Author: mattip <matti.pi...@gmail.com>
Branch: 
Changeset: r80082:26b886602ace
Date: 2015-10-09 14:51 +0300
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/26b886602ace/

Log:    merge fortran-order into default

diff --git a/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst b/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst
@@ -60,3 +60,7 @@
 .. branch: callfamily
 
 Refactorings of annotation and rtyping of function calls.
+
+.. branch: fortran-order
+
+Allow creation of fortran-ordered ndarrays
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/ndarrayobject.py 
b/pypy/module/cpyext/ndarrayobject.py
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/ndarrayobject.py
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/ndarrayobject.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.descriptor import get_dtype_cache, W_Dtype
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.concrete import ConcreteArray
 from pypy.module.micronumpy import ufuncs
+import pypy.module.micronumpy.constants as NPY 
 from rpython.rlib.rawstorage import RAW_STORAGE_PTR
 from pypy.interpreter.typedef import TypeDef
 from pypy.interpreter.baseobjspace import W_Root
@@ -203,12 +204,12 @@
     return shape, dtype
 
 def simple_new(space, nd, dims, typenum,
-        order='C', owning=False, w_subtype=None):
+        order=NPY.CORDER, owning=False, w_subtype=None):
     shape, dtype = get_shape_and_dtype(space, nd, dims, typenum)
     return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype)
 
 def simple_new_from_data(space, nd, dims, typenum, data,
-        order='C', owning=False, w_subtype=None):
+        order=NPY.CORDER, owning=False, w_subtype=None):
     shape, dtype = get_shape_and_dtype(space, nd, dims, typenum)
     storage = rffi.cast(RAW_STORAGE_PTR, data)
     return W_NDimArray.from_shape_and_storage(space, shape, storage, dtype,
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@
         raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError,
                              space.wrap("strides must be NULL"))
 
-    order = 'C' if flags & NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS else 'F'
+    order = NPY.CORDER if flags & NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS else NPY.FORTRANORDER
     owning = True if flags & NPY_OWNDATA else False
     w_subtype = None
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_ndarrayobject.py 
b/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_ndarrayobject.py
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_ndarrayobject.py
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_ndarrayobject.py
@@ -4,16 +4,17 @@
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import rffi, lltype
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.ndarray import W_NDimArray
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.descriptor import get_dtype_cache
+import pypy.module.micronumpy.constants as NPY 
 
 def scalar(space):
     dtype = get_dtype_cache(space).w_float64dtype
     return W_NDimArray.new_scalar(space, dtype, space.wrap(10.))
 
-def array(space, shape, order='C'):
+def array(space, shape, order=NPY.CORDER):
     dtype = get_dtype_cache(space).w_float64dtype
     return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order=order)
 
-def iarray(space, shape, order='C'):
+def iarray(space, shape, order=NPY.CORDER):
     dtype = get_dtype_cache(space).w_int64dtype
     return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order=order)
 
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@
 
     def test_FLAGS(self, space, api):
         s = array(space, [10])
-        c = array(space, [10, 5, 3], order='C')
-        f = array(space, [10, 5, 3], order='F')
+        c = array(space, [10, 5, 3], order=NPY.CORDER)
+        f = array(space, [10, 5, 3], order=NPY.FORTRANORDER)
         assert api._PyArray_FLAGS(s) & 0x0001
         assert api._PyArray_FLAGS(s) & 0x0002
         assert api._PyArray_FLAGS(c) & 0x0001
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/arrayops.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/arrayops.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/arrayops.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/arrayops.py
@@ -108,7 +108,8 @@
         w_axis = space.wrap(0)
     if space.is_none(w_axis):
         args_w = [w_arg.reshape(space,
-                                space.newlist([w_arg.descr_get_size(space)]))
+                                space.newlist([w_arg.descr_get_size(space)]),
+                                w_arg.get_order())
                   for w_arg in args_w]
         w_axis = space.wrap(0)
     dtype = args_w[0].get_dtype()
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@
 
     dtype = find_result_type(space, args_w, [])
     # concatenate does not handle ndarray subtypes, it always returns a ndarray
-    res = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, 'C')
+    res = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, NPY.CORDER)
     chunks = [Chunk(0, i, 1, i) for i in shape]
     axis_start = 0
     for arr in args_w:
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/base.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/base.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/base.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/base.py
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@
         self.implementation = implementation
 
     @staticmethod
-    def from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order='C', w_instance=None, zero=True):
+    def from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order=NPY.CORDER,
+                   w_instance=None, zero=True):
         from pypy.module.micronumpy import concrete, descriptor, boxes
         from pypy.module.micronumpy.strides import calc_strides
         if len(shape) > NPY.MAXDIMS:
@@ -59,8 +60,9 @@
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_shape_and_storage(space, shape, storage, dtype, storage_bytes=-1,
-                               order='C', owning=False, w_subtype=None,
-                               w_base=None, writable=True, strides=None, 
start=0):
+                               order=NPY.CORDER, owning=False, w_subtype=None,
+                               w_base=None, writable=True, strides=None,
+                               start=0):
         from pypy.module.micronumpy import concrete
         from pypy.module.micronumpy.strides import (calc_strides,
                                                     calc_backstrides)
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/concrete.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/concrete.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/concrete.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/concrete.py
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@
         jit.hint(len(backstrides), promote=True)
         return backstrides
 
