Dan ini sering dilupakan oleh orang Indonesia ... --- In proletar@yahoogroups.com, "wawan" <selarasmi...@...> wrote: > > http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/baku/manifesto.htm > Manifesto of the Congress to the Peoples of the East > > On September 1, 1920, in the city of Baku, the capital of Azerbaidzhan, a > congress of representatives of the peoples of the East was held. Our congress > was attended by 1,891 delegates from the following countries: Turkey, Persia, > Egypt, India, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashgar, China, japan, Korea, Arabia, > Syria, Palestine, Bukhara, Khiva, Daghestan, Northern Caucasia, Azerbaidzhan, > Armenia, Georgia, Turkestan, Ferghana, the Kalmuck Autonomous Region, the > Tatar > Republic, and the Far Eastern District. > > The Congress of the Peoples of the East was convened by the Communist > International. Every peasant, every toiler, needs to know what the Communist > International is. It is a union of workers and peasants, of the Communists of > the whole world, which has set itself the aim of smashing the power of the > rich > and bringing about the complete equality of all. At the Second World Congress > of > the Communist International, held in Moscow in August 1920, the following > countries were represented: America, Britain, France, Austria, Italy, Spain, > Poland, Bohemia,' 07 Yugoslavia, Hungary, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, > Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, > Bulgaria, > Turkey, Persia, India, China, japan, Korea, Indochina, Georgia, Azerbaidzhan, > Armenia, Khiva, Bukhara, Afghanistan, Argentina, Russia, the Ukraine. > > The Communist International wants to put an end not only to the power of the > rich over the poor but also to the power of some peoples over others. For this > purpose the workers of Europe and America must unite with the peasants and > other > working elements of the peoples of the East. > > The Congress of representatives of the Peoples of the East calls on these > peoples to realise such unity, which is needed for the liberation of all the > oppressed and all the exploited. > > Peoples of the East! Six years ago there broke out in Europe a colossal, > monstrous slaughter, a world war in which 3 5 million human beings were > killed, > in which hundreds of big towns and thousands of other centres of population > were > devastated, a war which ruined all the countries of Europe and subjected all > its > peoples to the torment of unheard-of want and unprecedented starvation. > > This colossal conflict has hitherto been carried on mainly in Europe, > affecting > Asia and Africa only partially. The war was fought between European peoples, > with the peoples of the East participating in it only to a relatively small > extent. Some hundreds of thousands of Turkish peasants, deceived by their > rulers, who acted for the benefit of the German imperialists: two or three > million Indians and Negroes, bought like slaves by the British and French > capitalists and, like slaves, hurled to their deaths on the fields of France, > far-distant and strange to them, in the service of the interests, alien and > unintelligible to them, of the British and French bankers and industrialists. > > But although the countries of the East remained aloof from this gigantic > conflict and the Eastern peoples played only an insignificant part in it, > nevertheless this war was fought not only for the countries of Europe, not > only > for the countries and peoples of the West, but also for the countries and > peoples of the East. It was fought for the partition of the world, and chiefly > for the partition of Asia, of the East. It was fought to decide who was to > rule > over the countries of Asia and whose slaves the peoples of the East should be. > It was fought to decide whether the British or the German capitalists should > skin the peasants and workers of Turkey, Persia and Egypt. > > The monstrous four-year carnage ended in victory for France and Britain. The > German capitalists were crushed, and along with them the German people were > crushed, destroyed and doomed to starvation. Victorious France, almost all of > whose adult population had been wiped out by the war and all of whose > industrial > areas had been devastated, was bled white by the struggle and left quite > powerless after its victory. As a result of the colossal, barbarous slaughter, > imperialist Britain emerged as the sole and omnipotent master of Europe and > Asia. Britain alone in all Europe was still able to muster sufficient > strength, > for it had waged the war with other peoples' hands, those of the enslaved > peoples, the Indians and Negroes, it had waged