successfully converted to ltrees without a transform,
but the result is not that is expected ('foo.bar.baz'::ltree).
If this case doesn't throw an error, then we're going to have a
compatibility problem whenever somebody finally gets around to
implementing the python-to-ltree transform properly, because it
would break any code that might be relying on this (wrong) behavior.

In general, I think it's a mistake to allow unquoted punctuation to be
taken as part of an ltree label, which is what this patch is evidently
doing.  By doing that, you'll make it impossible for anyone to ever
again extend the ltree syntax, because if they want to assign special
meaning to braces or whatever, they can't do so without breaking
existing applications.  For example, if the existing code allowed
double-quote or backslash as a label character, we'd already have
rejected this patch as being too big a compatibility break.  So it's
not very forward-thinking to close off future improvements like this.

Thus, what I think you should do is require non-alphanumeric label
characters to be quoted, either via double-quotes or backslashes
(although it's questionable whether we really need two independent
quoting mechanisms here).  That would preserve extensibility, and
it'd also preserve our freedom to fix ltree_plpython later, since
the case of interest would still be an error for now.  And it would
mean that you don't have subtly different rules for what's data in
ltree versus what's data in lquery or ltxtquery.

Now non-alphanumeric label characters should be escaped in ltree,
lquery and ltxtquery.  Plpython tests does not require changes now.

BTW, the general rule in existing backend code that's doing string
parsing is to allow non-ASCII (high-bit-set) characters to be taken as
data without inquiring too closely as to what they are.  This avoids a
bunch of locale and encoding issues without much loss of flexibility.
(If we do ever extend the ltree syntax again, we'd certainly choose
ASCII punctuation characters for whatever special symbols we need,
else the feature might not be available in all encodings.)  So for
instance in your examples involving "Ñ", it's fine to take that as a
label character without concern for locale/encoding.
I'm not sure what I think about the whitespace business.  It looks
like what you propose is to strip unquoted leading and trailing
whitespace but allow embedded whitespace.  There's precedent for that,
certainly, but I wonder whether it isn't too confusing.  In any case
you didn't document that.

Embedded whitespace should also be escaped now.  I'm also not sure
about stripping unquoted leading and trailing whitespace.

--
Nikita Glukhov
Postgres Professional: http://www.postgrespro.com
The Russian Postgres Company
>From c697c173e121c3996325f7f61536852f8b380d9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nikita Glukhov <n.glu...@postgrespro.ru>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 17:34:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Replace 'if' with 'switch' in ltree code

---
 contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c | 402 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 204 insertions(+), 198 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c b/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
index 900a46a..e97f035 100644
--- a/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
@@ -69,40 +69,43 @@ ltree_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	{
 		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
 
-		if (state == LTPRS_WAITNAME)
+		switch (state)
 		{
-			if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-			{
-				lptr->start = ptr;
-				lptr->wlen = 0;
-				state = LTPRS_WAITDELIM;
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LTPRS_WAITDELIM)
-		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-			{
-				lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start;
-				if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-					ereport(ERROR,
-							(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-							 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-							 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-									   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-									   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
-				totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
-				lptr++;
-				state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
-			}
-			else if (!ISALNUM(ptr))
-				UNCHAR;
+			case LTPRS_WAITNAME:
+				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+					lptr->wlen = 0;
+					state = LTPRS_WAITDELIM;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			case LTPRS_WAITDELIM:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start;
+					if (lptr->wlen > 255)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
+								 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
+								 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
+										   "be < 256, in position %d.",
+										   lptr->wlen, pos)));
+
+					totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
+					lptr++;
+					state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
+				}
+				else if (!ISALNUM(ptr))
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			default:
+				/* internal error */
+				elog(ERROR, "internal error in parser");
 		}
-		else
-			/* internal error */
-			elog(ERROR, "internal error in parser");
 
 		ptr += charlen;
 		lptr->wlen++;
@@ -238,178 +241,181 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	{
 		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
 
-		if (state == LQPRS_WAITLEVEL)
-		{
-			if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-			{
-				GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
-				lptr->start = ptr;
-				state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
-				curqlevel->numvar = 1;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '!'))
-			{
-				GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
-				lptr->start = ptr + 1;
-				state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
-				curqlevel->numvar = 1;
-				curqlevel->flag |= LQL_NOT;
-				hasnot = true;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
-				state = LQPRS_WAITOPEN;
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITVAR)
-		{
-			if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-			{
-				lptr++;
-				lptr->start = ptr;
-				state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
-				curqlevel->numvar++;
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITDELIM)
+		switch (state)
 		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '@'))
-			{
-				if (lptr->start == ptr)
+			case LQPRS_WAITLEVEL:
+				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
+					curqlevel->numvar = 1;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '!'))
+				{
+					GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
+					lptr->start = ptr + 1;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
+					curqlevel->numvar = 1;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LQL_NOT;
+					hasnot = true;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITOPEN;
+				else
 					UNCHAR;
-				lptr->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
-				curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
-			{
-				if (lptr->start == ptr)
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITVAR:
+				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					lptr++;
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
+					curqlevel->numvar++;
+				}
+				else
 					UNCHAR;
-				lptr->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
-				curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '%'))
-			{
-				if (lptr->start == ptr)
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITDELIM:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '@'))
+				{
+					if (lptr->start == ptr)
+						UNCHAR;
+					lptr->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+				{
+					if (lptr->start == ptr)
+						UNCHAR;
+					lptr->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '%'))
+				{
+					if (lptr->start == ptr)
+						UNCHAR;
+					lptr->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
+				{
+					lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
+						((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
+						((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
+						((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
+					if (lptr->wlen > 255)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
+								 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
+								 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
+										   "be < 256, in position %d.",
+										   lptr->wlen, pos)));
+
+					state = LQPRS_WAITVAR;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
+						((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
+						((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
+						((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
+					if (lptr->wlen > 255)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
+								 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
+								 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
+										   "be < 256, in position %d.",
+										   lptr->wlen, pos)));
+
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+				}
+				else if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					if (lptr->flag)
+						UNCHAR;
+				}
+				else
 					UNCHAR;
-				lptr->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
-				curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
-			{
-				lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
-					((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
-					((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
-					((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
-				if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-					ereport(ERROR,
-							(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-							 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-							 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-									   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-									   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
-				state = LQPRS_WAITVAR;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-			{
-				lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
-					((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
-					((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
-					((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
-				if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-					ereport(ERROR,
-							(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-							 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-							 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-									   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-									   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
-				state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
-				curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
-			}
-			else if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-			{
-				if (lptr->flag)
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITOPEN:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '{'))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITFNUM;
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					curqlevel->low = 0;
+					curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
+					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+				}
+				else
 					UNCHAR;
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITOPEN)
-		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '{'))
-				state = LQPRS_WAITFNUM;
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-			{
-				curqlevel->low = 0;
-				curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
-				curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
-				state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITFNUM)
-		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, ','))
-				state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
-			else if (t_isdigit(ptr))
-			{
-				curqlevel->low = atoi(ptr);
-				state = LQPRS_WAITND;
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITSNUM)
-		{
-			if (t_isdigit(ptr))
-			{
-				curqlevel->high = atoi(ptr);
-				state = LQPRS_WAITCLOSE;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
-			{
-				curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
-				state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITCLOSE)
-		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
-				state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
-			else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITND)
-		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
-			{
-				curqlevel->high = curqlevel->low;
-				state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
-			}
-			else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, ','))
-				state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
-			else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
-				UNCHAR;
-		}
-		else if (state == LQPRS_WAITEND)
-		{
-			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-			{
-				state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
-				curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
-			}
-			else
-				UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITFNUM:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
+				else if (t_isdigit(ptr))
+				{
+					curqlevel->low = atoi(ptr);
+					state = LQPRS_WAITND;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITSNUM:
+				if (t_isdigit(ptr))
+				{
+					curqlevel->high = atoi(ptr);
+					state = LQPRS_WAITCLOSE;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+				{
+					curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITCLOSE:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
+				else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITND:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+				{
+					curqlevel->high = curqlevel->low;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
+				else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			case LQPRS_WAITEND:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+
+			default:
+				/* internal error */
+				elog(ERROR, "internal error in parser");
 		}
-		else
-			/* internal error */
-			elog(ERROR, "internal error in parser");
 
 		ptr += charlen;
 		if (state == LQPRS_WAITDELIM)
-- 
2.7.4

>From c508b4bae6b0727193de8f8dd196664511dbe317 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nikita Glukhov <n.glu...@postgrespro.ru>
Date: Sat, 7 Mar 2020 03:36:16 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Ltree syntax improvements