+    def get_flags(self):
+        return self.flags
+
     def getitem(self, index):
         return self.dtype.read(self, index, 0)
 
@@ -89,17 +92,18 @@
     def get_storage_size(self):
         return self.size
 
-    def reshape(self, orig_array, new_shape):
+    def reshape(self, orig_array, new_shape, order=NPY.ANYORDER):
         # Since we got to here, prod(new_shape) == self.size
+        order = support.get_order_as_CF(self.order, order)
         new_strides = None
         if self.size == 0:
-            new_strides, _ = calc_strides(new_shape, self.dtype, self.order)
+            new_strides, _ = calc_strides(new_shape, self.dtype, order)
         else:
             if len(self.get_shape()) == 0:
                 new_strides = [self.dtype.elsize] * len(new_shape)
             else:
                 new_strides = calc_new_strides(new_shape, self.get_shape(),
-                                               self.get_strides(), self.order)
+                                               self.get_strides(), order)
                 if new_strides is None or len(new_strides) != len(new_shape):
                     return None
         if new_strides is not None:
@@ -303,10 +307,11 @@
         return SliceArray(self.start, strides,
                           backstrides, shape, self, orig_array)
 
-    def copy(self, space):
+    def copy(self, space, order=NPY.ANYORDER):
+        order = support.get_order_as_CF(self.order, order)
         strides, backstrides = calc_strides(self.get_shape(), self.dtype,
-                                                    self.order)
-        impl = ConcreteArray(self.get_shape(), self.dtype, self.order, strides,
+                                                    order)
+        impl = ConcreteArray(self.get_shape(), self.dtype, order, strides,
                              backstrides)
         return loop.setslice(space, self.get_shape(), impl, self)
 
@@ -360,12 +365,12 @@
         # but make the array storage contiguous in memory
         shape = self.get_shape()
         strides = self.get_strides()
-        if order not in ('C', 'F'):
-            raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "Unknown order %s in astype", 
order)
+        if order not in (NPY.KEEPORDER, NPY.FORTRANORDER, NPY.CORDER):
+            raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "Unknown order %d in astype", 
order)
         if len(strides) == 0:
             t_strides = []
             backstrides = []
-        elif order != self.order:
+        elif order in (NPY.FORTRANORDER, NPY.CORDER):
             t_strides, backstrides = calc_strides(shape, dtype, order)
         else:
             indx_array = range(len(strides))
@@ -378,6 +383,7 @@
                 t_strides[i] = base
                 base *= shape[i]
             backstrides = calc_backstrides(t_strides, shape)
+        order = support.get_order_as_CF(self.order, order)
         impl = ConcreteArray(shape, dtype, order, t_strides, backstrides)
         loop.setslice(space, impl.get_shape(), impl, self)
         return impl
@@ -429,6 +435,8 @@
         self.shape = shape
         # already tested for overflow in from_shape_and_storage
         self.size = support.product(shape) * dtype.elsize
+        if order not in (NPY.CORDER, NPY.FORTRANORDER):
+            raise oefmt(dtype.itemtype.space.w_ValueError, 
"ConcreteArrayNotOwning but order is not 0,1 rather %d", order)
         self.order = order
         self.dtype = dtype
         self.strides = strides
@@ -562,6 +570,8 @@
         self.parent = parent
         self.storage = parent.storage
         self.gcstruct = parent.gcstruct
+        if parent.order not in (NPY.CORDER, NPY.FORTRANORDER):
+            raise oefmt(dtype.itemtype.space.w_ValueError, "SliceArray but 
parent order is not 0,1 rather %d", parent.order)
         self.order = parent.order
         self.dtype = dtype
         try:
@@ -602,13 +612,13 @@
                 s = self.get_strides()[0] // dtype.elsize
             except IndexError:
                 s = 1
-            if self.order == 'C':
+            if self.order != NPY.FORTRANORDER:
                 new_shape.reverse()
             for sh in new_shape:
                 strides.append(s * dtype.elsize)
                 backstrides.append(s * (sh - 1) * dtype.elsize)
                 s *= max(1, sh)
-            if self.order == 'C':
+            if self.order != NPY.FORTRANORDER:
                 strides.reverse()
                 backstrides.reverse()
                 new_shape.reverse()
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/converters.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/converters.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/converters.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/converters.py
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@
         elif order.startswith('K') or order.startswith('k'):
             return NPY.KEEPORDER
         else:
-            raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, space.wrap(
-                "order not understood"))
-
+            raise oefmt(space.w_TypeError, "Unknown order: '%s'", order)
+    return -1
 
 def multi_axis_converter(space, w_axis, ndim):
     if space.is_none(w_axis):
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/ctors.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/ctors.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/ctors.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/ctors.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import lltype, rffi
 
 from pypy.module.micronumpy import descriptor, loop, support
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.base import (
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.base import (wrap_impl,
     W_NDimArray, convert_to_array, W_NumpyObject)
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.converters import shape_converter
-from . import constants as NPY
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.converters import shape_converter, order_converter
+import pypy.module.micronumpy.constants as NPY
 from .casting import scalar2dtype
 
