apa yang bisa dilakukan bila seorang mohammad ikhsan sudah bicara seperti ini?
dari namanya saja terang benderang dia seorang muslim, dari keluarga muslim taat. tidak seperti saya yang dari nama saja berbau hindu, yang kastanya dianggap dari keluarga islam kejawen hehehe. ikhsan juga sangat terdidik dan terpelajar. sedang sekolah ekonomi untuk dapat gelar doktor di ostrali. mas ikhsan, saya ikut anda 99 persen. yang satu persen untuk reserve (moga-moga tak perlu digunakan) At 06:56 PM 12/17/2006, you wrote: >--- In <mailto:ppiindia%40yahoogroups.com>ppiindia@yahoogroups.com, >"RM Danardono HADINOTO" ><[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >. > >Pak Danar, > >argumen di bawah bukan hanya begajulan tapi juga salah kaprah. Banyak >studi dari Afrika (beberapanya saya posting di bawah) menunjukan bahwa >kenyataan yang ada justru sebaliknya. Poligami bukan substitute, tapi >adalah komplemen dari zinah. Mereka yang berpoligami biasanya juga >adalah penzinah. Sehingga tidak heran bila HIV/AIDs lebi tinggi >tingkat penyebarannya di daerah jamak poligami. > >Salam, > > > > > Membela polygami dengan kalimat "lha lebih baik daripada gay, ke > > pelacur, selingkuh", dsb, adalah argument begajulan yang tak layak > > dianggap serious. > > > > Salam > > > > Danardono > > > >Nyindo, M. (2005). "Complementary factors contributing to the rapid >spread of HIV-I >in sub-Saharan Africa: a review." East African Medical Journal 82(1): >40-6. >OBJECTIVE: To examine and establish complementary factors that contribute >to the alarmingly high prevalence of HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in >order to create awareness and suggest possible measures to avert the >spread >of the pandemic. DATA SOURCES: Review of literature via Medline, the >Internet, articles in refereed journals, and un-refereed features from >the East >Africa media houses and personal communications. DATA SELECTION: Most >published data from 1981 to September 2004 found to have revealed an >impact on the spread of HIV-1 in SSA were included in the review. >Therefore, >all selected articles were read and critically evaluated. Where >possible the >number of citations articles which had been received were sought to >established the degree of impact. DATA EXTRACTION: Abstracts of all >articles identified were accessed, read and analysed to determined >possible >relevance to the spread of HIV-1. When relevance was established from the >abstract the entire paper was read and important points were included >in the >review. DATA SYNTHESIS: A matrix was drawn to include all subtitles ( e.g. >polygamy, circumcision, poverty, etc). Below each subtitle all >published works >were included and prioritised. Published works that were found to have >impact >were included in the review. Finally a percent composite picture of >all factors >was drawn in an attempt to prioritise the factors, not withstanding >the fact that >most factors are interrelated and complementary. CONCLUSIONS: There are >many reasons why the spread of HIV-1 in SSA has not been declining over >the years. Main risk factors for HIV-1 infection and AIDS disease in >SSA were >found to include poverty, famine, low status of women in society, >corruption, >naive risk taking perception, resistance to sexual behaviour change, high >prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), internal >conflicts and >refugee status, antiquated beliefs, lack of recreational facilities, >ignorance of >individual's HIV status, child and adult prostitution, uncertainty of >safety of >blood intended for transfusion, widow inheritance, circumcision, >illiteracy and >female genital cutting and polygamy. It is suggested that control >programmes >both local and donor-driven seeking to mitigate the spread of HIV-1 in SSA >should take into account the apparent multiplicity of sub-Saharan African >cultures and beliefs, some of which augment the spread of HIV-1. >D >ada-Adegbola, H. O. (2004). "Socio-cultural factors affecting the >spread of >HIV/AIDS in Africa: a case study." African Journal of Medicine & >Medical Sciences >33(2): 179-82. >There is a disproportionate share of AIDS cases over the years in >Africa. This >has occurred in racial and ethnic minority populations, a finding >likely related >to social, economic and cultural factors. Certain socio-cultural and >religious >practices such as polygamy and giving a daughter away in marriage without >considering the social life of the man are likely contributory factors >to the >higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS in women in this part of the world . This is >illustrated with a case of Mr. M. S. who married two wives within four >months >interval, having lived a promiscuous life before marriage. One of the >wives >was a virgin at the time of marriage. Neither of wives had any symptoms >suggestive