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-----------------------
Modified: en/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml
By: Dejan Marjanovic on 2012-12-17 03:54:03
===================================================================
--- en/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml
+++ en/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
<methodparam
choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>filter</parameter><initializer>FILTER_DEFAULT</initializer></methodparam>
<methodparam
choice="opt"><type>mixed</type><parameter>options</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
-
+
</refsect1>
<refsect1 role="parameters">
&reftitle.parameters;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
</para>
<para>
<programlisting role="php">
- <![CDATA[
+<![CDATA[
<?php
// for filters that accept options, use this format
$options = array(
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
Returns the filtered data, or &false; if the filter fails.
</para>
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="examples">
&reftitle.examples;
<para>
@@ -122,8 +122,28 @@
</screen>
</example>
</para>
+ <para>
+ <example>
+ <title>Validate email using syntax check and host MX record check</title>
+ <programlisting role="php">
+<![CDATA[
+<?php
+$email = 'de...@php.net';
+if (filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) !== false &&
checkdnsrr(explode('@', $email)[1])) {
+ echo 'Email and host are valid.';
+} else {
+ echo 'Email or host is not valid.';
+}
+?>
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Note: Even if the email is syntactically valid and MX record exists, only
way to check authenticity is to send confirmation mail.
+ </para>
+ </example>
+ </para>
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="seealso">
&reftitle.seealso;
<para>
@@ -136,7 +156,7 @@
</simplelist>
</para>
</refsect1>
-
+
</refentry>
<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
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------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified: en/reference/ctype/functions/ctype-digit.xml
By: Dejan Marjanovic on 2012-12-17 05:54:11
===================================================================
--- en/reference/ctype/functions/ctype-digit.xml
+++ en/reference/ctype/functions/ctype-digit.xml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
<refname>ctype_digit</refname>
<refpurpose>Check for numeric character(s)</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
-
+
<refsect1 role="description">
&reftitle.description;
<methodsynopsis>
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
<parameter>text</parameter>, are numerical.
</para>
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="parameters">
&reftitle.parameters;
<para>
@@ -34,15 +34,18 @@
</variablelist>
</para>
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="returnvalues">
&reftitle.returnvalues;
<para>
Returns &true; if every character in the string
<parameter>text</parameter> is a decimal digit, &false; otherwise.
</para>
+ <para>
+ Returns &true; if integer <parameter>text</parameter> is in range 48-57
(ASCII symbols for 0-9).
+ </para>
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="changelog">
&reftitle.changelog;
<para>
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@
</informaltable>
</para>
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="examples">
&reftitle.examples;
<para>
@@ -117,8 +120,33 @@
</programlisting>
</example>
</para>
- </refsect1>
+ <para>
+ <example>
+ <title>A <function>ctype_digit</function> gotcha</title>
+ <programlisting role="php">
+<![CDATA[
+<?php
+
+/* Returns true as expected */
+ctype_digit('49'); # true
+
+/**
+ * Returns true even if false is expected.
+ * As noted, -128 to 255 integers are casted to ASCII char, not string.
+ * ASCII 49 is character 1 (number one) which is a digit.
+ */
+ctype_digit(49); # true
+/* If you are not sure input is a string, always cast it to be safe. */
+ctype_digit( (string) 49); # true
+
+?>
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </refsect1>
+
<refsect1 role="notes">
&reftitle.notes;
<note>
@@ -131,7 +159,7 @@
</note>
¬e.ctype.parameter.integer;
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1 role="seealso">
&reftitle.seealso;
<para>
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------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified: en/security/database.xml
By: Dejan Marjanovic on 2012-12-17 06:01:21
===================================================================
--- en/security/database.xml
+++ en/security/database.xml
@@ -1,121 +1,121 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision: 325889 $ -->
<!-- splitted from ./index.xml, last change in rev 1.66 -->
- <chapter xml:id="security.database" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook";
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink";>
- <title>Database Security</title>
-
- <simpara>
- Nowadays, databases are cardinal components of any web based application by
- enabling websites to provide varying dynamic content. Since very sensitive
- or secret information can be stored in a database, you should strongly
- consider protecting your databases.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- To retrieve or to store any information you need to connect to the
database,
- send a legitimate query, fetch the result, and close the connection.