 
@@ -101,13 +101,8 @@
     dtype = descriptor.decode_w_dtype(space, w_dtype)
 
     if space.is_none(w_order):
-        order = 'C'
-    else:
-        order = space.str_w(w_order)
-        if order == 'K':
-            order = 'C'
-        if order != 'C':  # or order != 'F':
-            raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "Unknown order: %s", order)
+        w_order = space.wrap('C')
+    npy_order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.CORDER)
 
     if isinstance(w_object, W_NDimArray):
         if (dtype is None or w_object.get_dtype() is dtype):
@@ -126,7 +121,7 @@
             copy = True
         if copy:
             shape = w_object.get_shape()
-            w_arr = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order=order)
+            w_arr = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, 
order=npy_order)
             if support.product(shape) == 1:
                 w_arr.set_scalar_value(dtype.coerce(space,
                         w_object.implementation.getitem(0)))
@@ -151,7 +146,7 @@
     if dtype is None or (dtype.is_str_or_unicode() and dtype.elsize < 1):
         dtype = find_dtype_for_seq(space, elems_w, dtype)
 
-    w_arr = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order=order)
+    w_arr = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order=npy_order)
     if support.product(shape) == 1: # safe from overflow since from_shape 
checks
         w_arr.set_scalar_value(dtype.coerce(space, elems_w[0]))
     else:
@@ -268,6 +263,7 @@
 
 
 def _zeros_or_empty(space, w_shape, w_dtype, w_order, zero):
+    order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.CORDER)
     dtype = space.interp_w(descriptor.W_Dtype,
         space.call_function(space.gettypefor(descriptor.W_Dtype), w_dtype))
     if dtype.is_str_or_unicode() and dtype.elsize < 1:
@@ -281,7 +277,7 @@
         support.product_check(shape)
     except OverflowError:
         raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "array is too big.")
-    return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype=dtype, zero=zero)
+    return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order, zero=zero)
 
 def empty(space, w_shape, w_dtype=None, w_order=None):
     return _zeros_or_empty(space, w_shape, w_dtype, w_order, zero=False)
@@ -293,6 +289,7 @@
 @unwrap_spec(subok=bool)
 def empty_like(space, w_a, w_dtype=None, w_order=None, subok=True):
     w_a = convert_to_array(space, w_a)
+    npy_order = order_converter(space, w_order, w_a.get_order())
     if space.is_none(w_dtype):
         dtype = w_a.get_dtype()
     else:
@@ -300,7 +297,16 @@
             space.call_function(space.gettypefor(descriptor.W_Dtype), w_dtype))
         if dtype.is_str_or_unicode() and dtype.elsize < 1:
             dtype = descriptor.variable_dtype(space, dtype.char + '1')
+    if npy_order in (NPY.KEEPORDER, NPY.ANYORDER):
+        # Try to copy the stride pattern
+        impl = w_a.implementation.astype(space, dtype, NPY.KEEPORDER)
+        if subok:
+            w_type = space.type(w_a)
+        else:
+            w_type = None
+        return wrap_impl(space, w_type, w_a, impl)
     return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, w_a.get_shape(), dtype=dtype,
+                                  order=npy_order,
                                   w_instance=w_a if subok else None,
                                   zero=False)
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/loop.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/loop.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/loop.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/loop.py
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@
 def tostring(space, arr):
     builder = StringBuilder()
     iter, state = arr.create_iter()
-    w_res_str = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, [1], arr.get_dtype(), order='C')
+    w_res_str = W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, [1], arr.get_dtype())
     itemsize = arr.get_dtype().elsize
     with w_res_str.implementation as storage:
         res_str_casted = rffi.cast(rffi.CArrayPtr(lltype.Char),
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/ndarray.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/ndarray.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/ndarray.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/ndarray.py
@@ -97,11 +97,15 @@
         self.fill(space, self.get_dtype().coerce(space, w_value))
 
     def descr_tostring(self, space, w_order=None):
-        order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.CORDER)
-        if order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
-            raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError, space.wrap(
-                "unsupported value for order"))
-        return space.wrap(loop.tostring(space, self))
+        try:
+            order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.CORDER)
+        except:
+            raise oefmt(space.w_TypeError, "order not understood")
+        order = support.get_order_as_CF(self.get_order(), order)
+        arr = self
+        if order != arr.get_order():
+            arr = W_NDimArray(self.implementation.transpose(self, None))
+        return space.wrap(loop.tostring(space, arr))
 
     def getitem_filter(self, space, arr):
         if arr.ndims() > 1 and arr.get_shape() != self.get_shape():
@@ -365,11 +369,13 @@
         return self.implementation.getitem(self.implementation.start)
 
     def descr_copy(self, space, w_order=None):
-        order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.KEEPORDER)
-        if order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
-            raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError, space.wrap(
-                "unsupported value for order"))
-        copy = self.implementation.copy(space)
+        if w_order is None:
+            order = NPY.KEEPORDER
+        elif space.isinstance_w(w_order, space.w_int):
+            order = space.int_w(w_order)
+        else:
+            order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.KEEPORDER)
+        copy = self.implementation.copy(space, order)
         w_subtype = space.type(self)
         return wrap_impl(space, w_subtype, self, copy)
 
