What about increasing the size of an existing index entry?  Can that be
done easily when a new row is added?

        I'd say it looks pretty much like inserting a new index tuple...
        Say "value" is the indexed column.

        Find first page in the index featuring "value".
1       If there is space on the page,
add the tuple id to the list of the corresponding index entry (just like creating a new index tuple, but uses less space).
        else
                look at next page.
                If next page has an index tuple with the same indexed value,
                        goto 1
                else
                        insert new page and create an index tuple on it

I would be worried about the overhead of doing that on compression and
decompression.

The compression methods mentioned in the article which was passed on the list seemed pretty fast. From IO-limited, the test database became CPU-limited (and a lot faster).


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TIP 9: In versions below 8.0, the planner will ignore your desire to
      choose an index scan if your joining column's datatypes do not
      match

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