New version that repairs a defective test case.
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index 712b0b0..1bf1de5 100644
*** a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
--- b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
***************
*** 23,28 ****
--- 23,29 ----
  #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
  #include "catalog/pg_opfamily.h"
  #include "catalog/pg_tablespace.h"
+ #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
  #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
  #include "commands/defrem.h"
  #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
***************
*** 52,57 ****
--- 53,59 ----
  /* non-export function prototypes */
  static void CheckPredicate(Expr *predicate);
  static void ComputeIndexAttrs(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
+                                 Oid *typeOidP,
                                  Oid *collationOidP,
                                  Oid *classOidP,
                                  int16 *colOptionP,
***************
*** 87,104 **** static void RangeVarCallbackForReindexIndex(const RangeVar 
*relation,
   * of columns and that if one has an expression column or predicate, both do.
   * Errors arising from the attribute list still apply.
   *
!  * Most column type changes that can skip a table rewrite will not invalidate
!  * indexes.  For btree and hash indexes, we assume continued validity when
!  * each column of an index would have the same operator family before and
!  * after the change.  Since we do not document a contract for GIN or GiST
!  * operator families, we require an exact operator class match for them and
!  * for any other access methods.
!  *
!  * DefineIndex always verifies that each exclusion operator shares an operator
!  * family with its corresponding index operator class.  For access methods
!  * having no operator family contract, confirm that the old and new indexes
!  * use the exact same exclusion operator.  For btree and hash, there's nothing
!  * more to check.
   *
   * We do not yet implement a test to verify compatibility of expression
   * columns or predicates, so assume any such index is incompatible.
--- 89,105 ----
   * of columns and that if one has an expression column or predicate, both do.
   * Errors arising from the attribute list still apply.
   *
!  * Most column type changes that can skip a table rewrite do not invalidate
!  * indexes.  We ackowledge this when all operator classes, collations and
!  * exclusion operators match.  Though we could further permit intra-opfamily
!  * changes for btree and hash indexes, that adds subtle complexity with no
!  * concrete benefit for core types.
! 
!  * When a comparison or exclusion operator has a polymorphic input type, the
!  * actual input types must also match.  This defends against the possibility
!  * that operators could vary behavior in response to get_fn_expr_argtype().
!  * At present, this hazard is theoretical: check_exclusion_constraint() and
!  * all core index access methods decline to set fn_expr for such calls.
   *
   * We do not yet implement a test to verify compatibility of expression
   * columns or predicates, so assume any such index is incompatible.
***************
*** 111,116 **** CheckIndexCompatible(Oid oldId,
--- 112,118 ----
                                         List *exclusionOpNames)
  {
        bool            isconstraint;
+       Oid                *typeObjectId;
        Oid                *collationObjectId;
        Oid                *classObjectId;
        Oid                     accessMethodId;
***************
*** 123,132 **** CheckIndexCompatible(Oid oldId,
        int                     numberOfAttributes;
        int                     old_natts;
        bool            isnull;
-       bool            family_am;
        bool            ret = true;
        oidvector  *old_indclass;
        oidvector  *old_indcollation;
        int                     i;
        Datum           d;
  
--- 125,134 ----
        int                     numberOfAttributes;
        int                     old_natts;
        bool            isnull;
        bool            ret = true;
        oidvector  *old_indclass;
        oidvector  *old_indcollation;
+       Relation        irel;
        int                     i;
        Datum           d;
  
***************
*** 168,177 **** CheckIndexCompatible(Oid oldId,
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps = NULL;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionProcs = NULL;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionStrats = NULL;
        collationObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        classObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        coloptions = (int16 *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(int16));
!       ComputeIndexAttrs(indexInfo, collationObjectId, classObjectId,
                                          coloptions, attributeList,
                                          exclusionOpNames, relationId,
                                          accessMethodName, accessMethodId,
--- 170,181 ----
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps = NULL;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionProcs = NULL;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionStrats = NULL;
+       typeObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        collationObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        classObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        coloptions = (int16 *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(int16));
!       ComputeIndexAttrs(indexInfo,
!                                         typeObjectId, collationObjectId, 
classObjectId,
                                          coloptions, attributeList,
                                          exclusionOpNames, relationId,
                                          accessMethodName, accessMethodId,
***************
*** 191,202 **** CheckIndexCompatible(Oid oldId,
                return false;
        }
  
