http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/01/AR2010030101498.html?wpisrc=nl_opinions
Chile and Haiti: A look at earthquakes and politics
Soldiers stand guard in the streets of Talcahuano, Chile, on Sunday.
(Aliosha Marquez/associated Press)
By Anne Applebaum
Tuesday, March 2, 2010
To say that Santiago looks far better today than Port-au-Prince is of no
comfort to the people of Chile. It will not rebuild their ruined houses, nor
will it bring back their dead. It will not reconstruct the damaged airport or
mobilize the field hospitals and emergency supplies needed to keep the death
toll from rising further. It will not inspire charitable donations from around
the world.
Yet the comparison is unavoidable, which is why so many people have already
made it: After all, two large and unusually debilitating earthquakes have
struck not far from the capital cities of two Latin American countries within a
very short time. In both countries, political leaders were left struggling for
metaphors to convey the extent of the catastrophe. The Chilean president,
Michelle Bachelet, called the earthquake "an emergency unparalleled in the
history of Chile." The Haitian president, René Préval, compared the destruction
in Haiti "to the damage you would see if the country was bombed for 15 days."
But the effect on the respective populations clearly will not be identical. An
earthquake always comes out of the blue, and in that sense is always a piece of
bad luck in the geological lottery, as my colleague David Ignatius wrote in The
Post in January. Yet the short- and long-term aftereffects of an earthquake --
the extent of the damage it wreaks, the speed with which the population
reorganizes itself and rebuilds -- have nothing to do with luck. Those who
study famines have long argued that they are created by bad politics and bad
economics as well as bad weather: There is always food somewhere, so if a
particular country doesn't have any, then there must be an explanation other
than "it was very hot last summer."
A society's ability to recover from a natural disaster is also a reflection of
its economic and political culture. There will be more "looting" in Chile this
week as people struggle to survive in the ruins, but the Chilean army and
police, not U.S. Marines, will control the situation. Weakened apartment blocks
will abruptly collapse, but there will be inspectors on hand to help assess
which ones might be safe.
Chile had regulations in place before the quake that required contractors of
all new buildings to use earthquake-resistant standards. Not every structure
met the standards, but many did. And residents of those that did not will have
some recourse: In the city of Concepcion, residents of a new building that
collapsed are threatening to sue the builders, according to one report. The
fact that they are even discussing this option implies that these apartment
owners believe they have a court system that works, a legal system that could
force builders to pay compensation, and a building regulatory system that is
generally respected. Haiti has none of the above.
Though it is not especially fashionable at the moment to note these things,
Chile, unlike Haiti, is also a working democracy. In recent elections, the
center-left ruling party lost to the center-right opposition for the first time
in two decades. Power is expected to change hands without incident when the new
president, Sebastián Piñera, is inaugurated next week. Although Piñera is a
billionaire, he directed his campaign at small-business owners, promised to
sell off some of his assets to avoid conflicts of interest, and has just
appointed a cabinet that includes a number of independent and even center-left
ministers. Of course, we don't know what kind of president Piñera will
ultimately be, but to be elected he had to appeal to millions of people, and
not just to a wealthy, partisan elite.
In the aftermath of a natural catastrophe, this matters: To call Chile a
"democracy" is another way of saying that Chile is a country whose political
leaders have to take voters' concerns into account. Chile's earthquake response
will have to reflect the same values as Chile's famed pension system (designed
by the president-elect's brother, José Piñera), which is intended to ensure
ordinary workers a decent retirement income. In the coming months, the state
may not be able to help all of the poor who have suffered, but it cannot ignore
all of them indefinitely, either.
Disasters have no logic, and no political significance. But the recovery
process that follows a disaster is always deeply political. Despite a stronger
earthquake and more damaging aftershocks, Chile will return to normal faster
than Haiti. Luck has nothing to do with it.
applebaumlett...@washpost.com
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