- Nowadays, the commonly used query language in this interaction is the
- Structured Query Language (SQL). See how an attacker can <link
- linkend="security.database.sql-injection">tamper with an SQL query</link>.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- As you can surmise, <acronym>PHP</acronym> cannot protect your database by
itself. The
- following sections aim to be an introduction into the very basics of how to
- access and manipulate databases within <acronym>PHP</acronym> scripts.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- Keep in mind this simple rule: defense in depth. The more places you
- take action to increase the protection of your database, the less
- probability of an attacker succeeding in exposing or abusing any stored
- information. Good design of the database schema and the application
- deals with your greatest fears.
- </simpara>
-
- <sect1 xml:id="security.database.design">
- <title>Designing Databases</title>
- <simpara>
- The first step is always to create the database, unless you want to use
- one from a third party. When a database is created, it is
- assigned to an owner, who executed the creation statement. Usually, only
- the owner (or a superuser) can do anything with the objects in that
- database, and in order to allow other users to use it, privileges must be
- granted.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- Applications should never connect to the database as its owner or a
- superuser, because these users can execute any query at will, for
- example, modifying the schema (e.g. dropping tables) or deleting its
- entire content.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- You may create different database users for every aspect of your
- application with very limited rights to database objects. The most
- required privileges should be granted only, and avoid that the same user
- can interact with the database in different use cases. This means that if
- intruders gain access to your database using your applications
credentials,
- they can only effect as many changes as your application can.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- You are encouraged not to implement all the business logic in the web
- application (i.e. your script), instead do it in the database schema
- using views, triggers or rules. If the system evolves, new ports will be
- intended to open to the database, and you have to re-implement the logic
- in each separate database client. Over and above, triggers can be used
- to transparently and automatically handle fields, which often provides
- insight when debugging problems with your application or tracing back
- transactions.
- </simpara>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 xml:id="security.database.connection">
- <title>Connecting to Database</title>
- <simpara>
- You may want to establish the connections over SSL to encrypt
- client/server communications for increased security, or you can use ssh
- to encrypt the network connection between clients and the database server.
- If either of these is used, then monitoring your traffic and gaining
- information about your database will be difficult for a would-be attacker.
- </simpara>
- <!--simpara>
+<chapter xml:id="security.database" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook";
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink";>
+ <title>Database Security</title>
+
+ <simpara>
+ Nowadays, databases are cardinal components of any web based application by
+ enabling websites to provide varying dynamic content. Since very sensitive
+ or secret information can be stored in a database, you should strongly
+ consider protecting your databases.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ To retrieve or to store any information you need to connect to the database,
+ send a legitimate query, fetch the result, and close the connection.
+ Nowadays, the commonly used query language in this interaction is the
+ Structured Query Language (SQL). See how an attacker can <link
+ linkend="security.database.sql-injection">tamper with an SQL query</link>.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ As you can surmise, <acronym>PHP</acronym> cannot protect your database by
itself. The
+ following sections aim to be an introduction into the very basics of how to
+ access and manipulate databases within <acronym>PHP</acronym> scripts.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ Keep in mind this simple rule: defense in depth. The more places you
+ take action to increase the protection of your database, the less
+ probability of an attacker succeeding in exposing or abusing any stored
+ information. Good design of the database schema and the application
+ deals with your greatest fears.
+ </simpara>
+
+ <sect1 xml:id="security.database.design">
+ <title>Designing Databases</title>
+ <simpara>
+ The first step is always to create the database, unless you want to use
+ one from a third party. When a database is created, it is
+ assigned to an owner, who executed the creation statement. Usually, only
+ the owner (or a superuser) can do anything with the objects in that
+ database, and in order to allow other users to use it, privileges must be
+ granted.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ Applications should never connect to the database as its owner or a
+ superuser, because these users can execute any query at will, for
+ example, modifying the schema (e.g. dropping tables) or deleting its
+ entire content.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ You may create different database users for every aspect of your
+ application with very limited rights to database objects. The most
+ required privileges should be granted only, and avoid that the same user
+ can interact with the database in different use cases. This means that if
+ intruders gain access to your database using your applications credentials,
+ they can only effect as many changes as your application can.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ You are encouraged not to implement all the business logic in the web
+ application (i.e. your script), instead do it in the database schema
+ using views, triggers or rules. If the system evolves, new ports will be
+ intended to open to the database, and you have to re-implement the logic
+ in each separate database client. Over and above, triggers can be used
+ to transparently and automatically handle fields, which often provides
+ insight when debugging problems with your application or tracing back
+ transactions.