!       /*
!        * If the old and new operator class of any index column differ in
!        * operator family or collation, regard the old index as incompatible.
!        * For access methods other than btree and hash, a family match has no
!        * defined meaning; require an exact operator class match.
!        */
        old_natts = ((Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->indnatts;
        Assert(old_natts == numberOfAttributes);
  
--- 195,201 ----
                return false;
        }
  
!       /* Any change in operator class or collation breaks compatibility. */
        old_natts = ((Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->indnatts;
        Assert(old_natts == numberOfAttributes);
  
***************
*** 208,259 **** CheckIndexCompatible(Oid oldId,
        Assert(!isnull);
        old_indclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(d);
  
!       family_am = accessMethodId == BTREE_AM_OID || accessMethodId == 
HASH_AM_OID;
! 
!       for (i = 0; i < old_natts; i++)
!       {
!               Oid                     old_class = old_indclass->values[i];
!               Oid                     new_class = classObjectId[i];
! 
!               if (!(old_indcollation->values[i] == collationObjectId[i]
!                         && (old_class == new_class
!                                 || (family_am && 
(get_opclass_family(old_class)
!                                                                       == 
get_opclass_family(new_class))))))
!               {
!                       ret = false;
!                       break;
!               }
!       }
  
        ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
  
!       /*
!        * For btree and hash, exclusion operators need only fall in the same
!        * operator family; ComputeIndexAttrs already verified that much.  If we
!        * get this far, we know that the index operator family has not changed,
!        * and we're done.  For other access methods, require exact matches for
!        * all exclusion operators.
!        */
!       if (ret && !family_am && indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
        {
-               Relation        irel;
                Oid                *old_operators, *old_procs;
                uint16     *old_strats;
  
-               /* Caller probably already holds a stronger lock. */
-               irel = index_open(oldId, AccessShareLock);
                RelationGetExclusionInfo(irel, &old_operators, &old_procs, 
&old_strats);
  
!               for (i = 0; i < old_natts; i++)
!                       if (old_operators[i] != indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps[i])
!                       {
!                               ret = false;
!                               break;
!                       }
  
!               index_close(irel, NoLock);
        }
  
        return ret;
  }
  
--- 207,248 ----
        Assert(!isnull);
        old_indclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(d);
  
!       ret = (memcmp(old_indclass->values, classObjectId,
!                                 old_natts * sizeof(Oid)) == 0 &&
!                  memcmp(old_indcollation->values, collationObjectId,
!                                 old_natts * sizeof(Oid)) == 0);
  
        ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
  
!       /* For polymorphic opcintype, column type changes break compatibility. 
*/
!       irel = index_open(oldId, AccessShareLock); /* caller probably has a 
lock */
!       for (i = 0; i < old_natts && ret; i++)
!               ret = 
(!IsPolymorphicType(get_opclass_input_type(classObjectId[i])) ||
!                          irel->rd_att->attrs[i]->atttypid == typeObjectId[i]);
! 
!       /* Any change in exclusion operator selections breaks compatibility. */
!       if (ret && indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
        {
                Oid                *old_operators, *old_procs;
                uint16     *old_strats;
  
                RelationGetExclusionInfo(irel, &old_operators, &old_procs, 
&old_strats);
+               ret = memcmp(old_operators, indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps,
+                                        old_natts * sizeof(Oid)) == 0;
  
