Dear Qubes Community,
We have published [Qubes Canary
043](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-secpack/blob/b0211f33f0c10f13c4ee25600e5dbecbb92bebc8/canaries/canary-043-2025.txt).
The text of this canary and its accompanying cryptographic signatures are
reproduced below. For an explanation of this announcement and instructions for
authenticating this canary, please see the end of this announcement.
## Qubes Canary 043
```
---===[ Qubes Canary 043 ]===---
Statements
-----------
The Qubes security team members who have digitally signed this file [1]
state the following:
1. The date of issue of this canary is June 03, 2025.
2. There have been 107 Qubes security bulletins published so far.
3. The Qubes Master Signing Key fingerprint is:
427F 11FD 0FAA 4B08 0123 F01C DDFA 1A3E 3687 9494
4. No warrants have ever been served to us with regard to the Qubes OS
Project (e.g. to hand out the private signing keys or to introduce
backdoors).
5. We plan to publish the next of these canary statements in the first
fourteen days of September 2025. Special note should be taken if no new
canary is published by that time or if the list of statements changes
without plausible explanation.
Special announcements
----------------------
None.
Disclaimers and notes
----------------------
We would like to remind you that Qubes OS has been designed under the
assumption that all relevant infrastructure is permanently compromised.
This means that we assume NO trust in any of the servers or services
which host or provide any Qubes-related data, in particular, software
updates, source code repositories, and Qubes ISO downloads.
This canary scheme is not infallible. Although signing the declaration
makes it very difficult for a third party to produce arbitrary
declarations, it does not prevent them from using force or other means,
like blackmail or compromising the signers' laptops, to coerce us to
produce false declarations.
The proof of freshness provided below serves to demonstrate that this
canary could not have been created prior to the date stated. It shows
that a series of canaries was not created in advance.
This declaration is merely a best effort and is provided without any
guarantee or warranty. It is not legally binding in any way to anybody.
None of the signers should be ever held legally responsible for any of
the statements made here.
Proof of freshness
-------------------
Tue, 03 Jun 2025 06:49:12 +0000
Source: DER SPIEGEL - International
(https://www.spiegel.de/international/index.rss)
Interview with Danish Prime Minister Frederiksen: "If Trump Wants a Trade War,
We Will Respond"
A Difficult Relationship: How the Gaza War Is Changing Germany's View of Israel
The German Chancellor's Diplomacy Offensive: Can Friedrich Merz Help Keep Trump
from Abandoning Europe?
Death Zone Drama on K2: "Brother, It's Just Me and You"
Ruqqia Fights for Survival: Children in Gaza Facing Malnourishment as
Humanitarian Situation Worsens
Source: NYT > World News
(https://rss.nytimes.com/services/xml/rss/nyt/World.xml)
Gaza Cease-Fire Negotiations Hit A New Impasse Over An Old Dispute
South Korea’s New President Will Lead A Country More Divided Than Ever
Ukraine and Russia Met for 2nd Round of Talks as Attacks Escalate
In Drone Attacks on Russia, Ukraine Aims for Strategic and Symbolic Blow
Poland Election: Karol Nawrocki Wins Presidential Vote
Source: BBC News (https://feeds.bbci.co.uk/news/world/rss.xml)
Suspect in Colorado fire attack planned for a year, FBI says
Russia and Ukraine fail again to agree ceasefire but commit to prisoner swap
How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers
Disney makes hundreds more layoffs as it cuts costs
Mount Etna erupts as large plumes rise from volcano
Source: Blockchain.info
00000000000000000000ad08ae4d191a62914466df62c55d1785bea4b4fd2b01
Footnotes
----------
[1] This file should be signed in two ways: (1) via detached PGP
signatures by each of the signers, distributed together with this canary
in the qubes-secpack.git repo, and (2) via digital signatures on the
corresponding qubes-secpack.git repo tags. [2]
[2] Don't just trust the contents of this file blindly! Verify the
digital signatures! Instructions for doing so are documented here:
https://www.qubes-os.org/security/pack/
--
The Qubes Security Team
https://www.qubes-os.org/security/
```
Source:
[canary-043-2025.txt](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-secpack/blob/b0211f33f0c10f13c4ee25600e5dbecbb92bebc8/canaries/canary-043-2025.txt)
## [Marek
Marczykowski-Górecki](https://www.qubes-os.org/team/#marek-marczykowski-górecki)'s
PGP signature
```
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----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=xzVH
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
```
Source:
[canary-043-2025.txt.sig.marmarek](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-secpack/blob/b0211f33f0c10f13c4ee25600e5dbecbb92bebc8/canaries/canary-043-2025.txt.sig.marmarek)
## [Simon Gaiser (aka
HW42)](https://www.qubes-os.org/team/#simon-gaiser-aka-hw42)'s PGP signature
```
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----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=2iCq
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
```
Source:
[canary-043-2025.txt.sig.simon](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-secpack/blob/b0211f33f0c10f13c4ee25600e5dbecbb92bebc8/canaries/canary-043-2025.txt.sig.simon)
