On Tue, 23 Jan 2007 15:48, Joshua D. Drake wrote:
> FAST PostgreSQL wrote:
> > We are trying to develop the updateable cursors functionality into
> > Postgresql. I have given below details of the design and also issues we
> > are facing. Looking forward to the advice on how to proceed with these
> > issues.
> >
> > Rgds,
> > Arul Shaji
>
> Would this be something that you would hope to submit for 8.3?
Yes definitely. If we can finish it before the feature freeze of course.
Rgds,
Arul Shaji
> Joshua D. Drake
>
> > 1. Introduction
> > --------------
> > This is a combined proposal and design document for adding updatable
> > (insensitive) cursor capability to the PostgreSQL database.
> > There have already been a couple of previous proposals since 2003 for
> > implementing this feature so there appears to be community interest in
> > doing so. This will enable the following constructs to be processed:
> >
> >
> > UPDATE <table_name> SET value_list WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor_name>
> > DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor_name>
> >
> > This has the effect of users being able to update or delete specific rows
> > of a table, as defined by the row currently fetched into the cursor.
> >
> >
> > 2. Overall Conceptual Design
> > -----------------------------
> > The design is considered from the viewpoint of progression of a command
> > through the various stages of processing, from changes to the file
> > ?gram.y? to implement the actual grammar changes, through to changes in
> > the Executor portion of the database architecture.
> >
> > 2.1 Changes to the Grammar
> > ------------------------------
> > The following changes will be done to the PostgreSQL grammar:
> >
> > UPDATE statement has the option ?WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor_name>? added
> > DELETE statement has the option ?WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor_name>? added
> >
> > The cursor_name data is held in the UpdateStmt and DeleteStmt structures
> > and contains just the name of the cursor.
> >
> > The pl/pgsql grammar changes in the same manner.
> >
> > The word CURRENT will be added to the ScanKeywords array in keywords.c.
> >
> >
> > 2.2 Changes to Affected Data Structures
> > ------------------------------------------
> > The following data structures are affected by this change:
> >
> > Portal structure, QueryDesc structure, the UpdateStmt and DeleteStmt
> > structures
> >
> > The Portal will contain a list of structures of relation ids and tuple
> > ids relating to the tuple held in the QueryDesc structure. There will be
> > one entry in the relation and tuple id list for each entry in the
> > relation-list of the statement below:
> >
> > DECLARE <cursor_name> [WITH HOLD] SELECT FOR UPDATE OF <relation-list>
> >
> > The QueryDesc structure will contain the relation id and the tuple id
> > relating to the tuple obtained via the FETCH command so that it can be
> > propagated back to the Portal for storage in the list described above.
> >
> > The UpdateStmt and DeleteStmt structures have the cursor name added so
> > that the information is available for use in obtaining the portal
> > structure related to the cursor previously opened via the DECLARE CURSOR
> > request.
> >
> >
> > 2.3 Changes to the SQL Parser
> > ------------------------------------
> > At present, although the FOR UPDATE clause of the DECLARE CURSOR command
> > has been present in the grammar, it causes an error message later in the
> > processing since cursors are currently not updatable. This now needs to
> > change. The ?FOR UPDATE? clause has to be valid, but not the ?FOR SHARE?
> > clause.
> >
> > The relation names that follow the ?FOR UPDATE? clause will be added to
> > the rtable in the Query structure and identified by means of the rowMarks
> > array. In the case of an updatable cursor the FOR SHARE option is not
> > allowed therefore all entries in the rtable that are identified by the
> > rowMarks array must relate to tables that are FOR UPDATE.
> >
> > In the UPDATE or DELETE statements the ?WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor_name>?
> > clause results in the cursor name being placed in the UpdateStmt or
> > DeleteStmt structure. During the processing of the functions -
> > transformDeleteStmt() and transformUpdateStmt() - the cursor name is used
> > to obtain a pointer to the related Portal structure and the tuple
> > affected by the current UPDATE or DELETE statement is extracted from the
> > Portal, where it has been placed as the result of a previous FETCH
> > request. At this point all the information for the UPDATE or DELETE
> > statement is available so the statements can be transformed into standard
> > UPDATE or DELETE statements and sent for re-write/planning/execution as
> > usual.
> >
> > 2.4 Changes to the Optimizer
> > ------------------------------
> > There is a need to add a TidScan node to planning UPDATE / DELETE
> > statements where the statements are ?UPDATE / DELETE at position?. This
> > is to enable the tuple ids of the tuples in the tables relating to the
> > query to be obtained. There will need to be a new mechanism to achieve
> > this, as at present, a Tid scan is done only if there is a standard WHERE
> > condition on update or delete statements to provide Tid qualifier data.
> >
> >
> > 2.5 Changes to the Executor
> > -------------------------------
> > There are various options that have been considered for this part of the
> > enhancement. These are described in the sections below.