---
 contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out | 1620 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/ltree/ltree.h            |   23 +-
 contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c         |  687 +++++++++++-----
 contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c     |  158 ++--
 contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql      |  386 +++++++++
 doc/src/sgml/ltree.sgml          |   38 +-
 6 files changed, 2653 insertions(+), 259 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out b/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out
index 8226930..6215f0e 100644
--- a/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out
+++ b/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
+SET standard_conforming_strings=on;
 -- Check whether any of our opclasses fail amvalidate
 SELECT amname, opcname
 FROM pg_opclass opc LEFT JOIN pg_am am ON am.oid = opcmethod
@@ -313,6 +314,11 @@ SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','1');
  
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT ''::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of line.
 SELECT '1'::lquery;
  lquery 
 --------
@@ -445,6 +451,16 @@ SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1}'::lquery;
  1.*.4|3|2.*{1}
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT '*'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ *
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*{1}|2'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT '*{1}|2'::lquery;
+               ^
 SELECT 'qwerty%@*.tu'::lquery;
     lquery    
 --------------
@@ -7679,3 +7695,1607 @@ SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
     15
 (1 row)
 
+-- Extended syntax, escaping, quoting etc
+-- success
+SELECT E'\\.'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "."
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\ '::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ " "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\\\'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "\\"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\a'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ a
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\n'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ n
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'x\\\\'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "x\\"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'x\\ '::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "x "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'x\\.'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "x."
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'x\\a'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ xa
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'x\\n'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ xn
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a b.с d'::ltree;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a b.с d'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a b"."с d"'::ltree;
+    ltree    
+-------------
+ "a b"."с d"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' e . f '::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ e.f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' '::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\ g  . h\\ '::ltree;
+   ltree   
+-----------
+ " g"."h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\ g'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ " g"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E' h\\ '::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"g" '::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ g
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"g" . h'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ g.h
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  "." h "'::ltree;
+    ltree     
+--------------
+ " g  "." h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  " '::ltree;
+ ltree  
+--------
+ " g  "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  "   ." h "  '::ltree;
+    ltree     
+--------------
+ " g  "." h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT nlevel(E'Bottom\\.Test'::ltree);
+ nlevel 
+--------
+      1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath(E'Bottom\\.'::ltree, 0, 1);
+  subpath  
+-----------
+ "Bottom."
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath(E'a\\.b', 0, 1);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ "a.b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath(E'a\\..b', 1, 1);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ b
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath(E'a\\..\\b', 1, 1);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ b
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath(E'"a b"."с d"'::ltree, 1, 1);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ "с d"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT(
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z')::ltree;
+                                                                                                                              ltree                                                                                                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789zzzzz
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT('   ' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\a\b\c\d\e   ')::ltree;
+                                                                                                                              ltree                                                                                                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789abcde
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ "abc|d"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::ltree ~ 'abc\|d'::lquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::ltree ~ 'abc*'::lquery; --true
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::ltree ~ 'abc\*'::lquery; --false
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'abc\\|\\.'::ltree ~ 'abc\|*'::lquery; --true
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"\\""'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '\"'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\"'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a\"b'::ltree;
+ ltree  
+--------
+ "a\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"ab"'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ ab
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"."'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ "."
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'".\\""'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ ".\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z"')::ltree;
+                                                                                                                              ltree                                                                                                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789zzzzz
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"\\""'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '\"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a\"b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"ab"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ ab
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"."'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "."
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'".\\""'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ ".\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z"')::lquery;
+                                                                                                                             lquery                                                                                                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789zzzzz
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' e . f '::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ e.f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' e | f '::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ e|f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\ g  . h\\ '::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ " g"."h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\ g'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ " g"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E' h\\ '::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"\\ g"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ " g"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E' "h\\ "'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  "." h "'::lquery;
+    lquery    
+--------------
+ " g  "." h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\ g  | h\\ '::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ " g"|"h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  "|" h "'::lquery;
+    lquery    
+--------------
+ " g  "|" h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"g" '::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ g
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"g" . h'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ g.h
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  " '::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ " g  "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  "    ." h "  '::lquery;
+    lquery    
+--------------
+ " g  "." h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '" g  "    |  " h "   '::lquery;
+    lquery    
+--------------
+ " g  "|" h "
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT('   ' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\a\b\c\d\e   ')::lquery;
+                                                                                                                             lquery                                                                                                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789abcde
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"a\\"b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a!b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a%b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a*b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a@b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a{b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a}b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a|b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a|b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\"b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\!b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\%b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\*b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\@b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\{b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\}b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\|b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "a|b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"!b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"%b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"*b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"@b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"{b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"}b"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'!\\!b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'!\\%b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'!\\*b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'!\\@b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'!\\{b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'!\\}b'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"2.*"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "2.*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"1"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '!"1|"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ !"1|"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '4|3|"2"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 4|3|2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1".2'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1.4"|"3"|2'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ "1.4"|3|2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1"."4"|"3"|"2"'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ 1.4|3|2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1"."0"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1".0'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"1".*'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '4|"3"|2.*'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ 4|3|2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '4|"3"|"2.*"'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ 4|3|"2.*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '2."*"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 2."*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"*".1."*"'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ "*".1."*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"*.4"|3|2.*'::lquery;
+   lquery    
+-------------
+ "*.4"|3|2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"*.4"|3|"2.*"'::lquery;
+    lquery     
+---------------
+ "*.4"|3|"2.*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}'::lquery;
+     lquery      
+-----------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}'::lquery;
+     lquery      
+-----------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1}'::lquery;
+     lquery     
+----------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{1}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"qwerty"%@*.tu'::lquery;
+    lquery    
+--------------
+ qwerty%@*.tu
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|"2".*{1,4}'::lquery;
+      lquery      
+------------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{1,4}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1."*".4|3|"2".*{1,4}'::lquery;
+       lquery       
+--------------------
+ 1."*".4|3|2.*{1,4}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '\%\ \@'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "% @"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"\% \@"'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ "% @"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A@.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\a.b.c.\\d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\a.b.c.\\d.e'::ltree ~ E'A*@.b.c.d.\\e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\a.b.c.\\d.e'::ltree ~ E'A*@|\\g.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--ltxtquery
+SELECT '!"tree" & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+   ltxtquery    
+----------------
+ !tree & aWdf@*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"!tree" & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+    ltxtquery     
+------------------
+ "!tree" & aWdf@*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'tr\\ee'::ltree @ E'\\t\\r\\e\\e'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'tr\\ee.awd\\fg'::ltree @ E'tre\\e & a\\Wdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+   ltxtquery    
+----------------
+ tree & aw_qw%*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree."awdfg"'::ltree @ E'tree & a\\Wdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree."awdfg"'::ltree @ E'tree & "a\\Wdf"@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & "aw_rw"%*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ E'tree & "aw\\_qw"%*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ E'tree & aw\\_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"a\\"b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a!b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a%b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a*b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a@b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a{b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a}b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a|b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a|b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a&b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a&b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a(b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a(b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a)b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a)b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\"b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\!b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\%b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\*b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\@b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\{b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\}b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\|b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a|b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\&b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a&b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\(b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a(b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\)b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a)b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"\\"b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"!b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"%b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"*b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"@b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"{b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"}b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"|b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "|b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"&b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "&b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"(b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "(b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '")b"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ ")b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\"b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "\"b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\!b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "!b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\%b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "%b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\*b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "*b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\@b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "@b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\{b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "{b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\}b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "}b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\|b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "|b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\&b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "&b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\(b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "(b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\)b'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ ")b"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'"a\\""'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a!"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a!"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a%"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a%"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a*"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a@"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a@"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a{"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a{"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a}"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a}"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a|"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a|"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a&"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a&"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a("'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a("
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '"a)"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a)"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\"'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a\""
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\!'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a!"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\%'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a%"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\*'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a*"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\@'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a@"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\{'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a{"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\}'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a}"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\|'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a|"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\&'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a&"
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\('::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a("
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\)'::ltxtquery;
+ ltxtquery 
+-----------
+ "a)"
+(1 row)
+
+--failures
+SELECT E'\\'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed escape sequence at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT E'\\'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT E'n\\'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed escape sequence at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT E'n\\'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '"'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '""'::ltree;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT '""'::ltree;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 2.
+SELECT 'a"b'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a"b'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT E'\\"ab"'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT E'\\"ab"'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a"."a'::ltree;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a"."a'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a."a"'::ltree;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a."a"'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '"".a'::ltree;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT '"".a'::ltree;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 2.
+SELECT 'a.""'::ltree;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a.""'::ltree;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 4.
+SELECT '"".""'::ltree;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT '"".""'::ltree;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 2.
+SELECT '""'::lquery;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT '""'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 2.
+SELECT '"".""'::lquery;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT '"".""'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 2.
+SELECT 'a.""'::lquery;
+ERROR:  name of level is empty
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a.""'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Name length is 0 in position 4.
+SELECT ' . '::ltree;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT ' . '::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT ' . '::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT ' . '::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT ' | '::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT ' | '::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT(
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'z\z\z\z\z\z')::ltree;
+ERROR:  name of level is too long
+DETAIL:  Name length is 256, must be < 256, in position 261.
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z\z"')::ltree;
+ERROR:  name of level is too long
+DETAIL:  Name length is 256, must be < 256, in position 264.
+SELECT '"'::lquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a'::lquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a"."a'::lquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a"."a'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a."a"'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a."a"'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT E'\\"ab"'::lquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 4
+LINE 1: SELECT E'\\"ab"'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a"b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a"b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a!b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a!b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a%b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a%b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a*b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a*b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a@b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a@b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a{b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a{b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a}b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a}b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a!'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a!'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a{'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a{'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a}'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a}'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '%b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '%b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '*b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '*b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '@b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '@b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '{b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '{b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '}b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '}b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '!%b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '!%b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '!*b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '!*b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '!@b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '!@b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '!{b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '!{b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '!}b'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '!}b'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"qwert"y.tu'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 7
+LINE 1: SELECT '"qwert"y.tu'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'q"wert"y"%@*.tu'::lquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'q"wert"y"%@*.tu'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z\z"')::lquery;
+ERROR:  name of level is too long
+DETAIL:  Name length is 256, must be < 256, in position 264.
+SELECT 'a | ""'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  empty labels are forbidden
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a | ""'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"" & ""'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  empty labels are forbidden
+LINE 1: SELECT '"" & ""'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a.""'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a.""'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"""'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT '"""'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a" & "a'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 6
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a" & "a'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"a | "a"'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 6
+LINE 1: SELECT '"a | "a"'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"!tree" & aWdf@*"'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 16
+LINE 1: SELECT '"!tree" & aWdf@*"'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a"b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a"b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a!b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a!b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a%b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a%b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a*b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a*b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a@b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 2
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a@b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a{b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a{b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a}b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a}b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a|b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a|b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a&b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a&b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a(b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a(b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a)b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a)b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '"b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '"b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '%b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '%b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '*b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '*b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '@b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '@b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '{b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '{b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '}b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '}b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '|b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '|b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '&b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT '&b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '(b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT '(b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT ')b'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 0
+LINE 1: SELECT ')b'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a"'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unclosed quote at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a"'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a!'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a!'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a{'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a{'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a}'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a}'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a|'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a|'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a&'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a&'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a('::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a('::ltxtquery;
+               ^
+SELECT 'a)'::ltxtquery;
+ERROR:  unquoted special symbol at position 1
+LINE 1: SELECT 'a)'::ltxtquery;
+               ^
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree.h b/contrib/ltree/ltree.h
index 366e580..9774175 100644
--- a/contrib/ltree/ltree.h
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree.h
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ typedef struct
 