+ </simpara>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 xml:id="security.database.connection">
+ <title>Connecting to Database</title>
+ <simpara>
+ You may want to establish the connections over SSL to encrypt
+ client/server communications for increased security, or you can use ssh
+ to encrypt the network connection between clients and the database server.
+ If either of these is used, then monitoring your traffic and gaining
+ information about your database will be difficult for a would-be attacker.
+ </simpara>
+ <!--simpara>
If your database server has native SSL support, consider using <link
linkend="ref.openssl">OpenSSL functions</link> in communication between
<acronym>PHP</acronym> and database via SSL.
</simpara-->
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 xml:id="security.database.storage">
- <title>Encrypted Storage Model</title>
- <simpara>
- SSL/SSH protects data travelling from the client to the server: SSL/SSH
- does not protect persistent data stored in a database. SSL is an
- on-the-wire protocol.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- Once an attacker gains access to your database directly (bypassing the
- webserver), stored sensitive data may be exposed or misused, unless
- the information is protected by the database itself. Encrypting the data
- is a good way to mitigate this threat, but very few databases offer this
- type of data encryption.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- The easiest way to work around this problem is to first create your own
- encryption package, and then use it from within your
<acronym>PHP</acronym> scripts. <acronym>PHP</acronym>
- can assist you in this with several extensions, such as <link
- linkend="ref.mcrypt">Mcrypt</link> and <link
- linkend="ref.mhash">Mhash</link>, covering a wide variety of encryption
- algorithms. The script encrypts the data before inserting it into the
database, and decrypts
- it when retrieving. See the references for further examples of how
- encryption works.
- </simpara>
- <simpara>
- In the case of truly hidden data, if its raw representation is not needed
- (i.e. will not be displayed), hashing may also be taken into
consideration.
- The well-known example for hashing is storing the cryptographic hash of a
- password in a database, instead of the password itself. See also
- <function>crypt</function>.
- </simpara>
- <example>
- <title>Using hashed password field</title>
- <programlisting role="php">
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 xml:id="security.database.storage">
+ <title>Encrypted Storage Model</title>
+ <simpara>
+ SSL/SSH protects data travelling from the client to the server: SSL/SSH
+ does not protect persistent data stored in a database. SSL is an
+ on-the-wire protocol.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ Once an attacker gains access to your database directly (bypassing the
+ webserver), stored sensitive data may be exposed or misused, unless
+ the information is protected by the database itself. Encrypting the data
+ is a good way to mitigate this threat, but very few databases offer this
+ type of data encryption.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ The easiest way to work around this problem is to first create your own
+ encryption package, and then use it from within your <acronym>PHP</acronym>
scripts. <acronym>PHP</acronym>
+ can assist you in this with several extensions, such as <link
+ linkend="ref.mcrypt">Mcrypt</link> and <link
+ linkend="ref.mhash">Mhash</link>, covering a wide variety of encryption
+ algorithms. The script encrypts the data before inserting it into the
database, and decrypts
+ it when retrieving. See the references for further examples of how
+ encryption works.
+ </simpara>
+ <simpara>
+ In the case of truly hidden data, if its raw representation is not needed
+ (i.e. will not be displayed), hashing may also be taken into consideration.
+ The well-known example for hashing is storing the cryptographic hash of a
+ password in a database, instead of the password itself. See also
+ <function>crypt</function>.