of STD or HIV before marriage, however, the three of them >tested >positive to HIV-1 following a visit to the special treatment clinic. >He had genital >herpes and his two wives also had vulvovaginal candidiasis, genital herpes >and condyloma accuminata (genital warts). The husband would not want his >HIV status declared to the wives. There is therefore a need to enact >law on >pre-marriage HIV screening for intending couples. Couple Pre-and post-test >counseling must be encouraged and promoted. In addition, women should be >empowered to negotiate safer sex. > >Receveur, M. C., X. Coulaud, et al. (2003). "Prevalence du VIH a >Mayotte." Bulletin >de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 96(3): 238-40. >Mayotte is a little French island, located in the Indian ocean, between >Madagascar and Mozambic. Officially, the population goes up to 150,000 >inhabitants, but in fact, it probably comes up to about 200,000 people, >because of a very numerous illegal immigration, especially coming from >Anjouan, the nearest Comorian island. Up to now there are no data >about HIV >in Mayotte. There is only one adult medical unit (except intensive >care). All >patients detected as seropositive for HIV are sent for treatment in >this unit. >The only case of systematically proposed HIV serology is pregnancy, >and this >since 1994. 70% to 80% of women accept it. There are annually 6000 >deliveries in Mayotte. When a seropositivity is detected, screening is >systematically proposed to other members of the family. Epidemiology does >not seem to worsen, even if detection is increasing: 8675 tests done >in 1998, >9142 in 1999, 12,085 in 2000. All cases of seropositivity attended to at >present time in our unit have been registered and studied, apart from >patients >who died before this study, and those who did not consult for more >than two >years. There were 8 HIV positive people who died since 1990 in Mayotte, >most of them in 1991, 1992. There was no death in the last years, nor >sanitary evacuation, except one. 50 people are registered: 20 males, 30 >females. Average age is 34. 39 Comorian people, 10 metropolitans, and one >from another origin. Contamination was heterosexual in 43 cases, >intravenous >drug user in 1 case, homosexual in 2 cases, professional in 1 case, >unknown >in 3 cases. There are 4 double contamination Ag Hbs/HIV, and 2 HCV/HIV. 39 >subjects are at A stage, 5 B, 6 C. The beginning of the epidemic in >Mayotte >took place probably around 1990, among militaries and prostitutes. Now, >transmission keeps going on, in most cases, heterosexual, as it occurs >in the >nearby Africa. Polygamy, official or officious, has a leading role. >Females who >were detected during pregnancy have obtained zidovudine, or have been able >to pursue previous therapy. Medical care and therapy are free in >Mayotte, but >sometimes there are delays in supplying medicines or in returning results. >Epidemic has not increased up to now; even though screening has. There are >very few pediatric cases: only 4 cases were notified in Mayotte until >now: one >who died very soon, one who has gone to live in Reunion island, and >two who >are still in Mayotte: one is 12 years old, and another one 5 years old. > >Bambra, C. S. (1999). "Current status of reproductive behaviour in >Africa." Human >Reproduction Update 5(1): 1-20. >The current annual population growth rate of 3.2% in Africa will >double the >population by the year 2025. The majority of this population is below >15 years >of age, and Africa concurrently also has the highest incidence of >infertility in >the world. Sexual behaviour, which has been poorly studied in Africa, >has a >direct impact on reproductive health [including fertility, infertility >and sexually >transmitted diseases (STDs)]. The multiple cultures and religions which >characterize the African continent also affect reproductive health. >Factors that >have a significant effect on reproductive health in Africa include greater >prevalence of extramarital/commercial sexual activity, polygamy, lower >prevalence of contraceptives, reliance on traditional practices, high >incidence >of STDs and teenage pregnancies. High risk reproductive behaviours are >predominantly displayed by adolescents, and the prevalence of STDs, >including HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), is very high in this group. >Pregnancy-related complications are the major cause of health-related >problems in 15-19 year old girls. Maternal mortality rates in most >countries >remain high. Literacy rates affect these behaviours. It is apparent that >changing the sexual behaviour of adolescents is one way of reversing the >adverse trends, such as STD transmission, unwanted pregnancy and poor >general reproductive health. > > ---------- [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