 #define LQUERY_HASNOT		0x01
 
-#define ISALNUM(x)	( t_isalpha(x) || t_isdigit(x)	|| ( pg_mblen(x) == 1 && t_iseq((x), '_') ) )
-
 /* full text query */
 
 /*
@@ -128,6 +126,24 @@ typedef struct
 #define VALTRUE					6	/* for stop words */
 #define VALFALSE				7
 
+typedef enum ltree_token
+{
+	LTREE_TOK_END,
+	LTREE_TOK_SPACE,
+	LTREE_TOK_LABEL,
+	LTREE_TOK_DOT,
+	LTREE_TOK_ASTERISK,
+	LTREE_TOK_NOT,
+	LTREE_TOK_OR,
+	LTREE_TOK_AND,
+	LTREE_TOK_AT,
+	LTREE_TOK_PERCENT,
+	LTREE_TOK_LBRACE,
+	LTREE_TOK_RBRACE,
+	LTREE_TOK_LPAREN,
+	LTREE_TOK_RPAREN,
+	LTREE_TOK_COMMA
+} ltree_token;
 
 /* use in array iterator */
 Datum		ltree_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
@@ -164,6 +180,9 @@ bool		compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *q, int len,
 							int (*cmpptr) (const char *, const char *, size_t), bool anyend);
 ltree	   *lca_inner(ltree **a, int len);
 int			ltree_strncasecmp(const char *a, const char *b, size_t s);
+int			bytes_to_escape(const char *start, const int len);
+void		copy_level(char *dst, const char *src, int len, int extra_bytes);
+ltree_token	ltree_get_token(char *ptr, int pos, int *len, int *wlen, int *escaped_count);
 
 /* fmgr macros for ltree objects */
 #define DatumGetLtreeP(X)			((ltree *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X))
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c b/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
index e97f035..479cb90 100644
--- a/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
@@ -34,6 +34,335 @@ typedef struct
 #define LTPRS_WAITNAME	0
 #define LTPRS_WAITDELIM 1
 
