*Islamophobia* (or *anti-Muslim sentiment*) is the prejudice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice> against, hatred, or bigotry towards the religion Islam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam> or Muslims <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim>. Some scholars have defined it as a type of racism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism>.[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia#cite_note-racismquotes-1> Some commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks>, while others have associated it with the increased presence of Muslims <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States> in the United States <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States>, the European Union <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union> and other secular nations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_state>. As opposed to being a psychological or individualistic phobia, according to professors of religion Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, "Islamophobia" connotes a social anxiety <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety> about Islam and Muslims.[35] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia#cite_note-35>[36] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia#cite_note-36> Some social scientists have adopted this definition and developed instruments to measure Islamophobia in form of fearful attitudes towards, and avoidance of, Muslims and Islam,[37] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia#cite_note-37>[38] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia#cite_note-kunst2012b-38> arguing that Islamophobia should "essentially be understood as an affective part of social stigma towards Islam and Muslims, namely fear" (p. 2).[38] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia#cite_note-kunst2012b-38>
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