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On Sunday, December 11, 2016 at 6:25:50 PM UTC-5, MJ wrote:
>
>
> 12/10/2016
>
> *Russian Interference Could Give Courts Legal Authority To Install Clinton 
> *Alex Mohajer Political Writer and Commentator 
>
>
>
> *A 1995 federal court ruling out of Pennsylvania may offer some clues to 
> Clinton supporters as to possible legal authority for removing an elected 
> official from office and replacing them with their erstwhile opponent. *In 
> light of late-breaking reports Friday evening that Russians interfered with 
> the 2016 presidential election to assist Donald Trump’s victory, Clinton 
> supporters are furiously in pursuit of remedies.
>
> At 10:45 p.m. Friday evening, the Washington Post broke an explosive story 
> <https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/cia-assessment-russia-tried-to-help-trump-win-2016-election/2016/12/09/2d41cbb0-be7d-11e6-ae79-bec72d34f8c9_video.html>
>  
> alleging that Russians had interfered with the 2016 presidential election 
> in order to assist Donald Trump in a victory over democratic candidate 
> Hillary Clinton. The story reveals that a CIA assessment detailing this 
> conclusion had been presented to President Obama and top congressional 
> leaders last week.
>
> The development has Clinton supporters and other concerned Americans 
> confused and hot in pursuit of potential remedies. No clear constitutional 
> remedy exists to halt the certification of the outcome. Article II of the 
> U.S. Constitution vests Congress with the power to determine the date by 
> which the Electoral College will cast their votes, presently set for 
> December 19. In recent weeks, a massive online movement 
> <https://www.bros4hillary.com/usa> asking members of the Electoral 
> College to become “faithless” or “conscientious” electors and to vote for 
> Clinton instead of Trump has garnered national attention.
>
> The electors would be well within their constitutional authority to do so, 
> say groups like Hamilton’s Electors <https://www.hamiltonelectors.com/>, 
> which claims that the purpose of the Electoral College is to prevent 
> demagogues like Mr. Trump from assuming the nation’s highest office. A 
> petition urging the Electoral College to make Hillary Clinton president has 
> gained 
> nearly 5 million signatures. 
> <https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19-4a78160a-023c-4ff0-9069-53cee2a095a8>
>
> Proponents of this strategy are concerned, with good reason, about the 
> likelihood it will succeed. With Donald Trump having won 306 Electoral 
> College votes, 37 Republican electors would need to switch their votes to 
> Clinton, a tall order, and in the event that no one candidate has 270 
> electoral votes, the decision would go to the Republican-controlled House 
> of Representatives.
>
> Some social media users 
> <https://twitter.com/SouthSeaGold/status/807507044055982080> have begun 
> circulating the phone numbers of various state attorneys general, urging 
> fellow citizens to contact them and request that the Electoral College 
> voters be enjoined from casting their vote until such time that all formal 
> investigations of Russian hacking conclude. Once the electors cast their 
> votes on December 19, they fear, any constitutional means for preventing 
> Trump’s road to the White House will be exhausted.
>
> However, at least one court decision suggests there is some federal 
> authority to invalidate the election outcome after the fact.
>
> In 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court let stand the ruling of a federal district 
> judge in Pennsylvania that invalidated a state senate election due to 
> fraud, ordering the winner be removed from office and the subsequent 
> vacancy be filled by his opponent. ( Marks v. Stinson 
> <http://www.leagle.com/decision/199489219F3d873_1759/MARKS%20v.%20STINSON>, 
> 1994)
>
> The Pennsylvania state senate held a special election in November 1993 to 
> fill a seat that had been left vacant by the death of the previous 
> democratic senator, and pitted Republican Bruce Marks against Democrat 
> William G. Stinson for the spot. Stinson was named the winner, but massive 
> fraud was later uncovered that resulted in litigation.
>
> Two of the elected officials who testified in the Pennsylvania case said 
> under oath that they were aware of the fraud, had intentionally failed to 
> enforce laws, and hurried to certify Stinson the winner in order to bury 
> the story. The narrative recalls the Washington Post’s revelation that 
> Republican Mitch McConnell was aware of the CIA’s conclusion that Russians 
> had intervened and opted to do nothing.
>
> In February 1994, after Stinson had already taken office, a federal judge 
> ordered he “be removed from his State Senate office and that [his 
> opponent, Bruce Marks] be certified the winner within 72 hours.” 
> <http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/19/us/vote-fraud-ruling-shifts-pennsylvania-senate.html>
>
> Stinson appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third 
> Circuit, but ultimately, this was the first known case in which a federal 
> judge reversed an election outcome. In January 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court 
> allowed the ruling to stand.
>
> The high court’s decision to not interfere with the lower court’s ruling 
> indicates at least some federal legal precedent that high courts may rule 
> the outcome of an election invalid due to fraud or interference. Which is 
> to say, that if after Donald Trump assumes office it is shown that Russian 
> hacking (or any fraud, for that matter) robbed Hillary Clinton of the 
> presidency, there is some legal authority on point that implies courts 
> could seat Clinton instead.
>
> Obviously both the stakes and the office in question are much higher than 
> in the 1994 case. There has been no case of first impression with regards 
> to the presidency being overturned to the wrongful winner’s opponent.
>
> There is also, of course, no constitutional Electoral College process or 
> system in Pennsylvania, so the situations are not exactly analagous. But 
> the reasoning behind the federal court’s decision may hold muster.
>
> It is not clear how the 1994 federal case would impact a presidential 
> election. Furthermore, that case involved the judge throwing out all 
> absentee ballots and requiring the vote be decided only by those ballots 
> cast at the machine, which would be problematic in the case at present.
>
> As of December 9, Clinton has won the national popular vote by more than 
> 2.8 million votes. According to Cook Political Report, the vote count has 
> Clinton approaching 66 million votes, meaning the first female major-party 
> nominee has already earned more votes than any other presidential candidate 
> in history, second only to Barack Obama (the totals suggest she is on 
> course to surpass the president’s 2012 count, as well).
>
>
> http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/russian-interference-could-give-courts-legal-authority_us_584be136e4b0151082221b9c
>  
>

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