Pak Alexander, kalau kita selalu berapologi bahwa Produksi minyak Saudi lebih besar sementara jumlah penduduknya lebih kecil, maka kita tidak akan maju-maju. Kita jadi akan nrimo, dan tetap jadi bangsa yang melarat.
Memang quota produksi minyak Saudi (5,3 juta barrel per hari) lebih besar dari Indonesia (1,2 juta barel per hari), sementara jumlah penduduk Arab Saudi (25 juta jiwa) lebih kecil dari Indonesia (220 juta jiwa). Tapi ingat, produk unggulan Arab itu tidak banyak. 90% bergantung pada minyak. Sementara tanahnya tandus dan hampir tak menghasilkan apa2, kecuali kebun korma. Di sisi lain, tanah Indonesia begitu subur. Indonesia punya hutan. Tanahnya bisa ditanami padi, jagung, kelapa sawit, gandum, teh, rempah-rempah, kopi, dll. Hasil tambangnya pun bervariasi, ada emas, perak, timah, tembaga, dll. Hanya jika semua itu pengelolaannya diserahkan ke asing, maka Indonesia hanya kebagian sisanya saja. Teman2 yang bekerja di pertambangan bilang, bahwa pembagian hasil yang diterima pemerintah Indonesia demikian kecil. Apalagi pada pertambangan emas, tembaga, perak, dll, pemerintah hanya dapat 15%. Itu pun setelah dipotong biaya investasi dan biaya operasional (yang kerap dimark-up). Karenanya, meski hasilnya banyak, rakyat Indonesia tetap melarat, karena yang jatuh ke negara RI hanya sedikit. Kekayaan alam Indonesia disedot habis2an oleh perusahaan2 asing sementara hasilnya sebagian besar justru dinikmati oleh pihak asing. Indonesia persis seperti zaman Penjajahan VOC. Raja dan bupati memang orang Indonesia, tapi kekayaan alam seperti rempah2 dikelola oleh perusahaan asing (VOC). Rakyat Indonesia cuma jadi buruh yang miskin. Arab Saudi sendiri, tidak seperti yang anda tulis, yaitu menyerahkan pengelolaan mereka kepada pihak asing. Perusahaan minyak, Aramco, yang mengelola 98% minyak negara sepenuhnya dimiliki oleh negara Arab Saudi. Mereka hanya mempekerjakan karyawan asing sebagai staf ahli. Bukan perusahaan asing. Oleh karena itu, mereka bisa menikmati hasil kekayaan alam mereka. Listrik, biaya rumah sakit, dan pendidikan gratis (bahkan dapat uang saku). Setiap perusahaan yang masuk ke negara itu, harus punya partner orang Saudi (meski orang Saudi ini sama sekali tidak menyetor uang). Sementara di Indonesia, perusahaan asing justru menagih uang agar pemerintah bisa memperbesar sahamnya. Rupanya milyaran barrel minyak Indonesia tidak dianggap saham bangsa Indonesia oleh mereka..J Seandainya mereka menyerahkan pengelolaan minyak/tambang mereka ke asing, niscaya nasib Arab Saudi sama melaratnya dengan bangsa Indonesia. Lapangan kerja berlimpah hingga jutaan tenaga kerja asing bekerja di sana (termasuk 700 ribu TKI dari Indonesia). Perkosaan atau pelanggaran hak pekerja ada termasuk di Indonesia (di Jakarta saja angka perkosaan lebih dari 100 per tahun). Tapi jika separah dugaan anda, tentu 700 ribu tenaga kerja kita pada kabur kembali ke Indonesia...J Jadi jika anda peduli pada bangsa Indonesia, rubahlah pandangan anda. Berikut cuplikan artikel yang membantah tulisan anda: Currently, large state corporations, like oil firm Saudi Aramco (which has a monopoly on Saudi upstream oil development and controls 98% of the country's oil reserves) and the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC; the world's 11th largest petrochemical producer) dominate the Saudi economy. To date, there has not been a single sale of state assets to private control, and privatization largely has been limited to allowing private firms to take on certain service functions. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html Saudi Aramco <http://www.saudiaramco.com.sa> The story of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) dates back more than 66 years, to 4 Safar 1352H. corresponding to 29 May 1933 i.e. less than one year after proclaiming unification of the Kingdom under the late King 'Abd al-'Aziz, when the government of Saudi Arabia and Standard Oil of California (SOCAL then, Chevron now) signed the basic concessionary agreement to explore for oil in the Kingdom. SOCAL transferred the concession to one of its affiliate companies, California Arabian Standard Oil (ASOC). In 