!               /* Require an exact input type match for polymorphic operators. 
*/
!               for (i = 0; i < old_natts && ret; i++)
!               {
!                       Oid                     left,
!                                               right;
  
!                       op_input_types(indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps[i], &left, 
&right);
!                       ret = (!(IsPolymorphicType(left) || 
IsPolymorphicType(right)) ||
!                                  irel->rd_att->attrs[i]->atttypid == 
typeObjectId[i]);
!               }
        }
  
+       index_close(irel, NoLock);
        return ret;
  }
  
***************
*** 315,320 **** DefineIndex(RangeVar *heapRelation,
--- 304,310 ----
                        bool quiet,
                        bool concurrent)
  {
+       Oid                *typeObjectId;
        Oid                *collationObjectId;
        Oid                *classObjectId;
        Oid                     accessMethodId;
***************
*** 550,559 **** DefineIndex(RangeVar *heapRelation,
        indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = concurrent;
        indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain = false;
  
        collationObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        classObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        coloptions = (int16 *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(int16));
!       ComputeIndexAttrs(indexInfo, collationObjectId, classObjectId,
                                          coloptions, attributeList,
                                          exclusionOpNames, relationId,
                                          accessMethodName, accessMethodId,
--- 540,551 ----
        indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = concurrent;
        indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain = false;
  
+       typeObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        collationObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        classObjectId = (Oid *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(Oid));
        coloptions = (int16 *) palloc(numberOfAttributes * sizeof(int16));
!       ComputeIndexAttrs(indexInfo,
!                                         typeObjectId, collationObjectId, 
classObjectId,
                                          coloptions, attributeList,
                                          exclusionOpNames, relationId,
                                          accessMethodName, accessMethodId,
***************
*** 980,985 **** CheckPredicate(Expr *predicate)
--- 972,978 ----
   */
  static void
  ComputeIndexAttrs(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
+                                 Oid *typeOidP,
                                  Oid *collationOidP,
                                  Oid *classOidP,
                                  int16 *colOptionP,
***************
*** 1108,1113 **** ComputeIndexAttrs(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
--- 1101,1108 ----
                        }
                }
  
+               typeOidP[attn] = atttype;
+ 
                /*
                 * Apply collation override if any
                 */
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/index 57096f2..58762a3 100644
*** a/src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out
--- b/src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out
***************
*** 1656,1661 **** where oid = 'test_storage'::regclass;
--- 1656,1670 ----
   t
  (1 row)
  
+ -- SET DATA TYPE without a rewrite
+ CREATE DOMAIN other_textarr AS text[];
+ CREATE TABLE norewrite_array(c text[] PRIMARY KEY);
+ NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 
"norewrite_array_pkey" for table "norewrite_array"
+ SET client_min_messages = debug1;
+ ALTER TABLE norewrite_array ALTER c TYPE text[]; -- no work
+ ALTER TABLE norewrite_array ALTER c TYPE other_textarr; -- rebuild index
+ DEBUG:  building index "norewrite_array_pkey" on table "norewrite_array"
+ RESET client_min_messages;
  --
  -- lock levels
  --
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/alter_table.sqindex faafb22..585cf95 100644
*** a/src/test/regress/sql/alter_table.sql
--- b/src/test/regress/sql/alter_table.sql
***************
*** 1190,1195 **** select reltoastrelid <> 0 as has_toast_table
--- 1190,1203 ----
  from pg_class
  where oid = 'test_storage'::regclass;
  
+ -- SET DATA TYPE without a rewrite
+ CREATE DOMAIN other_textarr AS text[];
+ CREATE TABLE norewrite_array(c text[] PRIMARY KEY);
+ SET client_min_messages = debug1;
+ ALTER TABLE norewrite_array ALTER c TYPE text[]; -- no work
+ ALTER TABLE norewrite_array ALTER c TYPE other_textarr; -- rebuild index
+ RESET client_min_messages;
+ 
  --
  -- lock levels
  --
-- 
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