+/*
+ * Calculating the number of literals in the string to be parsed.
+ * For ltree, returns a number of not escaped delimiters (dots).
+ * If pORs is not NULL, calculates the number of alternate templates (used in lquery parsing).
+ * The function can return more levels than is really necessesary,
+ * it will be corrected during the real parsing process.
+ */
+static void
+count_parts_ors(const char *ptr, int *plevels, int *pORs)
+{
+	int			escape_mode = 0;
+	int			charlen;
+
+	while (*ptr)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+
+		if (escape_mode == 1)
+			escape_mode = 0;
+		else if (charlen == 1)
+		{
+			if (t_iseq(ptr, '\\'))
+				escape_mode = 1;
+			else if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				(*plevels)++;
+			else if (t_iseq(ptr, '|') && pORs != NULL)
+				(*pORs)++;
+		}
+
+		ptr += charlen;
+	}
+
+	(*plevels)++;
+	if (pORs != NULL)
+		(*pORs)++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Char-by-char copying from src to dst representation removing escaping \\
+ * Total amount of copied bytes is len
+ */
+static void
+copy_unescaped(char *dst, const char *src, int len)
+{
+	uint16		copied = 0;
+	int			charlen;
+	bool		escaping = false;
+
+	while (*src && copied < len)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(src);
+		if ((charlen == 1) && t_iseq(src, '\\') && escaping == 0)
+		{
+			escaping = 1;
+			src++;
+			continue;
+		};
+
+		if (copied + charlen > len)
+			elog(ERROR, "internal error during splitting levels");
+
+		memcpy(dst, src, charlen);
+		src += charlen;
+		dst += charlen;
+		copied += charlen;
+		escaping = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (copied != len)
+		elog(ERROR, "internal error during splitting levels");
+}
+
+static bool
+is_unquoted_char(const char *ptr, int charlen)
+{
+	return t_isalpha(ptr) || t_isdigit(ptr) || (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '_'));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Function calculating bytes to escape
+ * Behvaiour:
+ * If there is no "special" symbols, return 0
+ * If there are any special symbol, we need initial and final quote, so return 2
+ * If there are any quotes or backslashes, we need to escape all of them and also
+ * initial and final quote, so return 2 + number of quotes/backslashes
+ */
+int
+bytes_to_escape(const char *start, const int len)
+{
+	uint16		copied = 0;
+	int			charlen;
+	int			escapes = 0;
+	bool		quotes = false;
+	const char *buf = start;
+
+	if (len == 0)
+		return 2;
+
+	while (*start && copied < len)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(buf);
+
+		if (charlen == 1 && (t_iseq(buf, '"') || t_iseq(buf, '\\')))
+			escapes++;
+		else if (!is_unquoted_char(buf, charlen))
+			quotes = true;
+
+		if (copied + charlen > len)
+			elog(ERROR, "internal error during merging levels");
+
+		buf += charlen;
+		copied += charlen;
+	}
+
+	return (escapes > 0) ? escapes + 2 : quotes ? 2 : 0;
+}
+
+static int
+copy_escaped(char *dst, const char *src, int len)
+{
+	uint16		copied = 0;
+	int			charlen;
+	int			escapes = 0;
+	char	   *buf = dst;
+
+	while (*src && copied < len)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(src);
+		if ((charlen == 1) && (t_iseq(src, '"') || t_iseq(src, '\\')))
+		{
+			*buf = '\\';
+			buf++;
+			escapes++;
+		};
+
+		if (copied + charlen > len)
+			elog(ERROR, "internal error during merging levels");
+
+		memcpy(buf, src, charlen);
+		src += charlen;
+		buf += charlen;
+		copied += charlen;
+	}
+	return escapes;
+}
+
+void
+copy_level(char *dst, const char *src, int len, int extra_bytes)
+{
+	if (extra_bytes == 0)
+		memcpy(dst, src, len);
+	else if (extra_bytes == 2)
+	{
+		*dst = '"';
+		memcpy(dst + 1, src, len);
+		dst[len + 1] = '"';
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		*dst = '"';
+		copy_escaped(dst + 1, src, len);
+		dst[len + extra_bytes - 1] = '"';
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * If we have a part beginning with quote,
+ * we must be sure it is finished with quote either.
+ * After that we moving start of the part a byte ahead
+ * and excluding beginning and final quotes from the part itself.
+ * */
+static void
+adjust_quoted_nodeitem(nodeitem *lptr)
+{
+	if (*lptr->start == '"')
+	{
+		lptr->start++;
+		lptr->len -= 2;
+		lptr->wlen -= 2;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+check_level_length(const nodeitem *lptr, int pos)
+{
+	if (lptr->len < 0)
+		elog(ERROR, "internal error: invalid level length");
+
+	if (lptr->wlen <= 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("name of level is empty"),
+				 errdetail("Name length is 0 in position %d.",
+						   pos)));
+
+	if (lptr->wlen > 255)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
+				 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
+				 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
+						   "be < 256, in position %d.",
+						   lptr->wlen, pos)));
+}
+
+static void
+init_nodeitem(nodeitem *lptr, char *start, int len, int wlen, int escapes, int pos)
+{
+	lptr->start = start;
+	lptr->len = len - escapes;
+	lptr->wlen = wlen - escapes;
+
+	adjust_quoted_nodeitem(lptr);
+	check_level_length(lptr, pos + len);
+}
+
+ltree_token
+ltree_get_token(char *ptr, int pos, int *len, int *wlen, int *escaped_count)
+{
+	char	   *ptr_start = ptr;
+	int			charlen;
+	bool		quoted = false;
+	bool		escaped = false;
+
+	*escaped_count = 0;
+	*len = 0;
+	*wlen = 0;
+
+	if (!*ptr)
+		return LTREE_TOK_END;
+
+	charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+
+	if (t_isspace(ptr))
+	{
+		++*wlen;
+		ptr += charlen;
+
+		while (*ptr && t_isspace(ptr))
+		{
+			charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+			ptr += charlen;
+			++*wlen;
+		}
+
+		*len = ptr - ptr_start;
+		return LTREE_TOK_SPACE;
+	}
+
+	if (charlen == 1 && strchr(".*!|&@%{}(),", *ptr))
+	{
+		*wlen = *len = 1;
+
+		if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_DOT;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_ASTERISK;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '!'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_NOT;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_OR;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '&'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_AND;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '@'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_AT;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '%'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_PERCENT;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+			return LTREE_TOK_COMMA;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '{'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_LBRACE;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_RBRACE;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '('))
+			return LTREE_TOK_LPAREN;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, ')'))
+			return LTREE_TOK_RPAREN;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR, "invalid special character");
+	}
+	else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '\\'))
+		escaped = true;
+	else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '"'))
+		quoted = true;
+	else if (!is_unquoted_char(ptr, charlen))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("syntax error at position %d", pos)
+				 /*errdetail("Unexpected character")*/));
+
+	for (ptr += charlen, ++*wlen; *ptr; ptr += charlen, ++*wlen)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+
+		if (escaped)
+		{
+			++*escaped_count;
+			escaped = false;
+		}
+		else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '\\'))
+			escaped = true;
+		else if (quoted)
+		{
+			if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '"'))
+			{
+				quoted = false;
+				ptr += charlen;
+				++*wlen;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		else if (!is_unquoted_char(ptr, charlen))
+			break;
+	}
+
+	if (quoted)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("unclosed quote at position %d", pos)));
+
+	if (escaped)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("unclosed escape sequence at position %d", pos + *wlen - 1)));
+
+	*len = ptr - ptr_start;
+
+	return LTREE_TOK_LABEL;
+}
+
 Datum
 ltree_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -41,92 +370,65 @@ ltree_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	char	   *ptr;
 	nodeitem   *list,
 			   *lptr;
-	int			num = 0,
+	int			levels = 0,
 				totallen = 0;
 	int			state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
 	ltree	   *result;
 	ltree_level *curlevel;
-	int			charlen;
+
+	/* Position in strings, in symbols. */
 	int			pos = 0;
+	int			wlen;
+	int			len;
 
 	ptr = buf;
-	while (*ptr)
-	{
-		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
-		if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-			num++;
-		ptr += charlen;
-	}
+	count_parts_ors(ptr, &levels, NULL);
 
-	if (num + 1 > MaxAllocSize / sizeof(nodeitem))
+	if (levels > MaxAllocSize / sizeof(nodeitem))
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
 				 errmsg("number of levels (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d)",
-						num + 1, (int) (MaxAllocSize / sizeof(nodeitem)))));
-	list = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc(sizeof(nodeitem) * (num + 1));
-	ptr = buf;
-	while (*ptr)
+						levels, (int) (MaxAllocSize / sizeof(nodeitem)))));
+	list = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc(sizeof(nodeitem) * (levels));
+
+	/*
+	 * This block calculates single nodes' settings
+	 */
+	for (ptr = buf; *ptr; ptr += len, pos += wlen)
 	{
-		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+		int			escaped_count;
+		ltree_token tok = ltree_get_token(ptr, pos, &len, &wlen, &escaped_count);
+
+		if (tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
+			continue;
 
 		switch (state)
 		{
 			case LTPRS_WAITNAME:
-				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-				{
-					lptr->start = ptr;
-					lptr->wlen = 0;
-					state = LTPRS_WAITDELIM;
-				}
-				else
+				if (tok != LTREE_TOK_LABEL)
 					UNCHAR;
+
+				init_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, len, wlen, escaped_count, pos);
+				totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
+				lptr++;
+
+				state = LTPRS_WAITDELIM;
 				break;
 
 			case LTPRS_WAITDELIM:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-				{
-					lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start;
-					if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-						ereport(ERROR,
-								(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-								 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-								 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-										   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-										   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
-					totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
-					lptr++;
-					state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
-				}
-				else if (!ISALNUM(ptr))
+				if (tok != LTREE_TOK_DOT)
 					UNCHAR;
+
+				state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
 				break;
 
 			default:
 				/* internal error */
 				elog(ERROR, "internal error in parser");
 		}
-
-		ptr += charlen;
-		lptr->wlen++;
-		pos++;
 	}
 