1936, Texas Company (now Texaco), owned half of ASOC, and on 1944, ASOC changed its name to the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco). In 1948, two other major American oil companies, Standard Oil of New Jersey (Now Exxon) and Socony Vacuum (now Mobil) acquired shares in Aramco. Each of SOCAL, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Texaco acquired 30% share and Socony Vacuum acquired 10% share. Between 1957 and 1979, Mobil increased its share to 15% while the other companies' share were decreased proportionately. In 1973, the Saudi Government acquired a 25% of partner's share in Aramco that soon increased to 60% a year later. In 1980, the Government retroactively gained full ownership of Aramco with financial effect as of 1976, after the government paid the value of Aramco assets. In Rabi' II 1409 (November 1988), the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) was established by a Royal Decree to assume Aramco's administrative and operational functions. Downstream Operations Saudi Aramco fully owns a total of five refineries and two joint venture refineries, one with Mobil in Yanbu' City on the Red Sea and the other with Shell in Jubail City on the Arabian Gulf. The refineries production capacity is estimated to be 1.8 million barrels per day (mbpd) in the year 1999, 1.3 mbd of it is the Aramco's share. Saudi Aramco's owned refineries production reached about one Million bpd while the joint venture refineries' (in the kingdom) production reached about 600,000 bpd. The Kingdom's total consumption of refined petroleum products in all areas for 1999 was 860,000 bpd. The product exported amount to about 800,000 bpd. A more than 25,000-kilometer long pipeline system for oil, gas and refined products supported production operations by the end of the year 1998. Saudi Aramco also owns Vela International Marine Ltd. which runs supertanker fleet in addition to 4 petroleum product tankers with a total loading capacity of 7.4 million tons. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the founding states of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and a key member in the stability of international petroleum markets. Moreover, it is a founding member of the Organization of the Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) and a member in the Arab Energy Conference, the World Petroleum Congress, the International Energy Forum and the World Energy Council. Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma'adin) <http://www.maaden.com.sa> The Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma'adin) was established by Royal Decree No. M/17, dated 14 Dhu al-Qa'dah 1417H. corresponding to 23 March 1997, as a juristic and financially independent Saudi joint stock company that is fully owned by the government with a capital of 4 billion Saudi Riyals. The Saudi Mining Company is a major Saudi company to develop all mining sectors in the Kingdom. It owns Mahd adh-Dhahab and as-Sukhaibirat mines and holds a license to explore for many precious and basic metals. The birth of new mines is expected very soon after signing the contract of al-Hajjar mine located in the southwestern part of 'Asir Province. Production is expected to start early in 2001. The company's articles of association stipulate that it will be reorganized as a joint stock company within five years of establishment. Aramco Gulf Operations Company Ltd. (AGOC) AGOC was registered in the Kingdom by Saudi Aramco early in 2000 to take over the operations of the Arabian Oil Company in the Partitioned Zone's offshore Area after the expiration of the Arabian Oil Company's concession on 27 February 2000. Accordingly, all the Arabian Oil Company's assets, right and manpower were turned over to AGOC. Saudi Texaco <http://www.texaco.com.sa> In 1386H. (1949), Pacific Western Oil Corporation was granted a 60 year oil exploration concession in the Neutral Zone's onshore area. Later, the concession was transferred to Getty Oil Company. Four years later, 1953, oil was discovered in Wafra field. During the fifties and the sixties, discovered oil fields increased to