+ </simpara>
+ <example>
+ <title>Using hashed password field</title>
+ <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
</programlisting>
</example>
</sect1>
-
+
<sect1 xml:id="security.database.sql-injection">
<title>SQL Injection</title>
<simpara>
@@ -181,13 +181,13 @@
]]>
</programlisting>
</example>
- Normal users click on the 'next', 'prev' links where the
<varname>$offset</varname>
- is encoded into the <acronym>URL</acronym>. The script expects that the
incoming
- <varname>$offset</varname> is a decimal number. However, what if someone
tries to
- break in by appending a <function>urlencode</function>'d form of the
- following to the <acronym>URL</acronym>
- <informalexample>
- <programlisting role="sql">
+ Normal users click on the 'next', 'prev' links where the
<varname>$offset</varname>
+ is encoded into the <acronym>URL</acronym>. The script expects that the
incoming
+ <varname>$offset</varname> is a decimal number. However, what if someone
tries to
+ break in by appending a <function>urlencode</function>'d form of the
+ following to the <acronym>URL</acronym>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting role="sql">
<![CDATA[
0;
insert into pg_shadow(usename,usesysid,usesuper,usecatupd,passwd)
@@ -195,11 +195,11 @@
from pg_shadow where usename='postgres';
--
]]>
- </programlisting>
- </informalexample>
- If it happened, then the script would present a superuser access to him.
- Note that <literal>0;</literal> is to supply a valid offset to the
- original query and to terminate it.
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ If it happened, then the script would present a superuser access to him.
+ Note that <literal>0;</literal> is to supply a valid offset to the
+ original query and to terminate it.
</para>
<note>
<para>
@@ -258,9 +258,9 @@
just simply brute forcing. There are not so many naming conventions for
fields storing passwords or usernames.
<example>
- <title>
- From resetting a password ... to gaining more privileges (any database
server)
- </title>
+ <title>
+ From resetting a password ... to gaining more privileges (any database
server)
+ </title>
<programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
A frightening example how operating system level commands can be accessed
on some database hosts.
<example>
- <title>Attacking the database hosts operating system (MSSQL
Server)</title>
+ <title>Attacking the database hosts operating system (MSSQL
Server)</title>
<programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
</mediaobject>
Image courtesy of <link xlink:href="&url.xkcd;327">xkcd</link>
</para>
-
+
<sect2 xml:id="security.database.avoiding">
<title>Avoidance Techniques</title>
<simpara>
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
a hidden input field or a cookie. The first example shows that such a
blameless query can cause disasters.
</simpara>
-
+
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
found in <link linkend="ref.var">Variable Functions</link> and
in <link linkend="ref.ctype">Character Type Functions</link>
(e.g. <function>is_numeric</function>, <function>ctype_digit</function>
- respectively) and onwards to the
+ respectively), <function>filter_var</function>, and onwards to the
<link linkend="ref.pcre">Perl compatible Regular Expressions</link>
support.
</simpara>
@@ -400,22 +400,28 @@
<listitem>
<para>
If the application waits for numerical input, consider verifying data
- with <function>ctype_digit</function>, or silently change its type
- using <function>settype</function>, or use its numeric representation
- by <function>sprintf</function>.
+ with <function>filter_var</function>
(<varname>FILTER_VALIDATE_INT</varname>)
+ or <function>ctype_digit</function>, or silently change its type using
+ <function>settype</function>, or use its numeric representation by
+ <function>sprintf</function>.
<example>
<title>A more secure way to compose a query for paging</title>
<programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
-settype($offset, 'integer');
+/* Cast $offset value to integer */
+$offset = (int) $offset;
$query = "SELECT id, name FROM products ORDER BY name LIMIT 20 OFFSET
$offset;";
-// please note %d in the format string, using %s would be meaningless
+/* Please note %d in the format string, using %s would be meaningless */
$query = sprintf("SELECT id, name FROM products ORDER BY name LIMIT 20 OFFSET
%d;",
$offset);
+/* Emulate named parameters */
+$query = strtr("SELECT id, name FROM products ORDER BY name LIMIT :limit
OFFSET :offset",
+ array(":limit" => (int) $offset, ":offset" => (int) $offset));
+
?>
]]>
</programlisting>
@@ -451,7 +457,7 @@
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
-
+
<simpara>
Besides these, you benefit from logging queries either within your script
or by the database itself, if it supports logging. Obviously, the
logging is unable
@@ -461,7 +467,7 @@
</simpara>
</sect2>
</sect1>
- </chapter>
+</chapter>
<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
Local variables:
=> Put this change into your patches :
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=> Delete this change:
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------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified: en/language/variables.xml
By: Dejan Marjanovic on 2012-12-17 06:09:33
