After further debugging I figured this seems to be related to the internal watchdog. I filed a bug report upstream:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/9538 _______________________________________________ Pkg-systemd-maintainers mailing list Pkg-systemd-maintainers@alioth-lists.debian.net https://alioth-lists.debian.net/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/pkg-systemd-maintainers