-	if (state == LTPRS_WAITDELIM)
-	{
-		lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start;
-		if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-					 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-					 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-							   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-							   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
-		totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
-		lptr++;
-	}
-	else if (!(state == LTPRS_WAITNAME && lptr == list))
+	if (state == LTPRS_WAITNAME && lptr != list)	/* Empty string */
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("syntax error"),
@@ -140,7 +442,10 @@ ltree_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	while (lptr - list < result->numlevel)
 	{
 		curlevel->len = (uint16) lptr->len;
-		memcpy(curlevel->name, lptr->start, lptr->len);
+
+		if (lptr->len > 0)
+			copy_unescaped(curlevel->name, lptr->start, lptr->len);
+
 		curlevel = LEVEL_NEXT(curlevel);
 		lptr++;
 	}
@@ -157,8 +462,10 @@ ltree_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			   *ptr;
 	int			i;
 	ltree_level *curlevel;
+	Size		allocated = VARSIZE(in);
+	Size		filled = 0;
 
-	ptr = buf = (char *) palloc(VARSIZE(in));
+	ptr = buf = (char *) palloc(allocated);
 	curlevel = LTREE_FIRST(in);
 	for (i = 0; i < in->numlevel; i++)
 	{
@@ -166,9 +473,22 @@ ltree_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 		{
 			*ptr = '.';
 			ptr++;
+			filled++;
+		}
+		if (curlevel->len >= 0)
+		{
+			int			extra_bytes = bytes_to_escape(curlevel->name, curlevel->len);
+
+			if (filled + extra_bytes + curlevel->len >= allocated)
+			{
+				buf = repalloc(buf, allocated + (extra_bytes + curlevel->len) * 2);
+				allocated += (extra_bytes + curlevel->len) * 2;
+				ptr = buf + filled;
+			}
+
+			copy_level(ptr, curlevel->name, curlevel->len, extra_bytes);
+			ptr += curlevel->len + extra_bytes;
 		}
-		memcpy(ptr, curlevel->name, curlevel->len);
-		ptr += curlevel->len;
 		curlevel = LEVEL_NEXT(curlevel);
 	}
 
@@ -188,7 +508,6 @@ ltree_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 #define LQPRS_WAITEND	7
 #define LQPRS_WAITVAR	8
 
-
 #define GETVAR(x) ( *((nodeitem**)LQL_FIRST(x)) )
 #define ITEMSIZE	MAXALIGN(LQL_HDRSIZE+sizeof(nodeitem*))
 #define NEXTLEV(x) ( (lquery_level*)( ((char*)(x)) + ITEMSIZE) )
@@ -198,7 +517,7 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	char	   *buf = (char *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
 	char	   *ptr;
-	int			num = 0,
+	int			levels = 0,
 				totallen = 0,
 				numOR = 0;
 	int			state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
@@ -210,145 +529,121 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	lquery_variant *lrptr = NULL;
 	bool		hasnot = false;
 	bool		wasbad = false;
-	int			charlen;
+	int			real_levels = 0;
 	int			pos = 0;
+	int			wlen;
+	int			len;
 
 	ptr = buf;
-	while (*ptr)
-	{
-		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
-
-		if (charlen == 1)
-		{
-			if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
-				num++;
-			else if (t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
-				numOR++;
-		}
-
-		ptr += charlen;
-	}
+	count_parts_ors(ptr, &levels, &numOR);
 
-	num++;
-	if (num > MaxAllocSize / ITEMSIZE)
+	if (levels > MaxAllocSize / ITEMSIZE)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
 				 errmsg("number of levels (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d)",
-						num, (int) (MaxAllocSize / ITEMSIZE))));
-	curqlevel = tmpql = (lquery_level *) palloc0(ITEMSIZE * num);
-	ptr = buf;
-	while (*ptr)
+						levels, (int) (MaxAllocSize / ITEMSIZE))));
+	curqlevel = tmpql = (lquery_level *) palloc0(ITEMSIZE * levels);
+
+	for (ptr = buf; *ptr; ptr += len, pos += wlen)
 	{
-		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+		int			escaped_count;
+		ltree_token tok = ltree_get_token(ptr, pos, &len, &wlen, &escaped_count);
 
 		switch (state)
 		{
 			case LQPRS_WAITLEVEL:
-				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
+					break;
+
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_NOT)
 				{
-					GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
-					lptr->start = ptr;
-					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
-					curqlevel->numvar = 1;
+					if (curqlevel->flag & LQL_NOT)	/* '!!' is disallowed */
+						UNCHAR;
+
+					curqlevel->flag |= LQL_NOT;
+					hasnot = true;
+					break;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '!'))
+
+				real_levels++;
+
+				GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * numOR);
+
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_LABEL)
 				{
-					GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
-					lptr->start = ptr + 1;
-					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
 					curqlevel->numvar = 1;
-					curqlevel->flag |= LQL_NOT;
-					hasnot = true;
+					init_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, len, wlen, escaped_count, pos);
+
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_ASTERISK)
+				{
+					if (curqlevel->flag & LQL_NOT)	/* '!*' is meaningless */
+						UNCHAR;
+
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+
+					curqlevel->low = 0;
+					curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
+
 					state = LQPRS_WAITOPEN;
+				}
 				else
 					UNCHAR;
+
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITVAR:
-				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-				{
-					lptr++;
-					lptr->start = ptr;
-					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
-					curqlevel->numvar++;
-				}
-				else
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
+					break;
+
+				if (tok != LTREE_TOK_LABEL)
 					UNCHAR;
+
+				curqlevel->numvar++;
+
+				lptr++;
+				init_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, len, wlen, escaped_count, pos);
+
+				state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITDELIM:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '@'))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
+					break;
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_AT)
 				{
-					if (lptr->start == ptr)
-						UNCHAR;
 					lptr->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
 					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_ASTERISK)
 				{
-					if (lptr->start == ptr)
-						UNCHAR;
 					lptr->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
 					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '%'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_PERCENT)
 				{
-					if (lptr->start == ptr)
-						UNCHAR;
 					lptr->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
 					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
-				{
-					lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
-						((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
-						((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
-						((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
-					if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-						ereport(ERROR,
-								(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-								 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-								 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-										   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-										   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_OR)
 					state = LQPRS_WAITVAR;
-				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_DOT)
 				{
-					lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
-						((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
-						((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
-						((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
-					if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-						ereport(ERROR,
-								(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-								 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-								 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-										   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-										   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-
-					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
 					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
-				}
-				else if (ISALNUM(ptr))
-				{
-					if (lptr->flag)
-						UNCHAR;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
 				}
 				else
 					UNCHAR;
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITOPEN:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '{'))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
+					break;
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_LBRACE)
 					state = LQPRS_WAITFNUM;
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_DOT)
 				{
-					curqlevel->low = 0;
-					curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
 					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
 					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
 				}
@@ -357,11 +652,12 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITFNUM:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_COMMA)
 					state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
 				else if (t_isdigit(ptr))
 				{
 					curqlevel->low = atoi(ptr);
+					len = wlen = 1;
 					state = LQPRS_WAITND;
 				}
 				else
@@ -372,38 +668,36 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				if (t_isdigit(ptr))
 				{
 					curqlevel->high = atoi(ptr);
+					len = wlen = 1;
 					state = LQPRS_WAITCLOSE;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
-				{
-					curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_RBRACE)
 					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
-				}
 				else
 					UNCHAR;
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITCLOSE:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_RBRACE)
 					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
 				else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
 					UNCHAR;
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITND:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_RBRACE)
 				{
 					curqlevel->high = curqlevel->low;
 					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_COMMA)
 					state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
 				else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
 					UNCHAR;
 				break;
 
 			case LQPRS_WAITEND:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_DOT)
 				{
 					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
 					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
@@ -416,42 +710,11 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				/* internal error */
 				elog(ERROR, "internal error in parser");
 		}
-
-		ptr += charlen;
-		if (state == LQPRS_WAITDELIM)
-			lptr->wlen++;
-		pos++;
 	}
 