===================================================================
--- en/language/variables.xml
+++ en/language/variables.xml
@@ -853,7 +853,14 @@
// Available since PHP 4.1.0
echo $_POST['username'];
- echo $_REQUEST['username'];
+
+// Make sure to check if request method is POST,
+// $_REQUEST contains $_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE,
+// failing to do so, you may be a victim of
+// Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
+ if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
+ echo $_REQUEST['username'];
+ }
import_request_variables('p', 'p_');
echo $p_username;
=> Put this change into your patches :
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------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified: en/reference/pdo/pdo/getavailabledrivers.xml
By: Ian.J. Gough on 2012-12-17 20:22:18
===================================================================
--- en/reference/pdo/pdo/getavailabledrivers.xml
+++ en/reference/pdo/pdo/getavailabledrivers.xml
@@ -56,8 +56,41 @@
</screen>
</example>
</para>
- </refsect1>
+
+
+
+
+ <para>
+ <example>
+ <title>A <function>PDO::getAvailableDrivers</function> foreach
example</title>
+ <programlisting role="php">
+<![CDATA[
+<?php
+foreach (PDO::getAvailableDrivers() as $driver) {
+ if ($driver == NULL) {
+ echo "No PDO drivers were found!";
+ } else {
+ echo $driver."<br />";
+ }
+}
+?>
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ &example.outputs.similar;
+ <screen>
+<![CDATA[
+mysql
+sqlite
+
+Or if no drivers are found show message stating that fact.
+
+]]>
+ </screen>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </refsect1>
+
</refentry>
<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
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------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified: en/reference/openssl/constants.xml
By: z z on 2012-12-21 06:55:42
===================================================================
--- en/reference/openssl/constants.xml
+++ en/reference/openssl/constants.xml
@@ -172,7 +172,24 @@
</simpara>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry xml:id="constant.openssl-keytype-ec">
+ <term>
+ <constant>OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_EC</constant>
+ (<type>integer</type>)
+ </term>
+ <listitem>
+ <simpara>
+ This constant is only available when PHP is compiled with OpenSSL 0.9.8+.
+ </simpara>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
</variablelist>
+ <note>
+ <para>This constant was added in 5.2.0.</para>
+ <para>
+ <constant>OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_EC</constant>
+ </para>
+ </note>
</section>
<section xml:id="openssl.pkcs7.flags">
@@ -377,7 +394,10 @@
</term>
<listitem>
<simpara>
-
+ As of PHP 5.2.13 and PHP 5.3.2, this constant is only available
+ if PHP is compiled with MD2 support. This requires passing in the
+ -DHAVE_OPENSSL_MD2_H CFLAG when compiling PHP, and enable-md2 when
+ compiling OpenSSL 1.0.0+.
</simpara>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
=> Put this change into your patches :
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------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified: en/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml
By: da vinci on 2012-12-28 02:32:53
===================================================================
--- en/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml
+++ en/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
</methodsynopsis>
<para>
The <function>pcntl_signal</function> function installs a new
- signal handler for the signal indicated by <parameter>signo</parameter>.
+ signal handler or replaces the current signal handler for the signal
indicated by <parameter>signo</parameter>.
</para>
</refsect1>
@@ -168,6 +168,15 @@
</example>
</para>
</refsect1>
+
+
+
+
+<refsect1 role="notes"><!-- {{{ -->
+&reftitle.notes;
+<function>pcntl_signal</function> doesn't stack the signal handlers, but
replaces them.
+</refsect1><!-- }}} -->
+
<refsect1 role="seealso">
&reftitle.seealso;
@@ -178,6 +187,8 @@
</simplelist>
</para>
</refsect1>
+
+
</refentry>
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Modified: en/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-exec.xml
By: da vinci on 2012-12-28 02:46:08
===================================================================
--- en/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-exec.xml
+++ en/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-exec.xml
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<methodsynopsis>
<type>void</type><methodname>pcntl_exec</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>path</parameter></methodparam>
- <methodparam
choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>args</parameter></methodparam>
- <methodparam
choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>envs</parameter></methodparam>
+ <methodparam
choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>args</parameter><initializer>array()</initializer></methodparam>
+ <methodparam
choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>envs</parameter><initializer>array()</initializer></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<para>
Executes the program with the given arguments.
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