@@ -392,15 +398,15 @@
                         'array does not have imaginary part to set')
         self.implementation.set_imag(space, self, w_value)
 
-    def reshape(self, space, w_shape):
+    def reshape(self, space, w_shape, order):
         new_shape = get_shape_from_iterable(space, self.get_size(), w_shape)
-        new_impl = self.implementation.reshape(self, new_shape)
+        new_impl = self.implementation.reshape(self, new_shape, order)
         if new_impl is not None:
             return wrap_impl(space, space.type(self), self, new_impl)
         # Create copy with contiguous data
-        arr = self.descr_copy(space)
+        arr = self.descr_copy(space, space.wrap(order))
         if arr.get_size() > 0:
-            new_implementation = arr.implementation.reshape(self, new_shape)
+            new_implementation = arr.implementation.reshape(self, new_shape, 
order)
             if new_implementation is None:
                 raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError,
                             'could not reshape array of size %d to shape %s',
@@ -434,16 +440,13 @@
         if order == NPY.KEEPORDER:
             raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap(
                 "order 'K' is not permitted for reshaping"))
-        if order != NPY.CORDER and order != NPY.ANYORDER:
-            raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError, space.wrap(
-                "unsupported value for order"))
         if len(args_w) == 1:
             if space.is_none(args_w[0]):
                 return self.descr_view(space)
             w_shape = args_w[0]
         else:
             w_shape = space.newtuple(args_w)
-        return self.reshape(space, w_shape)
+        return self.reshape(space, w_shape, order)
 
     def descr_get_transpose(self, space, axes=None):
         return W_NDimArray(self.implementation.transpose(self, axes))
@@ -514,20 +517,8 @@
         return space.newlist(l_w)
 
     def descr_ravel(self, space, w_order=None):
-        if space.is_none(w_order):
-            order = 'C'
-        else:
-            order = space.str_w(w_order)
-        if order == 'K' and is_c_contiguous(self.implementation):
-            for s in  self.implementation.get_strides():
-                if s < 0:
-                    break
-            else:
-                order = 'C'
-        if order != 'C':
-            raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError, space.wrap(
-                "order != 'C' only partially implemented"))
-        return self.reshape(space, space.wrap(-1))
+        order = order_converter(space, w_order, self.get_order())
+        return self.reshape(space, space.wrap(-1), order)
 
     @unwrap_spec(w_axis=WrappedDefault(None),
                  w_out=WrappedDefault(None),
@@ -541,14 +532,15 @@
                                  space.wrap("axis unsupported for compress"))
             arr = self
         else:
-            arr = self.reshape(space, space.wrap(-1))
+            arr = self.reshape(space, space.wrap(-1), self.get_order())
         index = convert_to_array(space, w_obj)
         return arr.getitem_filter(space, index)
 
     def descr_flatten(self, space, w_order=None):
+        order = order_converter(space, w_order, self.get_order())
         if self.is_scalar():
             # scalars have no storage
-            return self.reshape(space, space.wrap(1))
+            return self.reshape(space, space.wrap(1), order)
         w_res = self.descr_ravel(space, w_order)
         if w_res.implementation.storage == self.implementation.storage:
             return w_res.descr_copy(space)
@@ -631,7 +623,7 @@
                               space.newtuple([space.wrap(addr), 
space.w_False]))
             space.setitem_str(w_d, 'shape', self.descr_get_shape(space))
             space.setitem_str(w_d, 'typestr', 
self.get_dtype().descr_get_str(space))
-            if self.implementation.order == 'C':
+            if self.implementation.order == NPY.CORDER:
                 # Array is contiguous, no strides in the interface.
                 strides = space.w_None
             else:
@@ -690,8 +682,9 @@
                         "according to the rule %s",
                         space.str_w(self.get_dtype().descr_repr(space)),
                         space.str_w(new_dtype.descr_repr(space)), casting)
-        order  = support.get_order_as_CF(self.get_order(), order)
-        if (not copy and new_dtype == self.get_dtype() and order == 
self.get_order()
+        order  = order_converter(space, space.wrap(order), self.get_order())
+        if (not copy and new_dtype == self.get_dtype() 
+                and (order in (NPY.KEEPORDER, NPY.ANYORDER) or order == 
self.get_order())
                 and (subok or type(self) is W_NDimArray)):
             return self
         impl = self.implementation
@@ -972,7 +965,7 @@
                     raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap(
                         "new type not compatible with array."))
                 # Adapt the smallest dim to the new itemsize
-                if self.get_order() == 'F':
+                if self.get_order() == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
                     minstride = strides[0]
                     mini = 0
                 else:
@@ -1136,7 +1129,7 @@
             matches = True
             if dtype != out.get_dtype():
                 matches = False
-            elif not out.implementation.order == "C":
+            elif not out.implementation.order == NPY.CORDER:
                 matches = False
             elif out.ndims() != len(out_shape):
                 matches = False
@@ -1195,7 +1188,7 @@
             out = out_converter(space, w_out)
             if space.is_none(w_axis):
                 w_axis = space.wrap(0)
-                arr = self.reshape(space, space.wrap(-1))
+                arr = self.reshape(space, space.wrap(-1), self.get_order())
             else:
                 arr = self
             ufunc = getattr(ufuncs.get(space), ufunc_name)
@@ -1408,10 +1401,6 @@
                                                   strides=strides)
 