-	if (state == LQPRS_WAITDELIM)
-	{
-		if (lptr->start == ptr)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
-					 errmsg("syntax error"),
-					 errdetail("Unexpected end of line.")));
-
-		lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start -
-			((lptr->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) ? 1 : 0) -
-			((lptr->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? 1 : 0) -
-			((lptr->flag & LVAR_ANYEND) ? 1 : 0);
-		if (lptr->len == 0)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
-					 errmsg("syntax error"),
-					 errdetail("Unexpected end of line.")));
-
-		if (lptr->wlen > 255)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
-					 errmsg("name of level is too long"),
-					 errdetail("Name length is %d, must "
-							   "be < 256, in position %d.",
-							   lptr->wlen, pos)));
-	}
-	else if (state == LQPRS_WAITOPEN)
-		curqlevel->high = 0xffff;
-	else if (state != LQPRS_WAITEND)
+	if (state != LQPRS_WAITDELIM &&
+		state != LQPRS_WAITOPEN &&
+		state != LQPRS_WAITEND)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("syntax error"),
@@ -459,7 +722,7 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 
 	curqlevel = tmpql;
 	totallen = LQUERY_HDRSIZE;
-	while ((char *) curqlevel - (char *) tmpql < num * ITEMSIZE)
+	while ((char *) curqlevel - (char *) tmpql < levels * ITEMSIZE)
 	{
 		totallen += LQL_HDRSIZE;
 		if (curqlevel->numvar)
@@ -483,14 +746,14 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 
 	result = (lquery *) palloc0(totallen);
 	SET_VARSIZE(result, totallen);
-	result->numlevel = num;
+	result->numlevel = real_levels;
 	result->firstgood = 0;
 	result->flag = 0;
 	if (hasnot)
 		result->flag |= LQUERY_HASNOT;
 	cur = LQUERY_FIRST(result);
 	curqlevel = tmpql;
-	while ((char *) curqlevel - (char *) tmpql < num * ITEMSIZE)
+	while ((char *) curqlevel - (char *) tmpql < levels * ITEMSIZE)
 	{
 		memcpy(cur, curqlevel, LQL_HDRSIZE);
 		cur->totallen = LQL_HDRSIZE;
@@ -503,8 +766,8 @@ lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				cur->totallen += MAXALIGN(LVAR_HDRSIZE + lptr->len);
 				lrptr->len = lptr->len;
 				lrptr->flag = lptr->flag;
-				lrptr->val = ltree_crc32_sz(lptr->start, lptr->len);
-				memcpy(lrptr->name, lptr->start, lptr->len);
+				copy_unescaped(lrptr->name, lptr->start, lptr->len);
+				lrptr->val = ltree_crc32_sz(lrptr->name, lptr->len);
 				lptr++;
 				lrptr = LVAR_NEXT(lrptr);
 			}
@@ -532,7 +795,8 @@ lquery_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			   *ptr;
 	int			i,
 				j,
-				totallen = 1;
+				totallen = 1,
+				filled = 0;
 	lquery_level *curqlevel;
 	lquery_variant *curtlevel;
 
@@ -555,6 +819,7 @@ lquery_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 		{
 			*ptr = '.';
 			ptr++;
+			filled++;
 		}
 		if (curqlevel->numvar)
 		{
@@ -562,31 +827,46 @@ lquery_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			{
 				*ptr = '!';
 				ptr++;
+				filled++;
 			}
 			curtlevel = LQL_FIRST(curqlevel);
 			for (j = 0; j < curqlevel->numvar; j++)
 			{
+				int			extra_bytes = bytes_to_escape(curtlevel->name, curtlevel->len);
+
 				if (j != 0)
 				{
 					*ptr = '|';
 					ptr++;
+					filled++;
 				}
-				memcpy(ptr, curtlevel->name, curtlevel->len);
-				ptr += curtlevel->len;
+				if (filled + extra_bytes + curtlevel->len >= totallen)
+				{
+					buf = repalloc(buf, totallen + (extra_bytes + curtlevel->len) * 2);
+					totallen += (extra_bytes + curtlevel->len) * 2;
+					ptr = buf + filled;
+				}
+
+				copy_level(ptr, curtlevel->name, curtlevel->len, extra_bytes);
+				ptr += curtlevel->len + extra_bytes;
+
 				if ((curtlevel->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME))
 				{
 					*ptr = '%';
 					ptr++;
+					filled++;
 				}
 				if ((curtlevel->flag & LVAR_INCASE))
 				{
 					*ptr = '@';
 					ptr++;
+					filled++;
 				}
 				if ((curtlevel->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))
 				{
 					*ptr = '*';
 					ptr++;
+					filled++;
 				}
 				curtlevel = LVAR_NEXT(curtlevel);
 			}
@@ -614,6 +894,7 @@ lquery_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			else
 				sprintf(ptr, "*{%d,%d}", curqlevel->low, curqlevel->high);
 			ptr = strchr(ptr, '\0');
+			filled = ptr - buf;
 		}
 
 		curqlevel = LQL_NEXT(curqlevel);
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c b/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c
index db347f7..4c237b1 100644
--- a/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ typedef struct NODE
 typedef struct
 {
 	char	   *buf;
+	int			pos;
 	int32		state;
 	int32		count;
 	/* reverse polish notation in list (for temporary usage) */
@@ -57,86 +58,136 @@ typedef struct
 static int32
 gettoken_query(QPRS_STATE *state, int32 *val, int32 *lenval, char **strval, uint16 *flag)
 {
-	int			charlen;
-
 	for (;;)
 	{
-		charlen = pg_mblen(state->buf);
+		int			len;
+		int			wlen;
+		int			escaped_count;
+		int			pos = state->pos;
+		char	   *buf = state->buf;
+		ltree_token tok = ltree_get_token(buf, pos, &len, &wlen, &escaped_count);
+
+		state->buf += len;
+		state->pos += wlen;
 
 		switch (state->state)
 		{
 			case WAITOPERAND:
-				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '!'))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_NOT)
 				{
-					(state->buf)++;
 					*val = (int32) '!';
 					return OPR;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '('))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_LPAREN)
 				{
 					state->count++;
-					(state->buf)++;
 					return OPEN;
 				}
-				else if (ISALNUM(state->buf))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_LABEL)
 				{
-					state->state = INOPERAND;
-					*strval = state->buf;
-					*lenval = charlen;
+					*strval = buf;
+					*lenval = state->buf - buf;
 					*flag = 0;
+
+					if (t_iseq(buf, '"'))	/* strip quotes */
+					{
+						*lenval -= 2;
+						*strval += 1;
+					}
+
+					state->state = INOPERAND;
+				}
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
+				{
+					/* do nothing */
 				}
-				else if (!t_isspace(state->buf))
+				else
 					ereport(ERROR,
 							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
-							 errmsg("operand syntax error")));
+							 errmsg("unquoted special symbol at position %d", pos)));
 				break;
+
 			case INOPERAND:
-				if (ISALNUM(state->buf))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_END || tok == LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
 				{
-					if (*flag)
-						ereport(ERROR,
-								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
-								 errmsg("modifiers syntax error")));
-					*lenval += charlen;
+					state->state = WAITOPERATOR;
+					return VAL;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '%'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_PERCENT)
 					*flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '@'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_AT)
 					*flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '*'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_ASTERISK)
 					*flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
 				else
-				{
-					state->state = WAITOPERATOR;
-					return VAL;
-				}
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+							 errmsg("unquoted special symbol at position %d", pos)));
 				break;
+
 			case WAITOPERATOR:
-				if (charlen == 1 && (t_iseq(state->buf, '&') || t_iseq(state->buf, '|')))
+				if (tok == LTREE_TOK_OR || tok == LTREE_TOK_AND)
 				{
 					state->state = WAITOPERAND;
-					*val = (int32) *(state->buf);
-					(state->buf)++;
+					*val = (int32) *buf;
 					return OPR;
 				}
-				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, ')'))
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_RPAREN)
 				{
-					(state->buf)++;
 					state->count--;
 					return (state->count < 0) ? ERR : CLOSE;
 				}
-				else if (*(state->buf) == '\0')
+				else if (tok == LTREE_TOK_END)
 					return (state->count) ? ERR : END;
-				else if (charlen == 1 && !t_iseq(state->buf, ' '))
+				else if (tok != LTREE_TOK_SPACE)
 					return ERR;
 				break;
+
 			default:
 				return ERR;
-				break;
 		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * This function is similar to copy_unescaped.
+ * It proceeds total_len bytes from src
+ * Copying all to dst skipping escapes
+ * Returns amount of skipped symbols
+ * */
+static int
+copy_skip_escapes(char *dst, const char *src, int total_len)
+{
+	uint16		copied = 0;
+	int			charlen;
+	bool		escaping = false;
+	int			skipped = 0;
 