## What is the purpose of this announcement?
The purpose of this announcement is to inform the Qubes community that a new
Qubes canary has been published.
## What is a Qubes canary?
A Qubes canary is a security announcement periodically issued by the [Qubes
security team](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/#qubes-security-team)
consisting of several statements to the effect that the signers of the canary
have not been compromised. The idea is that, as long as signed canaries
including such statements continue to be published, all is well. However, if
the canaries should suddenly cease, if one or more signers begin declining to
sign them, or if the included statements change significantly without plausible
explanation, then this may indicate that something has gone wrong. A list of
all canaries is available [here](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/canary/).
The name originates from the practice in which miners would bring caged
canaries into coal mines. If the level of methane gas in the mine reached a
dangerous level, the canary would die, indicating to miners that they should
evacuate. (See the [Wikipedia article on warrant
canaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_canary) for more information,
but bear in mind that Qubes Canaries are not strictly limited to legal
warrants.)
## Why should I care about canaries?
Canaries provide an important indication about the security status of the
project. If the canary is healthy, it's a strong sign that things are running
normally. However, if the canary is unhealthy, it could mean that the project
or its members are being coerced in some way.
## What are some signs of an unhealthy canary?
Here is a non-exhaustive list of examples:
- *Dead canary.* In each canary, we state a window of time during which you
should expect the next canary to be published. If no canary is published within
that window of time and no good explanation is provided for missing the
deadline, then the canary has died.
- *Missing statement(s).* Canaries include a set of numbered statements at the
top. These statements are generally the same across canaries, except for
specific numbers and dates that have changed since the previous canary. If an
important statement was present in older canaries but suddenly goes missing
from new canaries with no correction or explanation, then this may be an
indication that the signers can no longer truthfully make that statement.
- *Missing signature(s).* Qubes canaries are signed by the members of the
[Qubes security team](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/#qubes-security-team)
(see below). If one of them has been signing all canaries but suddenly and
permanently stops signing new canaries without any explanation, then this may
indicate that this person is under duress or can no longer truthfully sign the
statements contained in the canary.
## Does every unexpected or unusual occurrence related to a canary indicate
something bad?
No, there are many canary-related possibilities that should *not* worry you.
Here is a non-exhaustive list of examples:
- *Unusual reposts.* The only canaries that matter are the ones that are
validly signed in the [Qubes security pack
(qubes-secpack)](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/pack/). Reposts of canaries
(like the one in this announcement) do not have any authority (except insofar
as they reproduce validly-signed text from the qubes-secpack). If the actual
canary in the qubes-secpack is healthy, but reposts are late, absent, or
modified on the website, mailing lists, forum, or social media platforms, you
should not be concerned about the canary.
- *Last-minute signature(s).* If the canary is signed at the last minute but
before the deadline, that's okay. (People get busy and procrastinate sometimes.)
- *Signatures at different times.* If one signature is earlier or later than
the other, but both are present within a reasonable period of time, that's
okay. (For example, sometimes one signer is out of town, but we try to plan the
deadlines around this.)
- *Permitted changes.* If something about a canary changes without violating
any of the statements in prior canaries, that's okay. (For example, canaries
are usually scheduled for the first fourteen days of a given month, but there's
no rule that says they have to be.)
- *Unusual but planned changes.* If something unusual happens, but it was
announced in advance, and the appropriate statements are signed, that's okay
(e.g., when Joanna left the security team and Simon joined it).