     order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.CORDER)
-    if order == NPY.CORDER:
-        order = 'C'
-    else:
-        order = 'F'
     if space.is_w(w_subtype, space.gettypefor(W_NDimArray)):
         return W_NDimArray.from_shape(space, shape, dtype, order)
     strides, backstrides = calc_strides(shape, dtype.base, order)
@@ -1448,7 +1437,7 @@
             raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap(
                 "subtype must be a subtype of ndarray, not a class instance"))
         return W_NDimArray.from_shape_and_storage(space, shape, storage, dtype,
-                                                  buf_len, 'C', False, 
w_subtype,
+                                                  buf_len, NPY.CORDER, False, 
w_subtype,
                                                   strides=strides)
     else:
         return W_NDimArray.from_shape_and_storage(space, shape, storage, dtype,
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/nditer.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/nditer.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/nditer.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/nditer.py
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
                                             shape_agreement, 
shape_agreement_multiple)
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.casting import (find_binop_result_dtype, 
                     can_cast_array, can_cast_type)
+import pypy.module.micronumpy.constants as NPY
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.converters import order_converter
 
 
 def parse_op_arg(space, name, w_op_flags, n, parse_one_arg):
@@ -142,14 +144,13 @@
             'Iterator flag EXTERNAL_LOOP cannot be used if an index or '
             'multi-index is being tracked')
 
-
-def is_backward(imp, order):
-    if order == 'K' or (order == 'C' and imp.order == 'C'):
+def is_backward(imp_order, order):
+    if imp_order == order:
         return False
-    elif order == 'F' and imp.order == 'C':
+    if order == NPY.KEEPORDER:
+        return False
+    else:
         return True
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError('not implemented yet')
 
 
 class OperandIter(ArrayIter):
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@
                 continue
             assert isinstance(op_it, ArrayIter)
             indx = len(op_it.strides)
-            if it.order == 'F':
+            if it.order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
                 indx = len(op_it.array.strides) - indx
                 assert indx >=0
                 astrides = op_it.array.strides[indx:]
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@
                                          it.order)
                 it.iters[i] = (new_iter, new_iter.reset())
             if len(it.shape) > 1:
-                if it.order == 'F':
+                if it.order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
                     it.shape = it.shape[1:]
                 else:
                     it.shape = it.shape[:-1]
@@ -261,10 +262,10 @@
             break
     # Always coalesce at least one
     for i in range(len(it.iters)):
-        new_iter = coalesce_iter(it.iters[i][0], it.op_flags[i], it, 'C')
+        new_iter = coalesce_iter(it.iters[i][0], it.op_flags[i], it, 
NPY.CORDER)
         it.iters[i] = (new_iter, new_iter.reset())
     if len(it.shape) > 1:
-        if it.order == 'F':
+        if it.order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
             it.shape = it.shape[1:]
         else:
             it.shape = it.shape[:-1]
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@
         return old_iter
     strides = old_iter.strides
     backstrides = old_iter.backstrides
-    if order == 'F':
+    if order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
         new_shape = shape[1:]
         new_strides = strides[1:]
         new_backstrides = backstrides[1:]
@@ -346,8 +347,8 @@
 class W_NDIter(W_NumpyObject):
     _immutable_fields_ = ['ndim', ]
     def __init__(self, space, w_seq, w_flags, w_op_flags, w_op_dtypes,
-                 w_casting, w_op_axes, w_itershape, buffersize=0, order='K'):
-        self.order = order
+                 w_casting, w_op_axes, w_itershape, buffersize=0,
+                 order=NPY.KEEPORDER):
         self.external_loop = False
         self.buffered = False
         self.tracked_index = ''
@@ -375,7 +376,25 @@
                         for w_elem in w_seq_as_list]
         else:
             self.seq = [convert_to_array(space, w_seq)]
-
+        if order == NPY.ANYORDER:
+            # 'A' means "'F' order if all the arrays are Fortran contiguous,
+            #            'C' order otherwise"
+            order = NPY.CORDER
+            for s in self.seq:
+                if s and not(s.get_flags() & NPY.ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS):
+                     break
+                else:
+                    order = NPY.FORTRANORDER
+        elif order == NPY.KEEPORDER:
+            # 'K' means "as close to the order the array elements appear in
+            #     memory as possible", so match self.order to seq.order
+            order = NPY.CORDER
+            for s in self.seq:
+                if s and not(s.get_order() == NPY.FORTRANORDER):
+                     break
+                else:
+                    order = NPY.FORTRANORDER
+        self.order = order
         parse_func_flags(space, self, w_flags)
         self.op_flags = parse_op_arg(space, 'op_flags', w_op_flags,
                                      len(self.seq), parse_op_flag)
@@ -439,12 +458,15 @@
                                 str(self.shape)) 
 
         if self.tracked_index != "":
-            if self.order == "K":
-                self.order = self.seq[0].implementation.order
+            order = self.order
+            if order == NPY.KEEPORDER:
+                order = self.seq[0].implementation.order
             if self.tracked_index == "multi":
                 backward = False
             else:
-                backward = self.order != self.tracked_index
+                backward = ((
+                    order == NPY.CORDER and self.tracked_index != 'C') or (
+                    order == NPY.FORTRANORDER and self.tracked_index != 'F'))
             self.index_iter = IndexIterator(self.shape, backward=backward)
 
