Sebagai pembaca setia Harian MEDIA INDONESIA, saya selalu menyimak
berbagai artikel yang tersaji. Salah satu rubrik yang saya sukai adalah
ON THIS DAY. Saya selalu pesan kepada asisten saya untuk mengkliping rubrik
tersebut. Kini sudah terkumpul beberapa bundel, termasuk catatan sejarah di
KORAN TEMPO.
Pada MEDIA INDONESIA edisi 6 Oktober 2006 lalu termuat kisah Imam Husein AS.
Namun sayangnya, penggunaan Tahun Hijriah tidak dibarengi dengan pencantuman
Tahun Masehi, sehingga pembaca musti menghitung-hitung kira-kira pada tahun
berapa kejadiannya.
Misal 9 Sya'ban tahun keempat Hijriah. Setelah dihitung, tanggal itu
sama dengan 6 Oktober 583. Bagaimana dengan tahun 50 Hijriah? Setelah
mengeluarkan kalkulator baru ketemu bahwa itu terjadi pada tahun 629.
Mohon pengasuh MEDIA INDONESIA dapat lebih memberikan kenyamanan kepada para
pembacanya dengan memberikan sajian yang lengkap. Saya yang beragama Islam saja
cukup bingung, apalagi yang non-Islam.
Para pembaca awam tentu juga bertanya-tanya: Siapa sesungguhnya Yazid
bin Muawiyah? Saat itu dia penguasa negeri mana? Apakah dia Islam atau
bukan? Kalau dia Islam, kenapa sesama saudara Muslim kok saling
berperang? Apa yang diperebutkan? Pengaruh dan kekuasaan?
Setelah googling kanan kiri, baru ketahuan bahwa Muawiyah (Muawia)
adalah gubernur Syria. Lalu dimana letak Padang Karbala? Itu juga tak
dijelaskan oleh MEDIA INDONESIA. Setelah lengkap mencari data kanan kiri, baru
tersimpulkan bahwa keberadaan Ali, Hasan, dan Husein terkait erat dengan
perpecahan Islam menjadi dua kubu, Sunni dan Shiah.
Yang menarik adalah keterlibatan Aisyah (Aayesha) dalam perseteruan dahsyat
tersebut. Sebagai catatan, Aisyah adalah istri muda Nabi Muhammad SAW yang
dinikahi pada usia 12 tahun. Ia ikut perang dan ia juga menolak mayat Hazrat
Hasan dikuburkan di samping makam Nabi Muhammad. Menurutku, itu sungguh sifat
yang tidak mulia. Orang yang sudah mati kok masih saja dibenci.
Terakhir, MEDIA INDONESIA menulis: "Hari kelahiran Imam Husain di Iran
diperingati sebagai Hari Pasukan Garda Revolusi". Pembaca awam pasti
akan mengira bahwa Imam Husain lahir di Iran, padahal bukan, walau disebut
"hari kelahiran". Dari artikel yang saya baca dari sumber lain, Husain lahir di
Madinah. Mungkin kalimat yang lebih tepat adalah sbb:
"Di Iran, hari kelahiran Imam Husain diperingati sebagai Hari Pasukan
Garda Revolusi"
Setelah beratus-ratus tahun berlalu, permusuhan dua kubu dalam tubuh Islam
itu kembali berulang. Kini Irak berdarah-darah, dan bisa merembet ke wilayah
lain, misal Iran.
Kalau zaman dulu pedang lawan pedang, kini bom dibalas bom. Sepertinya
perang sesama umat Islam bakal terus berlangsung hingga tibanya hari kiamat
nanti. Yang jelas, tak ada yang kalah dan yang menang. Semuanya merugi.
Salam,
RD
Berikut artikel lengkapnya:
Imam Husain AS lahir bertepatan pada 9 Sya'ban tahun keempat Hijriah (6
Oktober 583). Masa-masa indah kehidupan Imam Husain dirasakan saat
ia hidup bersama kakeknya, Muhammad SAW. Imam Husain tumbuh besar
dalam sebuah keluarga yang dipenuhi dengan kesempurnaan dan keutamaan
akhlak. Keberadaan kedua orang tuanya, yaitu Imam Ali AS dan Sayyidah
Fathimah AS yang merupakan dua manusia utama hasil didikan
Rasulullah, telah membuat Imam Husain juga menjadi manusia yang
dipenuhi dengan keutamaan dan makrifat akan hakikat ilahiah.
Selama hidupnya, saat Islam dihadapkan kepada bahaya, Imam Husain selalu
tampil sebagai pembela. Setelah saudaranya, Imam Hasan AS, gugur pada
tahun 50 Hijriah, Imam Husain memegang tampuk kepemimpinan atas umat
Islam. Pada tahun 61 Hijriah, Imam Husain pun mengikuti jejak kakaknya
dalam memperjuangkan agama Islam.