In general, it would not be realistic for an organization to exist that never
changed, had zero turnover, and never made mistakes. Therefore, it would be
reasonable to expect such events to occur periodically, and it would be
unreasonable to regard *every* unusual or unexpected canary-related event as a
sign of compromise. For example, if something usual happens with a canary, and
we say it was a mistake and correct it (with valid signatures), you will have
to decide for yourself whether it's more likely that it really was just a
mistake or that something is wrong and that this is how we chose to send you a
subtle signal about it. This will require you to think carefully about which
among many possible scenarios is most likely given the evidence available to
you. Since this is fundamentally a matter of judgment, canaries are ultimately
a *social* scheme, not a technical one.
## What are the PGP signatures that accompany canaries?
A [PGP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy) signature is a
cryptographic [digital
signature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature) made in accordance
with the [OpenPGP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy#OpenPGP)
standard. PGP signatures can be cryptographically verified with programs like
[GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard). The
Qubes security team cryptographically signs all canaries so that Qubes users
have a reliable way to check whether canaries are genuine. The only way to be
certain that a canary is authentic is by verifying its PGP signatures.
## Why should I care whether a canary is authentic?
If you fail to notice that a canary is unhealthy or has died, you may continue
to trust the Qubes security team even after they have signaled via the canary
(or lack thereof) that they been compromised or coerced.
Alternatively, an adversary could fabricate a canary in an attempt to deceive
the public. Such a canary would not be validly signed, but users who neglect to
check the signatures on the fake canary would not be aware of this, so they may
mistakenly believe it to be genuine, especially if it closely mimics the
language of authentic canaries. Such falsified canaries could include
manipulated text designed to sow fear, uncertainty, and doubt about the
security of Qubes OS or the status of the Qubes OS Project.
## How do I verify the PGP signatures on a canary?
The following command-line instructions assume a Linux system with `git` and
`gpg` installed. (For Windows and Mac options, see [OpenPGP
software](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/verifying-signatures/#openpgp-software).)
1. Obtain the Qubes Master Signing Key (QMSK), e.g.:
```shell_session
$ gpg --fetch-keys
https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc
gpg: directory '/home/user/.gnupg' created
gpg: keybox '/home/user/.gnupg/pubring.kbx' created
gpg: requesting key from
'https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc'
gpg: /home/user/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key DDFA1A3E36879494: public key "Qubes Master Signing Key" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
```
(For more ways to obtain the QMSK, see [How to import and authenticate the
Qubes Master Signing
Key](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/verifying-signatures/#how-to-import-and-authenticate-the-qubes-master-signing-key).)
2. View the fingerprint of the PGP key you just imported. (Note: `gpg>`
indicates a prompt inside of the GnuPG program. Type what appears after it when
prompted.)
```shell_session
$ gpg --edit-key 0x427F11FD0FAA4B080123F01CDDFA1A3E36879494
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.27; Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
pub rsa4096/DDFA1A3E36879494
created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
trust: unknown validity: unknown
[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
gpg> fpr
pub rsa4096/DDFA1A3E36879494 2010-04-01 Qubes Master Signing Key
Primary key fingerprint: 427F 11FD 0FAA 4B08 0123 F01C DDFA 1A3E 3687 9494
```
3. *Important*: At this point, you still don't know whether the key you just
imported is the genuine QMSK or a forgery. In order for this entire procedure
to provide meaningful security benefits, you *must* authenticate the QMSK
out-of-band. *Do not skip this step*! The standard method is to obtain the QMSK
fingerprint from *multiple independent sources in several different ways* and
check to see whether they match the key you just imported. For more
information, see [How to import and authenticate the Qubes Master Signing
Key](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/verifying-signatures/#how-to-import-and-authenticate-the-qubes-master-signing-key).
*Tip*: After you have authenticated the QMSK out-of-band to your
satisfaction, record the QMSK fingerprint in a safe place (or several) so that
you don't have to repeat this step in the future.
4. Once you are satisfied that you have the genuine QMSK, set its trust level
to 5 ("ultimate"), then quit GnuPG with `q`.
```shell_session
gpg> trust
pub rsa4096/DDFA1A3E36879494
created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
trust: unknown validity: unknown
[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users'
keys
(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)
1 = I don't know or won't say
2 = I do NOT trust
3 = I trust marginally
4 = I trust fully
5 = I trust ultimately
m = back to the main menu
Your decision? 5
Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y
pub rsa4096/DDFA1A3E36879494
created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
trust: ultimate validity: unknown
[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
Please note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct
unless you restart the program.
gpg> q
```
5. Use Git to clone the qubes-secpack repo.
```shell_session
$ git clone https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-secpack.git
Cloning into 'qubes-secpack'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 4065, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1474/1474), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (742/742), done.
remote: Total 4065 (delta 743), reused 1413 (delta 731), pack-reused 2591
Receiving objects: 100% (4065/4065), 1.64 MiB | 2.53 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (1910/1910), done.