         # handle w_op_dtypes part 2: copy where needed if possible
@@ -456,7 +478,6 @@
                     self.dtypes[i] = seq_d
                 elif self_d != seq_d:
                         impl = self.seq[i].implementation
-                        order = support.get_order_as_CF(impl.order, self.order)
                         if self.buffered or 'r' in self.op_flags[i].tmp_copy:
                             if not can_cast_array(
                                     space, self.seq[i], self_d, self.casting):
@@ -466,7 +487,7 @@
                                     space.str_w(seq_d.descr_repr(space)),
                                     space.str_w(self_d.descr_repr(space)),
                                     self.casting)
- 
+                            order = support.get_order_as_CF(impl.order, 
self.order)
                             new_impl = impl.astype(space, self_d, 
order).copy(space)
                             self.seq[i] = W_NDimArray(new_impl)
                         else:
@@ -484,7 +505,7 @@
                                     space.str_w(self_d.descr_repr(space)),
                                     space.str_w(seq_d.descr_repr(space)),
                                     i, self.casting)
-        elif self.buffered:
+        elif self.buffered and not (self.external_loop and len(self.seq)<2):
             for i in range(len(self.seq)):
                 if i not in outargs:
                     self.seq[i] = self.seq[i].descr_copy(space,
@@ -506,12 +527,19 @@
 
     def get_iter(self, space, i):
         arr = self.seq[i]
-        dtype = self.dtypes[i]
-        shape = self.shape
         imp = arr.implementation
-        backward = is_backward(imp, self.order)
         if arr.is_scalar():
             return ConcreteIter(imp, 1, [], [], [], self.op_flags[i], self)
+        shape = self.shape
+        if (self.external_loop and len(self.seq)<2 and self.buffered):
+            # Special case, always return a memory-ordered iterator
+            stride = imp.dtype.elsize
+            backstride = imp.size * stride - stride
+            return ConcreteIter(imp, imp.get_size(), 
+                [support.product(shape)], [stride], [backstride],
+                            self.op_flags[i], self)
+        backward = imp.order != self.order
+        # XXX cleanup needed
         if (abs(imp.strides[0]) < abs(imp.strides[-1]) and not backward) or \
            (abs(imp.strides[0]) > abs(imp.strides[-1]) and backward):
             # flip the strides. Is this always true for multidimension?
@@ -704,13 +732,15 @@
 
 
 @unwrap_spec(w_flags=WrappedDefault(None), w_op_flags=WrappedDefault(None),
-             w_op_dtypes=WrappedDefault(None), order=str,
+             w_op_dtypes=WrappedDefault(None), w_order=WrappedDefault(None),
              w_casting=WrappedDefault(None), w_op_axes=WrappedDefault(None),
-             w_itershape=WrappedDefault(None), buffersize=int)
+             w_itershape=WrappedDefault(None), w_buffersize=WrappedDefault(0))
 def descr_new_nditer(space, w_subtype, w_seq, w_flags, w_op_flags, w_op_dtypes,
-                 w_casting, w_op_axes, w_itershape, buffersize=0, order='K'):
+                 w_casting, w_op_axes, w_itershape, w_buffersize, w_order):
+    npy_order = order_converter(space, w_order, NPY.KEEPORDER)
+    buffersize = space.int_w(w_buffersize) 
     return W_NDIter(space, w_seq, w_flags, w_op_flags, w_op_dtypes, w_casting, 
w_op_axes,
-                    w_itershape, buffersize, order)
+                    w_itershape, buffersize, npy_order)
 
 W_NDIter.typedef = TypeDef('numpy.nditer',
     __new__ = interp2app(descr_new_nditer),
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/strides.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/strides.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/strides.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/strides.py
@@ -310,14 +310,14 @@
     backstrides = []
     s = 1
     shape_rev = shape[:]
-    if order == 'C':
+    if order in [NPY.CORDER, NPY.ANYORDER]:
         shape_rev.reverse()
     for sh in shape_rev:
         slimit = max(sh, 1)
         strides.append(s * dtype.elsize)
         backstrides.append(s * (slimit - 1) * dtype.elsize)
         s *= slimit
-    if order == 'C':
+    if order in [NPY.CORDER, NPY.ANYORDER]:
         strides.reverse()
         backstrides.reverse()
     return strides, backstrides
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
     last_step = 1
     oldI = 0
     new_strides = []
-    if order == 'F':
+    if order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
         for i in range(len(old_shape)):
             steps.append(old_strides[i] / last_step)
             last_step *= old_shape[i]
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@
                 if oldI < len(old_shape):
                     cur_step = steps[oldI]
                     n_old_elems_to_use *= old_shape[oldI]
-    elif order == 'C':
+    else:
         for i in range(len(old_shape) - 1, -1, -1):
             steps.insert(0, old_strides[i] / last_step)
             last_step *= old_shape[i]
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/support.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/support.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/support.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/support.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.typedef import GetSetProperty
 from pypy.objspace.std.typeobject import W_TypeObject
 from pypy.objspace.std.objspace import StdObjSpace
+from pypy.module.micronumpy import constants as NPY
 