the war at the expense of the > colonies it oppressed. > > Being left the victor and the omnipotent master of half the world, the British > Government proceeded to carry out the objectives for which it had waged the > war > to consolidate its hold on all the countries of Asia and to enslave, fully > and > finally, all the peoples of the East. > > With no-one to hinder them, and fearing no-one, the handful of greedy > banker-capitalists who are at the head of the British state, casting aside all > shame, set about openly and brazenly reducing to slavery the peasants and > workers of the Eastern countries. > > Peoples of the East! You know what Britain has done in India, you know how it > has turned the many-millioned masses of the Indian peasants and workers into > dumb beasts of burden without any rights. > > The Indian peasant has to hand over to the British Government a proportion of > his crop so large that what remains is not enough to sustain him for even a > few > months. The Indian worker has to work in the British capitalist's factory for > such a miserable pittance that he cannot even buy the daily handful of rice he > needs for subsistence. Every year millions of Indians die of hunger and > millions > perish in the jungles and swamps where they are engaged in heavy labour > undertaken by the British capitalists for their own enrichment. > > Millions of Indians, unable to find a crust of bread in their own very rich > and > fertile homeland, are obliged to join the British armed forces, to leave their > homeland and spend their whole lives enduring the hard lot of the soldier, > fighting endless wars in all corners of the world, against all the peoples of > the world, upholding everywhere the ruthless dominion of Britain. While paying > with their lives and their blood for the unceasing expansion of the wealth of > the British capitalists, securing monstrous profits for them, the Indians > themselves enjoy no human rights: the British officers who rule over them, > insolent sons of the British bourgeoisie which has grown fat on Indian > corpses, > do not regard them as human. > > An Indian dares not sit at the same table with a Britisher, use the same > quarters, enter the same railway carriage, attend the same school. In the eyes > of the British bourgeois every Indian is a pariah, a slave, a beast of burden, > an animal which dare not have any human feelings or put forward any demands. > Every demand, every expression of anger by the Indian peasants and workers > when > driven to extremities is met by ruthless mass shootings. Hundreds of corpses > of > those shot cover the streets of revolted Indian villages, and British officers > force the survivors to crawl on their bellies, to amuse them, and to lick the > boots of their enslavers. > > Peoples of the East! You know what Britain has done in Turkey. Britain offered > Turkey a peace by which three-quarters of Asia Minor, inhabited exclusively by > Ottoman Turks, with all the country's industrial cities, was to pass into the > possession of Britain, France, Italy and Greece, while what remained of > Turkish > territory was to be burdened with such payments that the Ottomans would become > permanent undischarged debtors of Britain. > > When the Turkish people refused to accept such a peace, which would have > destroyed them, the British occupied Constantinople, a holy place to Moslems, > dispersed the Turkish Parliament, arrested all the popular leaders, shot the > best of them, and exiled hundreds of others to the island of Malta, where they > were imprisoned in the dark and damp dungeons of an ancient fortress. Now the > British rule the roost in Constantinople: they have taken from the Turks > everything that could be taken. They have taken banks, money, factories, > railways, ships, they have closed all the approaches to Asia Minor, thereby > depriving the Turks, who are without factories of their own, of the > possibility > of receiving any goods from Europe. There is now in the whole of Asia Minor > not > one piece of material, not one fragment of metal. The Turkish peasant is > obliged > to go about without a shirt and to plough the soil with a wooden plough. > > The British used the Greek army to occupy the vilayet of Smyrna, the French to > take Adana and colonial troops to take Brussa and Izmid. They have beleaguered > the Turks on all sides, and are steadily pushing into Turkish territory, > trying > to reduce to complete exhaustion the Turkish people who have already been as > tormented and ruined as they can be by decades of continuous war. > > In those parts of Turkey which the British have already occupied, they scoff > and > jeer intolerably at the Turkish people, in their usual