three, al-Wafra, Janub Umm Qudair and Janub Fawaris. The Company managed to produce oil in commercial quantities in 1954. The year 1955 witnessed the sailing of the the first oil-loaded tanker leaving Saud Port. In 1959, Getty Oil Company struck a deal with Aminoil, a US company working in the Neutral Zone for the Kuwaiti Government. As a result of this deal, a joint committee was formed for role consolidation to spare efforts and cut financial costs. The committee assumed management of all tasks of exploration, drilling and production, in addition to distributing the produced oil equally between the two companies. In 1984, all Getty business inside and outside the United States was transferred to Texaco which managed through its advanced technical know-how to boost oil production in the Neutral Zone, which was named the Partitioned Area following an agreement between the Kingdom and Kuwait to divide the Area in 1970. http://www.mopm.gov.sa/html/en/saudico_e.html --- alexander <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Arab maju karena memiliki sumber minyak yang > signifikan dan pengelolaan minyaknya diserahkan > kepada kontraktor besar internasional seperti > British Petroleum, Unocal, Mitsui, China Petroleum. > Kontraktor besar memberikan sub kontrak kepada > supporting oil company yg punya nama juga seperti > Schlumberger, Baker Huges dll > > Dengan sistem PSC (production sharing contract) di > Arab yang nota bene lebih menguntungkan kontraktor > daripada PSC di Indonesia - Arab mampu mendulang > minyak dalam jumlah besar dikarenakan jumlah > cadangannya yang memang sangat besar. > > Dengan populasi yang relatif kecil, maka Arab wajar > saja mendapatkan tingkat GDP yg lebih baik. > > Konsekuensi populasi yg sedikit menyebabkan Arab > melakukan import tenaga kerja - tapi yang perlu > dicatat adalah: > > Tenaga kasar seperti pembantu bekerja di rumah > tangga dan home industri yang dimiliki MURNI oleh > orang Arab (spt makanan, restoran, simple food and > bottled water producers dll.) sedangkan tenaga yg > middle skilled bekerja di perusahaan investasi asing > yang TIDAK MURNI Arab (dalam hal ini Joint Venture > karena adanya aturan pembatasan kepemilikan saham - > stakeholder limitation) seperti hotel, travel agent > dan services agency spt transportation. > > Makanya anda sering melihat orang indonesia (dalam > jumlah banyak) jadi supir, pembantu dan pekerja > hotel. Disinilah sering terjadi kasus pemerkosaan, > pelecehan seksual, tidak dibayar dll. > > Sedangkan pekerja yg benar2 highly skilled atau well > trained, mereka bekerja di kilang2 minyak atas nama > sub contractor (maupun contractor) dengan bayaran > memuaskan yang murni milik ASING (dengan beberapa > eksekutif dan minor stakeholder adalah Arab). > Sayangnya jumlah mereka (si tenaga kerja indonesia > ini) sedikit - biasanya mereka adalah welder, > engineer s/d specialist (utk pipa, rig, valve, > casing perforator dll) > > > Saya setuju bahwa di Arab sistem ekonomi hanya > menciptakan konsumsi berlebihan pada rakyatnya, ini > terjadi karena sedikit sekali investasi murni dalam > bentuk pabrikasi besar yang datang dari Arab sendiri > - karena mereka miskin dalam penguasaan teknologi > maju dan kekurangan sumber daya alam lain disamping > mereka terbiasa malas berpikir inovatif. > Disamping itu dengan tingkat GDP yg tinggi wajar > saja bila mereka melakukan konsumsi dalam jumlah yg > lebih baik dari Indonesia. > > Namun, sistem ekonomi Arab masih tidak sebanding > dengan sistem ekonomi Indonesia dalam berbagai hal. > (kita bicara sistem bukan GDP sebagai efek dari > hasil ekonomi dibagi populasi) > > Salah satu yg nyata: > Industri Indonesia jauh lebih bervariasi, yg dalam > jangka panjang mampu diandalkan bila sumber minyak > habis (Arab sebaliknya - minyak habis maka kekuatan > mereka terakhir adalah deposit2 mereka di US, EU dan > global financial corporation) > > Indonesia dengan ribuan pulau dan jumlah populasi > yang sangat tinggi - wajar saja jika terjadi > ketimpangan ekonomi. > > > > > > > > --------------------------------- > Do you Yahoo!? > Yahoo! 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