 def issequence_w(space, w_obj):
     from pypy.module.micronumpy.base import W_NDimArray
@@ -176,15 +177,11 @@
     return space.is_true(space.gt(w_priority_r, w_priority_l))
 
 def get_order_as_CF(proto_order, req_order):
-    if req_order == 'C':
-        return 'C'
-    elif req_order == 'F':
-        return 'F'
-    elif req_order == 'K':
-        return proto_order
-    elif req_order == 'A':
-        return proto_order
-
+    if req_order == NPY.CORDER:
+        return NPY.CORDER
+    elif req_order == NPY.FORTRANORDER:
+        return NPY.FORTRANORDER
+    return proto_order
 
 def descr_set_docstring(space, w_obj, w_docstring):
     if not isinstance(space, StdObjSpace):
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ndarray.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ndarray.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ndarray.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ndarray.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.appbridge import get_appbridge_cache
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.strides import Chunk, new_view, EllipsisChunk
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.ndarray import W_NDimArray
+import pypy.module.micronumpy.constants as NPY
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.test.test_base import BaseNumpyAppTest
 
 
@@ -45,20 +46,20 @@
         return self.space.newtuple(args_w)
 
     def test_strides_f(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='F')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), 
order=NPY.FORTRANORDER)
         assert a.strides == [1, 10, 50]
         assert a.backstrides == [9, 40, 100]
 
     def test_strides_c(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='C')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order=NPY.CORDER)
         assert a.strides == [15, 3, 1]
         assert a.backstrides == [135, 12, 2]
-        a = create_array(self.space, [1, 0, 7], MockDtype(), order='C')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [1, 0, 7], MockDtype(), order=NPY.CORDER)
         assert a.strides == [7, 7, 1]
         assert a.backstrides == [0, 0, 6]
 
     def test_create_slice_f(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='F')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), 
order=NPY.FORTRANORDER)
         s = create_slice(self.space, a, [Chunk(3, 0, 0, 1)])
         assert s.start == 3
         assert s.strides == [10, 50]
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@
         assert s.shape == [10, 3]
 
     def test_create_slice_c(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='C')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order=NPY.CORDER)
         s = create_slice(self.space, a, [Chunk(3, 0, 0, 1)])
         assert s.start == 45
         assert s.strides == [3, 1]
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@
         assert s.shape == [10, 3]
 
     def test_slice_of_slice_f(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='F')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), 
order=NPY.FORTRANORDER)
         s = create_slice(self.space, a, [Chunk(5, 0, 0, 1)])
         assert s.start == 5
         s2 = create_slice(self.space, s, [Chunk(3, 0, 0, 1)])
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@
         assert s2.start == 1 * 15 + 2 * 3
 
     def test_slice_of_slice_c(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='C')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order=NPY.CORDER)
         s = create_slice(self.space, a, [Chunk(5, 0, 0, 1)])
         assert s.start == 15 * 5
         s2 = create_slice(self.space, s, [Chunk(3, 0, 0, 1)])
@@ -131,14 +132,14 @@
         assert s2.start == 1 * 15 + 2 * 3
 
     def test_negative_step_f(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='F')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), 
order=NPY.FORTRANORDER)
         s = create_slice(self.space, a, [Chunk(9, -1, -2, 5)])
         assert s.start == 9
         assert s.strides == [-2, 10, 50]
         assert s.backstrides == [-8, 40, 100]
 
     def test_negative_step_c(self):
-        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order='C')
+        a = create_array(self.space, [10, 5, 3], MockDtype(), order=NPY.CORDER)
         s = create_slice(self.space, a, [Chunk(9, -1, -2, 5)])
         assert s.start == 135
         assert s.strides == [-30, 3, 1]
@@ -155,17 +156,17 @@
 
     def test_calc_new_strides(self):
         from pypy.module.micronumpy.strides import calc_new_strides
-        assert calc_new_strides([2, 4], [4, 2], [4, 2], "C") == [8, 2]
-        assert calc_new_strides([2, 4, 3], [8, 3], [1, 16], 'F') == [1, 2, 16]
-        assert calc_new_strides([2, 3, 4], [8, 3], [1, 16], 'F') is None
-        assert calc_new_strides([24], [2, 4, 3], [48, 6, 1], 'C') is None
-        assert calc_new_strides([24], [2, 4, 3], [24, 6, 2], 'C') == [2]
-        assert calc_new_strides([105, 1], [3, 5, 7], [35, 7, 1],'C') == [1, 1]
-        assert calc_new_strides([1, 105], [3, 5, 7], [35, 7, 1],'C') == [105, 
1]
-        assert calc_new_strides([1, 105], [3, 5, 7], [35, 7, 1],'F') is None
-        assert calc_new_strides([1, 1, 1, 105, 1], [15, 7], [7, 1],'C') == \
+        assert calc_new_strides([2, 4], [4, 2], [4, 2], NPY.CORDER) == [8, 2]
+        assert calc_new_strides([2, 4, 3], [8, 3], [1, 16], NPY.FORTRANORDER) 
== [1, 2, 16]
+        assert calc_new_strides([2, 3, 4], [8, 3], [1, 16], NPY.FORTRANORDER) 
is None
+        assert calc_new_strides([24], [2, 4, 3], [48, 6, 1], NPY.CORDER) is 
None
+        assert calc_new_strides([24], [2, 4, 3], [24, 6, 2], NPY.CORDER) == [2]
+        assert calc_new_strides([105, 1], [3, 5, 7], [35, 7, 1],NPY.CORDER) == 
[1, 1]
+        assert calc_new_strides([1, 105], [3, 5, 7], [35, 7, 1],NPY.CORDER) == 
[105, 1]
+        assert calc_new_strides([1, 105], [3, 5, 7], [35, 7, 
1],NPY.FORTRANORDER) is None
+        assert calc_new_strides([1, 1, 1, 105, 1], [15, 7], [7, 1],NPY.CORDER) 
== \
                                     [105, 105, 105, 1, 1]
-        assert calc_new_strides([1, 1, 105, 1, 1], [7, 15], [1, 7],'F') == \
+        assert calc_new_strides([1, 1, 105, 1, 1], [7, 15], [1, 
7],NPY.FORTRANORDER) == \
                                     [1, 1, 1, 105, 105]
 