Pada tahun itu, beliau bersama 72 anggota keluarga dan sahabatnya, bertempur
melawan ribuan pasukan Yazid bin Muawiyah di Padang Karbala. Imam Husein
menolak untuk menyerah kepada penguasa. Dia dan anggota khalifahnya akhirnya
tewas.
Kisah tragis gugurnya Imam Husein di Karbala menjadi drama tragedi
paling pahit dalam sejarah umat manusia. Akan tetapi, kisah ini justru
menjadi sumber semangat bagi perjuangan melawan kezaliman. Hari
kelahiran Imam Husain di Iran diperingati sebagai hari Pasukan Garda
Revolusi.
Media Indonesia - ON THIS TIME -
__________________________________________________________________
Catatan dari saya:
Untuk lebih memahami artikel pendek dari MEDIA INDONESIA tersebut di atas,
berikut saya sajikan informasi pendukung dari berbagai sumber:
IMAM ALI AS = Hazrat Aly
Hazrat Aly was born in Mecca in 599 A.D. in the Hashimite family of
the Arabs. His father was Abu Talib and mother was Fatima bint Asad.
Hazrat Aly remained in the care of the Holy Prophet Muhammad. He
married the Prophet's daughter Fatima by whom were born Hazrat Hasan
and Hazrat Husayn.
At the time of Hijrah, Hazrat Aly helped the Prophet by remaining
behind in Mecca in his place. In Medina, he was made the Prophet's
partner and brother in the new Muslim fraternity (brotherhood).
Hazrat Aly was a brave young warrior, standard bearer of the Muslim
army. He fought in almost all the battles of the Prophet.
The Prophet made his last pilgrimage, Hijjatul-Widdai, in 10 A.H.
After making his last Hajj, on his way back to Medina, the Prophet
received the Message of God regarding the declaration of Hazrat Aly as
his successor and Imam-e-Mubin. The Prophet at once gathered all his
followers at a place called Ghadeer al-Khumm. Then he declared Hazrat
Aly as his successor at the same place on 18th of Zul Hijjah, which
is celebrated by the Shia as the Idd Ghadeer al-Khumm.
At the time of the Prophet's death in 11th Hijrah, Hazrat Aly
performed all his funeral ceremonies, while Hazrat Abu Bakr was
chosen Caliph at a place called Saqifa bani Saida. It is said that
before the Prophet died, he wanted to make a will but was prevented
from doing so by Hazrat Umar.
Hazrat Abu Bakr always consulted Hazrat Aly and received his advice
regarding the wars. At the time of his death, Hazrat Abu Bakr
appointed Hazrat Umar as his successor. Hazrat Umar continued to
consult Hazrat Aly and paid him due respect. Hazrat Aly was one of
the six members of the Shura (council) appointed by Hazrat Umar at
the time of his death. However, he was not selected and the Caliphate
went to Hazrat Uthman. Hazrat Uthman proved to be a very weak ruler,
partial to his family - the Umayyads, and was killed. Hazrat Aly was
now recognized as Caliph in Medina in Hijrah 35.
The Battle of Jamel
On being recognized as Caliph, Hazrat Aly had to face the opposition
of Talha, Zubair and Aayesha (the Prophet's wife). There was a battle
near Basra called the battle of Jamel (camel). In this battle, Hazrat
Aly won; Talha and Zubair were killed and Aayesha was sent back to
Mecca in retirement.
The Battle of Siffin
Muawia was the governor of Syria and Hazrat Aly wanted to depose him
from his position. Muawia now raised the banner of revenge for Hazrat
Uthman. A battle was fought between them at Siffin. When Muawia saw
that Hazrat Aly's army was about to win, he ordered the raising of
Qurans on the spears and appealing for arbitration (peace). Hazrat
Aly was opposed to this but had to accept it on the insistence of a
section of his army. These very same people, later on, opposed Hazrat
Aly for accepting the arbitration. They withdrew from his camp and
were known as the 'Khawarij' for that reason.
The Battle of Naherwan
The arbitration was later held at a place called 'Adhruh'. This led
to confusion and the arbitration court withdrew without any decision.
In the meantime, the Khawarij became so troublesome to Hazrat Aly that
he had to proceed against them and defeat them at the battle of
Naherwan.