> >
> > We would like to hear opinions on which option is the best way to go or
> > if none of these is acceptable, any alternate ideas ?
> >
> > Option 1 MVCC Via Continuous Searching of Database
> >
> > The Executor is to be changed in the following ways:
> > 1) When the FETCH statement is executed the id of the resulting tuple is
> > extracted and passed back to the Portal structure to be saved to indicate
> > the cursor is currently positioned on a tuple.
> > 2) When the UPDATE or DELETE request is executed the tuple id previously
> > FETCHed is held in the QueryDesc structure so that it can be compared
> > with the tuple ids returned from the TidScan node processed prior to the
> > actual UPDATE / DELETE node in the plan. This enables a decision to be
> > made as to whether the tuple held in the cursor is visible to the UPDATE
> > / DELETE request according to the rules of concurrency. The result is
> > that, at the cost of repeatedly searching the database at each UPDATE /
> > DELETE command, the hash table is no longer required.
> > This approach has the advantage that there is no hash table held in
> > memory or on disk so it will not be memory intensive but will be
> > processing intensive.
> >
> > This is a good ?one-off? solution to the problem and, taken in isolation
> > is probably the best approach. However, if one considers the method(s)
> > used in other areas of PostgreSQL, it is probably not the best solution.
> > This option will probably not be used further.
> >
> > Option 2 MVCC via New Snapshot
> >
> > The executor can be changed by adding a new kind of snapshot that is
> > specifically used for identifying if a given tuple, retrieved from the
> > database during an update or delete statement should be visible during
> > the current transaction.
> >
> > This approach requires a new kind of snapshot (this idea was used by
> > Gavin for a previous updatable cursor patch but objections were raised.)
> >
> > Option 3 MVCC Via Hash Table in Memory
> >
> > The executor can be changed by saving into a hash table and comparing
> > each tuple in the cursor with that set to check if the tuple should be
> > visible. This approach has the advantage that it will be quick. It has
> > the disadvantage that, since the hash table will contain all the tuples
> > of the table being checked that it may use all local memory for a large
> > table.
> >
> > Option 4 MVCC Via Hash Table on Disk
> >
> > When the UPDATE or DELETE request is executed the first time the Tid scan
> > database retrieval will be done first. At this time the tuple id of each
> > row in the table to be updated by the request will be available in the
> > executor. These tuple ids need to be stored in a hash table that is
> > stored to disk, as, if the table is large there could be a huge number of
> > tuple ids. This data is then available for comparison with the individual
> > tuple to be updated or deleted to check if it should be processed. The
> > hash table will exist for the duration of the transaction, from BEGIN to
> > END (or ABORT).
> >
> > The hash table is then used to identify if the tuple should be visible
> > during the current transaction. If the tuple should be visible then the
> > update or delete proceeds as usual.
> >
> > This approach has the advantage that it will use little memory but will
> > be relatively slow as the data has to be accessed from disk.
> >
> > Option 5 Store Tuple Id in Snapshot.
> >
> > The Snapshot structure can be changed to include the tuple id. This
> > enables the current state of the tuple to be identified with respect to
> > the current transaction.
> > The tuple id, as identified in the cursor at the point where the
> > DELETE/UPDATE statement is being processed, can use the snapshot to
> > identify if the tuple should be visible in the context of the current
> > transaction.
> >
> >
> > 2.6 Changes to the Catalog
> > ----------------------------
> > The Catalog needs to reflect changes introduced by the updatable cursor
> > implementation. A boolean attribute ?is_for_update? is to be added to the
> > pg_cursors implementation. It will define that the cursor is for update
> > (value is FALSE) or for share (value is TRUE, the default value).
> >
> >
> > 3 Design Assumptions
> > ----------------------------
> > The following design assumptions are made:
> >
> > As PostgreSQL8.2 does not support the SENSITIVE cursor option the tuples
> > contained in a cursor can never be updated so these tuples will always
> > appear in their ?original? form as at the start of the transaction. This
> > is in breach of the SQL2003 Standard as described in
> > 5WD-02-Foundation-2003-09.pdf, p 810. The standard requires the updatable
> > cursor to be declared as sensitive.
> >
> > With respect to nested transactions ? In PostgreSQL nested transactions
> > are implemented by defining ?save points? via the keyword SAVEPOINT. A
> > ?ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT? rolls back the database contents to the last
> > savepoint in this transaction or the begin statement, whichever is
> > closer.
> >
> > It is assumed that the FETCH statement is used to return only a single
> > row into the cursor with each command when the cursor is updatable.
> >
> > According to the SQL2003 Standard Update and Delete statements may
> > contain only a single base table.
> >
> > The DECLARE CURSOR statement is supposed to use column level locking, but
> > PostgreSQL supports only row level locking. The result of this is that
> > the column list that the standard requires ?DECLARE <cursor_name> SELECT
> > ? FOR UPDATE OF column-list? becomes a relation (table) list.
> >
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