-		state->buf += charlen;
+	while (*src && (copied + skipped < total_len))
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(src);
+		if ((charlen == 1) && t_iseq(src, '\\') && escaping == 0)
+		{
+			escaping = 1;
+			src++;
+			skipped++;
+			continue;
+		};
+
+		if (copied + skipped + charlen > total_len)
+			elog(ERROR, "internal error during copying");
+
+		memcpy(dst, src, charlen);
+		src += charlen;
+		dst += charlen;
+		copied += charlen;
+		escaping = 0;
 	}
+
+	if (copied + skipped != total_len)
+		elog(ERROR, "internal error during copying");
+
+	return skipped;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -171,14 +222,18 @@ pushquery(QPRS_STATE *state, int32 type, int32 val, int32 distance, int32 lenval
 static void
 pushval_asis(QPRS_STATE *state, int type, char *strval, int lenval, uint16 flag)
 {
+	int			skipped = 0;
+
+	if (lenval == 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("empty labels are forbidden")));
+
 	if (lenval > 0xffff)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
 				 errmsg("word is too long")));
 
-	pushquery(state, type, ltree_crc32_sz(strval, lenval),
-			  state->curop - state->op, lenval, flag);
-
 	while (state->curop - state->op + lenval + 1 >= state->lenop)
 	{
 		int32		tmp = state->curop - state->op;
@@ -187,11 +242,19 @@ pushval_asis(QPRS_STATE *state, int type, char *strval, int lenval, uint16 flag)
 		state->op = (char *) repalloc((void *) state->op, state->lenop);
 		state->curop = state->op + tmp;
 	}
-	memcpy((void *) state->curop, (void *) strval, lenval);
-	state->curop += lenval;
+	skipped = copy_skip_escapes((void *) state->curop, (void *) strval, lenval);
+	if (lenval == skipped)		/* Empty quoted literal */
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("empty labels are forbidden")));
+
+	pushquery(state, type, ltree_crc32_sz(state->curop, lenval - skipped),
+			  state->curop - state->op, lenval - skipped, flag);
+
+	state->curop += lenval - skipped;
 	*(state->curop) = '\0';
 	state->curop++;
-	state->sumlen += lenval + 1;
+	state->sumlen += lenval - skipped + 1;
 }
 
 #define STACKDEPTH		32
@@ -324,6 +387,7 @@ queryin(char *buf)
 
 	/* init state */
 	state.buf = buf;
+	state.pos = 0;
 	state.state = WAITOPERAND;
 	state.count = 0;
 	state.num = 0;
@@ -421,14 +485,14 @@ infix(INFIX *in, bool first)
 	if (in->curpol->type == VAL)
 	{
 		char	   *op = in->op + in->curpol->distance;
+		char	   *opend = strchr(op, '\0');
+		int			delta = opend - op;
+		int			extra_bytes = bytes_to_escape(op, delta);
 
 		RESIZEBUF(in, in->curpol->length * 2 + 5);
-		while (*op)
-		{
-			*(in->cur) = *op;
-			op++;
-			in->cur++;
-		}
+		copy_level(in->cur, op, delta, extra_bytes);
+		in->cur += delta + extra_bytes;
+
 		if (in->curpol->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME)
 		{
 			*(in->cur) = '%';
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql b/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql
index 846b04e..b1f14f5 100644
--- a/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql
+++ b/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
 
+SET standard_conforming_strings=on;
+
 -- Check whether any of our opclasses fail amvalidate
 SELECT amname, opcname
 FROM pg_opclass opc LEFT JOIN pg_am am ON am.oid = opcmethod
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','2');
 SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','1');
 
 
+SELECT ''::lquery;
 SELECT '1'::lquery;
 SELECT '4|3|2'::lquery;
 SELECT '1.2'::lquery;
@@ -87,6 +90,8 @@ SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,4}'::lquery;
 SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}'::lquery;
 SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}'::lquery;
 SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1}'::lquery;
+SELECT '*'::lquery;
+SELECT '*{1}|2'::lquery;
 SELECT 'qwerty%@*.tu'::lquery;
 
