China changes everything, as 799 hinted at thinking about what threads 
you're concerned about.

For "they certainly won't be after me" as a foreigner in China I just used 
my home internet with a VPN and skipped Whonix. If I was going to get in 
trouble/deported, it wouldn't have anything to do with my computer's 
privacy/security. It would be because I posted something critical on 
Facebook, or some operational security mistake like a critical blog/forum 
post using the same pseudonym I registered someplace else with my real name 
and email.

In China, using Whonix out of the box and accessing Tor is a bad idea and 
is dangerous for your personal security. Entry node IPs are public and they 
will know. Both Tor and VPNs are quasi-illegal, but there's a difference. 
Tor screams out that you're a dissident or criminal. VPNs instead suggest 
you're streaming Netflix or looking at pictures of cats on Facebook. A VPN 
might land a local Tibetan/muslim in prison, but nothing happens to 
foreigners using a VPN (which is everyone, and they're not going to deport 
everyone).

For "most secure" in China, I would put a VPN VM behind sys-net, and then 
use Qubes settings to attach whonix-gw behind the VPN and use whonix-ws for 
browsing (https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/vpn/). For China, NordVPN supposedly 
works best, but I've never had issues there using ExpressVPN. For the 
paranoid, consider for a moment that China blocks other VPNs but not these 
two... So, you just connect the whonix-gw through the VPN and now you have 
reasonable Qubes security and reasonable privacy from the whonix-ws. Whonix 
uses Tor and prevents identification of your true IP/Mac/host DNS/hardware 
is the purpose of Whonix using a gateway (GW) and a workstation (WS). Using 
Whonix on Qubes alleviates some of the pitfalls of your hardware concerns, 
identified here: https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Host_Security

For public Wi-Fi, your card's MAC accessing a VPN would still be seen. 
Scrambling your Wi-Fi card's MAC address using macchanger is easy to screw 
up and some cards don't play nice. Pretty useless anyway, a cafe in China 
is going to have at least two cameras on you inside and the streets are 
covered in cities so a directional antenna only brings attention to 
yourself. Just be mindful of what's recording your screen.

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