way. In Constantinople > the British have taken all the schools and universities for use as barracks, > stopped all Turkish educational activity, closed down all Turkish newspapers, > broken up all workers' organisations, filled the prisons with Turkish patriots > and placed the entire population under the uncontrolled authority of British > police who consider themselves authorised, in broad daylight in the streets of > Constantinople, and without any excuse, to hit over the head any persons > wearing > a fez. As the British see it, if a man wears the fez, if he is a Turk, then he > is a creature of an inferior species, a pariah, a slave, a beast of burden, > who > can be treated like a dog. > > In the places they have occupied in Turkey the British treat the Turks like > dogs, subjecting them to forced labour and punishing them with blows, and > endeavouring by means of all sorts of tricks, base methods and violence to > turn > Turkey into a conquered country, so that all the Turks may by blows be made > beasts of burden to work for the enrichment of the British. > > Peoples of the East! What has Britain done to Persia? After crushing a > peasants' > revolt against the Shah and the landlords, shooting or hanging thousands of > Persian peasants, the British capitalists have restored the overthrown rule of > the Shah and the landlords, taken from the peasants the landlords' land they > had > seized and thrust the peasants back into serfdom, making them once again > rayats, > slaves without rights of the mulkadars. > > Then, having bribed the Shah's venal government, the British capitalists have > by > means of a base, traitorous treaty acquired all Persia and the entire Persian > people as their absolute property. They have laid hands on all the wealth of > Persia, they have installed in all the cities of Persia their garrisons of > deceived Indian sepoys, bought into slavery, and have begun to behave in > Persia > as though in a conquered country, treating the nominally independent Persian > people as a people who have become slaves. > > Peoples of the East! What has Britain done to Mesopotamia and Arabia? It has, > without any ado, proclaimed these independent Moslem countries to be its > colonies, driven from the land the Arabs who have owned it for centuries, > taken > from them the best, most fertile valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates, > taken > the best pasture land, which the people need in order to survive, taken the > very rich oilfields of Mosul and Basra [sic], and, stripping the Arabs of all > means of livelihood, is trying to force them through hunger to become its > slaves > and its workers. > > What has Britain done to Palestine? There, at first, acting for the benefit of > Anglo-Jewish capitalists, it drove Arabs from the land in order to give the > latter to Jewish settlers; then, trying to appease the discontent of the > Arabs, > it incited them against these same Jewish settlers, sowing discord, enmity and > hatred between all the communities, weakening both [sic] in order that it may > itself rule and command. > > What has Britain done to Egypt? There the entire native population has for > eight > decades groaned beneath the heavy yoke of the British capitalists, a yoke even > heavier and more ruinous for the people than was that of the Egyptian Pharaohs > who built their huge pyramids with slave labour. > > What has Britain done to China? That enormous country, Britain, together with > its partner, imperialist japan, turned into a colony and, exploiting and > oppressing its 300 million people and poisoning them with opium, it is with > its > own and Japanese troops putting down with unheard-of cruelty the revolutionary > ferment which has begun there. Restoring the old despots whom the people had > overthrown, it strives with all its strength to prevent the many-millioned > Chinese people from winning their freedom, and keeps them as before under its > yoke of despotism, oppression and poverty, so as the better to be able to > exploit them. > > What has Britain done to Korea, to that flourishing land with a > thousand-years-old culture? It has handed over Korea to the Japanese > imperialists for them to tear to pieces, and they are now with fire and sword > making the Korean people submit to the British and Japanese capitalists. > > What is Britain doing to Afghanistan? By bribing the Emir's government it has > kept the people in maximum subjection, in the greatest poverty and ignorance, > trying to reduce this country to a desert, in order that this desert may guard > India, which Britain oppresses, from any incursion from without. > > What is Britain doing with Armenia and Georgia? There by means of its