 SELECT nlevel('1.2.3.4');
@@ -291,3 +296,384 @@ SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
 SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
 SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
 SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
+
+-- Extended syntax, escaping, quoting etc
+-- success
+SELECT E'\\.'::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\ '::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\\\'::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\a'::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\n'::ltree;
+SELECT E'x\\\\'::ltree;
+SELECT E'x\\ '::ltree;
+SELECT E'x\\.'::ltree;
+SELECT E'x\\a'::ltree;
+SELECT E'x\\n'::ltree;
+SELECT 'a b.с d'::ltree;
+SELECT '"a b"."с d"'::ltree;
+SELECT ' e . f '::ltree;
+SELECT ' '::ltree;
+
+SELECT E'\\ g  . h\\ '::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\ g'::ltree;
+SELECT E' h\\ '::ltree;
+SELECT '"g" '::ltree;
+SELECT '"g" . h'::ltree;
+SELECT '" g  "." h "'::ltree;
+SELECT '" g  " '::ltree;
+SELECT '" g  "   ." h "  '::ltree;
+
+SELECT nlevel(E'Bottom\\.Test'::ltree);
+SELECT subpath(E'Bottom\\.'::ltree, 0, 1);
+
+SELECT subpath(E'a\\.b', 0, 1);
+SELECT subpath(E'a\\..b', 1, 1);
+SELECT subpath(E'a\\..\\b', 1, 1);
+SELECT subpath(E'"a b"."с d"'::ltree, 1, 1);
+
+SELECT(
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z')::ltree;
+
+SELECT('   ' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\a\b\c\d\e   ')::ltree;
+
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::lquery;
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::ltree ~ 'abc\|d'::lquery;
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::ltree ~ 'abc*'::lquery; --true
+SELECT 'abc\|d'::ltree ~ 'abc\*'::lquery; --false
+SELECT E'abc\\|\\.'::ltree ~ 'abc\|*'::lquery; --true
+
+SELECT E'"\\""'::ltree;
+SELECT '\"'::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\"'::ltree;
+SELECT 'a\"b'::ltree;
+SELECT '"ab"'::ltree;
+SELECT '"."'::ltree;
+SELECT E'".\\""'::ltree;
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z"')::ltree;
+
+SELECT E'"\\""'::lquery;
+SELECT '\"'::lquery;
+SELECT E'\\"'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a\"b'::lquery;
+SELECT '"ab"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"."'::lquery;
+SELECT E'".\\""'::lquery;
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z"')::lquery;
+
+SELECT ' e . f '::lquery;
+SELECT ' e | f '::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'\\ g  . h\\ '::lquery;
+SELECT E'\\ g'::lquery;
+SELECT E' h\\ '::lquery;
+SELECT E'"\\ g"'::lquery;
+SELECT E' "h\\ "'::lquery;
+SELECT '" g  "." h "'::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'\\ g  | h\\ '::lquery;
+SELECT '" g  "|" h "'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '"g" '::lquery;
+SELECT '"g" . h'::lquery;
+SELECT '" g  " '::lquery;
+SELECT '" g  "    ." h "  '::lquery;
+SELECT '" g  "    |  " h "   '::lquery;
+
+SELECT('   ' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\a\b\c\d\e   ')::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'"a\\"b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a!b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a%b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a*b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a@b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a{b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a}b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a|b"'::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'a\\"b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\!b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\%b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\*b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\@b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\{b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\}b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'a\\|b'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '!"!b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"%b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"*b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"@b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"{b"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"}b"'::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'!\\!b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'!\\%b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'!\\*b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'!\\@b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'!\\{b'::lquery;
+SELECT E'!\\}b'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '"1"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"2.*"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"1"'::lquery;
+SELECT '!"1|"'::lquery;
+SELECT '4|3|"2"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"1".2'::lquery;
+SELECT '"1.4"|"3"|2'::lquery;
+SELECT '"1"."4"|"3"|"2"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"1"."0"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"1".0'::lquery;
+SELECT '"1".*'::lquery;
+SELECT '4|"3"|2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '4|"3"|"2.*"'::lquery;
+SELECT '2."*"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"*".1."*"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"*.4"|3|2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '"*.4"|3|"2.*"'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1}'::lquery;
+SELECT '"qwerty"%@*.tu'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|"2".*{1,4}'::lquery;
+SELECT '1."*".4|3|"2".*{1,4}'::lquery;
+SELECT '\%\ \@'::lquery;
+SELECT '"\% \@"'::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'\\aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A@.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT E'a\\a.b.c.\\d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT E'a\\a.b.c.\\d.e'::ltree ~ E'A*@.b.c.d.\\e';
+SELECT E'a\\a.b.c.\\d.e'::ltree ~ E'A*@|\\g.b.c.d.e';
+--ltxtquery
+SELECT '!"tree" & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"!tree" & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'tr\\ee'::ltree @ E'\\t\\r\\e\\e'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'tr\\ee.awd\\fg'::ltree @ E'tre\\e & a\\Wdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree."awdfg"'::ltree @ E'tree & a\\Wdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree."awdfg"'::ltree @ E'tree & "a\\Wdf"@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & "aw_rw"%*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ E'tree & "aw\\_qw"%*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ E'tree & aw\\_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT E'"a\\"b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a!b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a%b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a*b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a@b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a{b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a}b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a|b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a&b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a(b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a)b"'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT E'a\\"b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\!b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\%b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\*b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\@b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\{b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\}b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\|b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\&b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\(b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\)b'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT E'"\\"b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"!b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"%b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"*b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"@b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"{b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"}b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"|b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"&b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"(b"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '")b"'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT E'\\"b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\!b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\%b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\*b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\@b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\{b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\}b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\|b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\&b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\(b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'\\)b'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT E'"a\\""'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a!"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a%"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a*"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a@"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a{"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a}"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a|"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a&"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a("'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a)"'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT E'a\\"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\!'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\%'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\@'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\{'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\}'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\|'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\&'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\('::ltxtquery;
+SELECT E'a\\)'::ltxtquery;
+
+--failures
+SELECT E'\\'::ltree;
+SELECT E'n\\'::ltree;
+SELECT '"'::ltree;
+SELECT '"a'::ltree;
+SELECT '""'::ltree;
+SELECT 'a"b'::ltree;
+SELECT E'\\"ab"'::ltree;
+SELECT '"a"."a'::ltree;
+SELECT '"a."a"'::ltree;
+SELECT '"".a'::ltree;
+SELECT 'a.""'::ltree;
+SELECT '"".""'::ltree;
+SELECT '""'::lquery;
+SELECT '"".""'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a.""'::lquery;
+SELECT ' . '::ltree;
+SELECT ' . '::lquery;
+SELECT ' | '::lquery;
+
+SELECT(
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'z\z\z\z\z\z')::ltree;
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z\z"')::ltree;
+
+SELECT '"'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a"."a'::lquery;
+SELECT '"a."a"'::lquery;
+
+SELECT E'\\"ab"'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a"b'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a!b'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a%b'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a*b'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a@b'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a{b'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a}b'::lquery;
+
+SELECT 'a!'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a{'::lquery;
+SELECT 'a}'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '%b'::lquery;
+SELECT '*b'::lquery;
+SELECT '@b'::lquery;
+SELECT '{b'::lquery;
+SELECT '}b'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '!%b'::lquery;
+SELECT '!*b'::lquery;
+SELECT '!@b'::lquery;
+SELECT '!{b'::lquery;
+SELECT '!}b'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '"qwert"y.tu'::lquery;
+SELECT 'q"wert"y"%@*.tu'::lquery;
+
+SELECT(
+'"01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789' ||
+'\z\z\z\z\z\z"')::lquery;
+
+SELECT 'a | ""'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"" & ""'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a.""'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT '"""'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a" & "a'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"a | "a"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '"!tree" & aWdf@*"'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT 'a"b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a!b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a%b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a*b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a@b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a{b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a}b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a|b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a&b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a(b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a)b'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT '"b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '%b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '*b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '@b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '{b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '}b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '|b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '&b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '(b'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT ')b'::ltxtquery;
+
+SELECT 'a"'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a!'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a{'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a}'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a|'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a&'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a('::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'a)'::ltxtquery;
+
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ltree.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ltree.sgml
index b4e07f6..f6d8541 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ltree.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ltree.sgml
@@ -23,14 +23,36 @@
   <title>Definitions</title>
 
   <para>
-   A <firstterm>label</firstterm> is a sequence of alphanumeric characters
-   and underscores (for example, in C locale the characters
-   <literal>A-Za-z0-9_</literal> are allowed).  Labels must be less than 256 bytes
-   long.
+   A <firstterm>label</firstterm> is a sequence of characters. Labels must be 
+   fewer than 256 characters in length. Label may contain any character supported 
+   by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> except <literal>\0</literal>.
+   If label contains characters other than alphanumeric characters and
+   underscores, they should be <firstterm>escaped</firstterm>. 
+   Escaping can be done with either by a preceding backslash (<literal>\\</literal>) 
+   symbol or by wrapping the whole label in double quotes (<literal>"</literal>). 
+   Initial and final unescaped whitespace is stripped.
   </para>
 
   <para>
-   Examples: <literal>42</literal>, <literal>Personal_Services</literal>
+   Examples: <literal>42</literal>, <literal>Personal_Services</literal>, 
+   <literal>"This is a literal"</literal>, <literal>Literal\\ with\\ spaces</literal>.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    During converting to internal representation, wrapping double quotes 
+    and escaping backslashes are removed. During converting from internal
+    representation to text, if the label contain only alphanumeric characters
+    and underscores, it is printed as is. Otherwise, it is wrapped in quotes and,
+    if there are internal quotes or backslashes, they are escaped with backslashes.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    Examples: <literal>42</literal>, <literal>"\\42"</literal>,
+    <literal>\\4\\2</literal>, <literal> 42 </literal> and <literal> "42"
+    </literal> will have the same internal representation and, being
+    converted from internal representation, will become <literal>42</literal>.
+    Literal <literal>abc def</literal> will turn into <literal>"abc
+    def"</literal>.
   </para>
 
   <para>
@@ -687,11 +709,13 @@ ltreetest=&gt; SELECT ins_label(path,2,'Space') FROM test WHERE path &lt;@ 'Top.
   <title>Authors</title>
 
   <para>
-   All work was done by Teodor Sigaev (<email>teo...@stack.net</email>) and
+   Initial version was done by Teodor Sigaev (<email>teo...@sigaev.ru</email>) and
    Oleg Bartunov (<email>o...@sai.msu.su</email>). See
    <ulink url="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/";></ulink> for
    additional information. Authors would like to thank Eugeny Rodichev for
-   helpful discussions. Comments and bug reports are welcome.
+   helpful discussions. Implementation of escaping syntax was done by Dmitry Belyavskiy
+   (<email>beld...@gmail.com</email>) directed by Teodor Sigaev. 
+   Comments and bug reports are welcome.
   </para>
  </sect2>
 
-- 
2.7.4

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