Death of Hazrat Aly
Now Muawia and Hazrat Aly were face to face preparing for a final
showdown. Muawia was stronger because he had the support of his
strong Syrian army. They were all well paid and fresh for battle as
they had done very little fighting in the past. Muawia had almost a
year of peace to prepare himself. On the other hand, Hazrat Aly's
army was weak because it consisted of different groups. They were
opposed to each other and all of them tired after the battles of
Jamel, Siffin and Naherwan. In spite of this, Hazrat Aly succeeded in
gathering an army of 40,000 men; but before he could proceed against
Muawia, who had now declared himself as Caliph, he was killed in the
mosque of Kufa on 15th of Ramadhan, 40 A.H. (661 A.D.), by a Kharajite
called Ibn Muljim.
Imamat
Hazrat Aly is regarded as the 1st Imam by all the Shias and as the 4th
Caliph by all Muslims. Imamat has come down from the line of Hazrat
Aly as Spiritual Leadership as opposed to the temporal leadership of
the Caliphate, although certain Imams like Hazrat Aly and the Fatimids
have been Imams as well as Caliphs at the same time.
Character
Hazrat Aly was not only known for his bravery and courage and for his
close relationship with the Prophet, but also for his vast learning
and knowledge, and for his strength of character.
__________________________________________________________________
Ismailis - The Shia of Aly
"Originally, after the death of the Prophet, the Muslims were united
and there was no question of Shia and Sunni until after the murder of
Khalifa Uthman. Then the world of Islam was divided into two branches
which in Arabic means two Shias, namely two sections, one was known
as the Shia of Hazrat Aly, the other as the Shia of Muawia. These two
remained until such time as Imam Hasan made his peace with Muawia
when Muawia became the undisputed Caliph and the Shias of Muawia
became the great central stream of Islam and the majority (Sunnis).
While the Shias of Hazrat Aly remained as the other section (Shias).
To that section of Hazrat Aly the Ismailis belong.
"They take the view that as Hazrat Aly having himself cooperated with
the first three Khaliphs, it is not now for us to judge the first
three Khaliphs, but to respect their memory as Hazrat Aly himself did
all his life according to historians even in Persia.
"We believe that the Imamat belongs to the House of Prophet, but that
for reasons best known to himself, Hazrat Aly did not raise the
question during the lifetime of the first three Khaliphs and that is
good enough for us not to raise the question which he did not raise
himself.
"In this way, though Shias of Aly, we can sincerely join in the
prayer that Allah may in His great mercy forgive the sins of all
Muslims."
- Mowlana Sultan Muhammad Shah - Memoirs of Aga Khan, 1950
__________________________________________________________________
Hazrat Hasan
Early Life
Hazrat Hasan was born in Medina on 15th Ramadhan, 3 Hijra. He was a
great favourite of his grandfather, the Holy Prophet Muhammad, whom
he resembled very much. He was a handsome man with artistic tastes
and a quiet temperament. He had eight sons and seven daughters. He
was kind, generous and hospitable.
The Caliphate
Hazrat Hasan succeeded to the Caliphate on his father, Hazrat Aly's
death on 17th Ramadhan, 40 A.H. (661 A.D.), at the age of 36. On his
succession to Caliphate, Muawia challenged him and led an army against
him. The main part of Hazrat Hasan's 40,000 troops under his personal
command, was stationed in Medina, where a part of Muawia's army met
him. Hazrat Hasan's commander Qays bin Saad and his uncle Ibne Abbas
led an army of 12,000 men against Muawia's main forces at Maskin.
Muawia bribed lbne Abbas and won him over but failed to attempt Qays
bin Saad. Mughira bin Shaba was sent by Muawia to Hazrat Hasan for
negotiations. He spread the rumour that Hazrat Hasan had agreed to
surrender. Some of Hazrat Hasan's men got excited by this rumour and
attempted to kill him.
Hazrat Hasan being betrayed by his uncle and disgusted with the
attitude and the disunity among his own men, decided to surrender.
An agreement was confirmed between Muawia and Hazrat Hasan on the
condition that Muawia should not be succeeded by his son Yazid.
Death of Hazrat Hasan
For nine years more, Hazrat Hasan lived a quiet life of retirement at
Medina. After repeated attempts of Muawia to get Hazrat Hasan
poisoned, he finally succeeded. Hazrat Hasan was poisoned by his wife
Asama who was offered marriage to Yazid by Muawia, but when the deed
was done, Muawia did not fulfil his promise.
Aayesha refused Hazrat Hasan to be buried near the tomb of the
Prophet; therefore, he was buried near the tomb of his mother, Hazrat
Fatima. Hazrat Hasan died in Medina in 50 A.H., at the age of 47.
__________________________________________________________________
Mowlana Husayn 2nd Imam - (40 A.H. - 61 A.H.)
Early Life
Hazrat Imam Husayn was born at Medina in 4 A.H. He was born one year
after the birth of Hazrat Hasan, though it is also maintained that he
was born together with Hazrat Hasan. He was born pre-mature. When
Hazrat Aly died, he was about 35 years old and he was 45 years old
when Hazrat Hasan died.