gold it > keeps the peasant and worker masses under the yoke of the hated Dashnak and > Menshevik governments it has bought, which terrorise and oppress. their own > peoples and drive them to fight against the peoples of Azerbaidzhan and Russia > who have freed themselves from the bourgeois yoke. > > Imperialist Britain penetrates even into Turkestan, Khiva, Bukhara, > Azerbaidzhan, Daghestan and Northern Caucasia, its agents dart about > everywhere, > generously scattering, as bribes, British gold which has been extorted from > the > blood and sweat of the oppressed peoples. Everywhere these agents seek to > uphold > the tyrants and despots, the khans and landlords, to combat the incipient > revolutionary movements, to keep all the peoples, at any cost, in a state of > oppression and ruin, in want and ignorance. > > Oppression and ruin, want and ignorance among the Eastern peoples serve as > sources of enrichment for imperialist Britain. > > Peoples of the East! To you belong the richest, most fertile, most extensive > lands in the whole world; these lands, which were once the cradle of all > mankind, could feed not only their inhabitants but the entire population of > the > world, and yet now, every year, ten million Turkish, Persian and Indian > peasants > and workers are unable to find a crust of bread or any employment in their > wide > and fertile homelands, and are obliged to go abroad and seek a livelihood in > alien lands. > > They have to do this because in their homelands everything land, money, > banks, > factories, workshops belongs to British capitalists. They are not masters in > their own homelands, they dare not give orders there on the contrary they > themselves are ordered about by foreigners, the British capitalists. > > This is how it has been up to now, this is how it was also before the war, > when > imperialist Britain still had rivals in the shape of the German, French and > Russian imperialist predators, when it still hesitated to stretch out its paw > over all the countries of the East, for fear of receiving a blow on this paw > from some rival beast of prey. But now, when imperialist Britain has beaten > and > rendered powerless an of its rivals, when it has become the omnipotent master > of > Europe and Asia, now the capitalists who rule Britain are giving free rein to > their wolfish appetites and without restraint or shame are sinking voracious > teeth and claws into the bleeding body of the peoples of the East. > > British capital feels cramped in Europe, it has grown, and cannot find places > for investment: besides, the European workers, enlightened by revolutionary > consciousness, have become bad slaves: they are not willing to work for > nothing, > they want good wages. In order that capital may have elbow-room, in order that > it may bring in a good profit, in order that the European workers may be > thrown > a sop so as to hold back the growth of their revolutionary mood, in order that > it may be possible to bribe the leading strata of the worker masses, British > capital needs fresh land, fresh workers rightless and unenfranchised slaves. > > And the British capitalists think they have found these fresh lands in the > Eastern countries, and these rightless and voiceless slaveworkers in the > peoples > of the East. > > The British capitalists are trying to grab Turkey and Persia, Mesopotamia and > Arabia, Afghanistan and Egypt, so as to drive all the peasants from the land, > after buying from these ruined and indebted peasants, for trivial sums, all > their holdings, which they want to merge into huge estates and plantations, on > to which will then be driven to work as slave-labourers the Eastern peasants > reduced to landlessness. They want, in Turkey, Persia and Mesopotamia, using > the > cheap labour of the hungry Turkish, Persian and Arab labourers, to build > factories, lay out railways and work mines. They want, by means of the cheap > goods produced by factory industry, to destroy the handicrafts and the > millions > of local craftsmen with whom the cities of the East are filled, to throw them > into the street, unemployed. They want, by setting up huge trading firms, to > ruin the petty local merchants, throwing them too into the street, into the > ranks of the proletariat which has only its labour-power to sell. > > The British capitalists want to proletarianise completely the peoples of the > East, to ruin the economic activity of all the peasants, craftsmen and > merchants > and to force them all to work as hungry slaves on their plantations and in > their > factories and mines. And when they have so forced them, they intend to ruin > their health with unbearable labour and starve them to death on