     def test_find_shape(self):
@@ -444,6 +445,8 @@
         b = np.empty_like(A((2, 3)), subok=False)
         assert b.shape == (2, 3)
         assert type(b) is np.ndarray
+        b = np.empty_like(np.array(3.0), order='A')
+        assert type(b) is np.ndarray
 
     def test_size(self):
         from numpy import array,arange,cos
@@ -534,10 +537,10 @@
         assert (b == a).all()
         b = a.copy(order='A')
         assert (b == a).all()
-        import sys
-        if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
-            raises(NotImplementedError, a.copy, order='F')
-            raises(NotImplementedError, a.copy, order=True)
+        b = a.copy(order='F')
+        assert (b == a).all()
+        b = a.copy(order=True)
+        assert (b == a).all()
 
     def test_iterator_init(self):
         from numpy import array
@@ -918,9 +921,11 @@
         assert a.reshape((0,), order='A').shape == (0,)
         raises(TypeError, a.reshape, (0,), badarg="C")
         raises(ValueError, a.reshape, (0,), order="K")
-        import sys
-        if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
-            raises(NotImplementedError, a.reshape, (0,), order='F')
+        b = a.reshape((0,), order='F')
+        assert b.shape == (0,)
+        a = array(range(24), 'uint8')
+        assert a.reshape([2, 3, 4], order=True).strides ==(1, 2, 6)
+        assert a.reshape([2, 3, 4], order=False).strides ==(12, 4, 1)
 
     def test_slice_reshape(self):
         from numpy import zeros, arange
@@ -2676,11 +2681,11 @@
         assert a[1][2][1] == 15
 
     def test_create_order(self):
-        import sys, numpy as np
+        import numpy as np
         for order in [False, True, 'C', 'F']:
             a = np.empty((2, 3), float, order=order)
             assert a.shape == (2, 3)
-            if order in [True, 'F'] and '__pypy__' not in 
sys.builtin_module_names:
+            if order in [True, 'F']:
                 assert a.flags['F']
                 assert not a.flags['C']
             else:
@@ -3577,10 +3582,7 @@
             assert a.tostring(order) == '\x01\x02\x03\x04'
         import sys
         for order in (True, 'F'):
-            if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
-                raises(NotImplementedError, a.tostring, order)
-            else:
-                assert a.tostring(order) == '\x01\x03\x02\x04'
+            assert a.tostring(order) == '\x01\x03\x02\x04'
         assert array(2.2-1.1j, dtype='>c16').tostring() == \
             '@\x01\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x9a\xbf\xf1\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x9a'
         assert array(2.2-1.1j, dtype='<c16').tostring() == \
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_nditer.py 
b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_nditer.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_nditer.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_nditer.py
@@ -114,14 +114,11 @@
         from numpy import nditer, array
 
         a = array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order="C")
-        try:
-            b = array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order="F")
-        except (NotImplementedError, ValueError):
-            skip('Fortran order not implemented')
+        b = array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order="F")
 
         it = nditer([a, b])
-
-        assert list(it) == zip(range(1, 5), range(1, 5))
+        r = list(it)
+        assert r == zip(range(1, 5), range(1, 5))
 
     def test_interface(self):
         from numpy import arange, nditer, zeros
@@ -161,11 +158,7 @@
         assert r[0][0] == 100
 
         r = []
-        try:
-            it = nditer(a, flags=['buffered'], order='F')
-        except NotImplementedError as e:
-            assert 'unsupported value for order' in str(e)
-            skip('buffered with order="F" requires fortran tmp array creation')
+        it = nditer(a, flags=['buffered'], order='F')
         for x in it:
             r.append(x)
         array_r = array(r)
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/ufuncs.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/ufuncs.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/ufuncs.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/ufuncs.py
@@ -668,9 +668,9 @@
         for dt_in, dt_out in self.dtypes:
             if can_cast_to(dtype, dt_in) and dt_out == dt_in:
                 return dt_in
-        raise ValueError(
+        raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError,
             "could not find a matching type for %s.accumulate, "
-            "requested type has type code '%s'" % (self.name, dtype.char))
+            "requested type has type code '%s'", self.name, dtype.char)
 
 
     @jit.unroll_safe
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