Opposition to Muawia
Imam Husayn kept his peace with Muawia and did not claim Caliphate
according to the agreement between Muawia and Hazrat Hasan. Only in
the last year of his life, when Muawia began to prepare for the
succession of his son Yazid, that Imam Husayn showed opposition to
Muawia. One fact remains clear and certain that on the death of
Muawia, in 60 A.H., Imam Husayn did not pay his allegiance to Yazid
and began preparing for a showdown with him, particularly because of
the insistence and support of the provinces. Opposition to Yazid was
due to the fact that Yazid was not considered capable of bearing the
responsibility of the Muslim Empire due to his bad character.
Invitation from Kufa
The most insistent invitation to Imam Husayn came from Kufa and he
decided to go there. Imam Husayn was very keen on going to Kufa,
although it was an open country, whose people were divided in their
support, and where a very able and a cruel governor of Yazid, namely
Ibne Ziyad was in charge. However, it was the shortest cut to success,
or failure, and Imam Husayn courageously decided to risk it.
Muslim bin Aqil
Imam Husayn first sent his cousin, Muslim bin Aqil, to prospect the
situation there and to report to him whether he should go to Kufa or
not. It is also mentioned that certain agents of Kufa's governor had
pretended to be followers of Imam Husayn and had insisted on inviting
him to Kufa. Therefore, as a cautious step, Muslim bin Aqil's visit
was the most proper thing. Muslim bin Aqil gathered many supporters
and remained in hiding, moving from place to place. The governor knew
of this but did not touch him purposely, because he wanted Imam Husayn
to come to Kufa where he could trap him. As soon as Muslim bin Aqil
wrote to Imam Husayn to come immediately, the governor took action
against him. He got him arrested and tortured him to death.
Journey to Kufa
Relying on the report sent to him, Imam Husayn started his journey to
Kufa. As he expected his army to be recruited in Kufa, he took with
him only his family members and friends who volunteered to go with
him. On his way, he met a few messengers of the governor of Kufa, who
pretended to be the followers of Muslim bin Aqil, and they urged him
to proceed to Kufa.
The Tragedy of Karbala
Imam Husayn reached the plain of Karbala, a little distance away from
the River Euphrates, on the other side of which lay Kufa. There he saw
the army of Yazid under Umar bin Saad, who prevented Imam Husayn's
men from approaching water, as well as from going back to Medina. Imam
Husayn's camp remained under seige for a long period of time,
therefore, many of his men died of thirst. Even the sons of Imam
Husayn, whom he tried to take to the river for drinking water, were
wounded by arrows from the enemy, and died in Imam Husayn's arms.
Many of Imam Husayn's relatives died in actual fighting. During this
battle, the standard bearer of the Imam, his half brother, Hazrat
Abbas, showed such heroism before he died, that to this day, he is
the inspiring hero of all Shia soldiers. His tomb in Karbala is next
to that of Imam Husayn, an important shrine for the pilgrimage.
Imam Husayn died on the 10th Muharram 61 A.H. 87 people died with him;
among them were his eldest son and sons of Hazrat Hasan. The brothers
of Imam Husayn who were killed in this battle were all sons of Hazrat
Aly, but not of Fatima. There were 33 strokes of the lance and 34
blows of the sword on his body. Umar bin Saad ordered his horsemen to
trample Imam Husayn's body underneath their horses' feet because he
had lost 88 men in the conflict.
The man who gave Imam Husayn the fatal blow was an Arab, known as
Shimar. It was this man who cut off Imam's head and took it to the
governor of Kufa. The body of Imam Husayn was buried in Karbala where
today there is an important shrine, and it is the centre of pilgrimage
for all Shias. After Mecca and Medina, Najaf and Karbala are considered
to be the most sacred places by the Muslims.
As for Imam Husayn's head, it was taken to the governor, who sent it
to Yazid at Damascus. Yazid struck it on the mouth and said, "We have
taken the lives of those who were dear to us but who became
rebellious and unjust." Abu Barza al Aslami, who was sitting near
Yazid, protested by saying, "Withdraw your hand, for, have I not seen
the mouth of the Prophet on this mouth, in a kiss?"
The survivors of Imam Husayn's family were brought before Yazid. Yazid
had already become unpopular for the brutal killing of Imam Husayn.
Therefore, he did not want to anger the people more by killing these
survivors, so he sent them back to Medina.
Thus ended the life and career of Imam Husayn, the Martyr (Shaheed) of
Karbala. He died and sacrificed his family so that his followers and
the Muslim nation may be saved from the Ummayyad rulers. Imam Husayn
was 55 years old when he died.
__________________________________________________________________
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