wretched pay, > squeezing sweat and blood out of the enslaved peoples of the East. And this > sweat of the workers, this blood of the peasants, they mean to turn into > surplus > value, into profit, into pure, ringing gold! This is the future which > imperialist Britain is preparing for the peoples of the East. > > Britain, which is a country of barely forty million people, only one-fortieth > of > whom constitute the group of oppressors and exploiters, while the remaining 39 > million are oppressed and exploited workers and farmers, wants to rule over > half > the world and to hold in slavery the 800 millions of the peoples of the East. > One British bourgeois capitalist, having already forced 39 British workers to > work for him, wants to force to work for him, in addition, 2,000 workers and > peasants in Persia, Turkey, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Thus, 2,040 hungry and > tortured people, enjoying none of the good things of life, are to work all > their > fives long for one idle parasite, a British capitalist. One million such > exploiters, British bankers and industrialists, want to reduce 800 millions of > the peoples of the East to slavery. And it must be said that they know how to > achieve their aim they have neither shame, nor conscience, nor fear; they > have > nothing but savage greed and unlimited thirst for gain. The ruin, hunger, > blood, > suffering and groans of 800 million people mean nothing to them. All that > matters is profit, all that counts is gain! And in pursuit of this profit and > gain the British imperialists have taken a tenacious grip on the throat of the > peoples of the East, and arepreparing a dark future for them. A future of > utter > ruin, permanent slavery, rightlessness, oppression and unlimited exploitation > > this is what is in store for the peoples of the East if the present government > remains in power in Britain, if imperialist Britain keeps its strength and > stabilises its rule over the Eastern countries. A miserable handful of British > bankers devour hundreds of millions of peasants and workers in the East. > > But this shall not be! > > In face of the British capitalists, the rulers of imperialist Britain, there > is > rising up the organised might of the peasants and workers of the East, united > under the red banner of the Communist International, under the red banner of > the > union of revolutionary workers, who have made it their aim to liberate the > whole > world and all mankind from every form of exploitation and oppression. > > The First Congress of representatives of the Peoples of the East loudly > proclaims to the whole world, to the capitalist rulers of Britain: This shall > not be! You dogs shall not devour the peoples of the East, you wretched > handful > of oppressors shall not reduce to everlasting serfdom hundreds of millions of > Eastern workers and peasants. You have bitten off too big a piece, more than > you > can chew, and it will choke you! > > The peoples of the East have long stagnated in the darkness of ignorance under > the despotic yoke of their own tyrant rulers, and under that of foreign > capitalist conquerors. But the roar of the world-wide conflict, and the > thunder > of the Russian workers' revolution, which has released the Eastern people of > Russia from the century-old chains of capitalist slavery, has awakened them, > and > now aroused from their sleep of centuries, they are rising to their feet. > > They are waking up and are hearing the call to a holy war, to a ghazavat: this > is our call! It is the call of the First Congress of representatives of the > Peoples of the East, united with the revolutionary proletariat of the West > under > the banner of the Communist International. Thus we representatives of the > toiling masses of all the peoples of the East: India, Turkey, Persia, Egypt, > Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashgar, China, Indochina, japan, Korea, Georgia, > Armenia, Azerbaidzhan, Daghestan, Northern Caucasia, Arabia, Mesopotamia, > Syria, > Palestine, Khiva, Bukhara, Turkestan, Ferghana, Tataria, Bashkiria, Kirghizia, > etc., united in unbreakable union among ourselves and with the revolutionary > workers of the West summon our peoples to a holy war. We say: > > Peoples of the East! You have often heard the call to holy war, from your > governments, you have marched under the green banner of the Prophet, but all > those holy wars were fraudulent, serving only the interests of your > self-seeking > rulers, and you, the peasants and workers, remained in slavery and want after > these wars. You conquered the good things of life for others, but yourselves > never enjoyed any of them. > > Now we summon you to the first real holy war, under the red banner of the > Communist International. We summon you to a holy war for your own well-being, > for your own freedom, for your own life! > > Britain, the last powerful imperialist predator left in Europe, has spread its > dark wings over the Eastern Moslem countries, and is trying to turn the > peoples > of the East into its slaves, into its booty. Slavery! Frightful slavery, ruin, > oppression and exploitation is being brought by Britain to the peoples of the > East. Save yourselves, peoples of the East! > > Arise and fight against this beast of prey! Go forward as one man into a holy > war against the British conquerors! Stand up, Indian exhausted by hunger and > unbearable slave labour! Stand up, Anatolian peasant crushed by taxes and > usury! > Stand up, Persian rayat strangled by the mulkadars! Stand up, Armenian toiler > driven out into the barren hills! Stand up, Arabs and Afghans, lost in sandy > deserts and cut off by the British from all the rest of the world! Stand up > and > fight against the common enemy, imperialist Britain! > > High waves the banner of the holy war ... This is a holy war for the > liberation > of the Peoples of the East, for the ending of the division of mankind into > oppressor peoples and oppressed peoples, for complete equality of all peoples > and races, whatever language they may speak, whatever the colour of their skin > and whatever the religion they profess. > > Into the holy war to end the division of countries into advanced and backward, > dependent and independent, metropolitan and colonial! > > Into the holy war for the liberation of all mankind from the yoke of > capitalist > and imperialist slavery, for the ending of all forms of oppression of one > people > by another and of all forms of exploitation of man by man! > > Into the holy war against the last citadel of capitalism and imperialism in > Europe, against the nest of pirates and bandits by sea and land, against the > age-old oppressor of all the peoples of the East, against imperialist Britain! > > Into the holy war for freedom, independence and happiness for all the peoples > of > the East, all the East's millions of peasants and workers enslaved by Britain! > > Peoples of the East! In this holy war all the revolutionary workers and all > the > oppressed peasants of the East will be with you. They win help you, they will > fight and die along with you. > > It is the First Congress of representatives of the Peoples of the East that > tells you this. Long live the unity of all the peasants and workers of the > East > and of the West, the unity of all the toilers, all the oppressed and > exploited. > Long live the battle headquarters of this united movement the Communist > International! May the holy war of the peoples of the East and of the toilers > of > the whole world against imperialist Britain burn with unquenchable fire! > > Honorary members of the Presidium > > Radek (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosmer (France), Quelch (Britain), Reed > (America), Steinhardt-Gruber (Austria), Jansen (Holland), Shablin (Balkan > Federation), Yoshiharo (Japan). > > Zinoviev, Chairman of the Congress > > Members of the Presidium > > Ryskulov, Abdurashidov, Karriyev, (Turkestan); Mustafa Sub'hi (Turkey; Wang > (China); Karid (India); Mulabekdchan, Radhmanov (Khiva); Mukhamedov (Bukhara); > Korkmasov, (Daghestan); Digurov (Terek Region); Aliyev (Northern Caucasia); > Kostanyan (Armenia); Narimanov (Azerbaidzhan); Yenikeyev (Tatar Republic); > Amur-Sanan (Kalmuck Republic); Makharadze (Georgia); Haidar Khan (Persia); > Aga-Zade (Afghanistan); Narbutabekov (Tashkent); Makhmudov (Ferghana); > Takhsim-Baari, Kaavis-Mahomed (Anatolia); Kuleyev (Transcaspia); Niyas Kuli > (Turkmenia); Kari Tadzhi (Samarkand); Nazyr-Sedyki (India); Sidadzheddin, > Kardash-Ogly (Daghestan); Yelchiev, Musayev (Azerbaidzhan); Azim > (Afghanistan); > Abdulayev (Khiva). > > Ostrovsky, Secretary to the Congress. > > (Kommunistichesky Internatsional, no. 15, December 20, 1920) >
------------------------------------ Post message: prole...@egroups.com Subscribe : proletar-subscr...@egroups.com Unsubscribe : proletar-unsubscr...@egroups.com List owner : proletar-ow...@egroups.com Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/ <*> Your email settings: Individual Email | Traditional <*> To change settings online go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/join (Yahoo! ID required) <*> To change settings via email: proletar-dig...@yahoogroups.com proletar-fullfeatu...@yahoogroups.com <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: proletar-unsubscr...@yahoogroups.com <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