```
6. Import the included PGP keys. (See our [PGP key
policies](https://www.qubes-os.org/security/pack/#pgp-key-policies) for
important information about these keys.)
```shell_session
$ gpg --import qubes-secpack/keys/*/*
gpg: key 063938BA42CFA724: public key "Marek Marczykowski-Górecki (Qubes OS
signing key)" imported
gpg: qubes-secpack/keys/core-devs/retired: read error: Is a directory
gpg: no valid OpenPGP data found.
gpg: key 8C05216CE09C093C: 1 signature not checked due to a missing key
gpg: key 8C05216CE09C093C: public key "HW42 (Qubes Signing Key)" imported
gpg: key DA0434BC706E1FCF: public key "Simon Gaiser (Qubes OS signing key)"
imported
gpg: key 8CE137352A019A17: 2 signatures not checked due to missing keys
gpg: key 8CE137352A019A17: public key "Andrew David Wong (Qubes
Documentation Signing Key)" imported
gpg: key AAA743B42FBC07A9: public key "Brennan Novak (Qubes Website &
Documentation Signing)" imported
gpg: key B6A0BB95CA74A5C3: public key "Joanna Rutkowska (Qubes Documentation
Signing Key)" imported
gpg: key F32894BE9684938A: public key "Marek Marczykowski-Górecki (Qubes
Documentation Signing Key)" imported
gpg: key 6E7A27B909DAFB92: public key "Hakisho Nukama (Qubes Documentation
Signing Key)" imported
gpg: key 485C7504F27D0A72: 1 signature not checked due to a missing key
gpg: key 485C7504F27D0A72: public key "Sven Semmler (Qubes Documentation
Signing Key)" imported
gpg: key BB52274595B71262: public key "unman (Qubes Documentation Signing
Key)" imported
gpg: key DC2F3678D272F2A8: 1 signature not checked due to a missing key
gpg: key DC2F3678D272F2A8: public key "Wojtek Porczyk (Qubes OS
documentation signing key)" imported
gpg: key FD64F4F9E9720C4D: 1 signature not checked due to a missing key
gpg: key FD64F4F9E9720C4D: public key "Zrubi (Qubes Documentation Signing
Key)" imported
gpg: key DDFA1A3E36879494: "Qubes Master Signing Key" not changed
gpg: key 1848792F9E2795E9: public key "Qubes OS Release 4 Signing Key"
imported
gpg: qubes-secpack/keys/release-keys/retired: read error: Is a directory
gpg: no valid OpenPGP data found.
gpg: key D655A4F21830E06A: public key "Marek Marczykowski-Górecki (Qubes
security pack)" imported
gpg: key ACC2602F3F48CB21: public key "Qubes OS Security Team" imported
gpg: qubes-secpack/keys/security-team/retired: read error: Is a directory
gpg: no valid OpenPGP data found.
gpg: key 4AC18DE1112E1490: public key "Simon Gaiser (Qubes Security Pack
signing key)" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 17
gpg: imported: 16
gpg: unchanged: 1
gpg: marginals needed: 3 completes needed: 1 trust model: pgp
gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 6 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
gpg: depth: 1 valid: 6 signed: 0 trust: 6-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 0u
```
7. Verify signed Git tags.
```shell_session
$ cd qubes-secpack/
$ git tag -v `git describe`
object 266e14a6fae57c9a91362c9ac784d3a891f4d351
type commit
tag marmarek_sec_266e14a6
tagger Marek Marczykowski-Górecki 1677757924 +0100
Tag for commit 266e14a6fae57c9a91362c9ac784d3a891f4d351
gpg: Signature made Thu 02 Mar 2023 03:52:04 AM PST
gpg: using RSA key 2D1771FE4D767EDC76B089FAD655A4F21830E06A
gpg: Good signature from "Marek Marczykowski-Górecki (Qubes security pack)"
[full]
```
The exact output will differ, but the final line should always start with
`gpg: Good signature from...` followed by an appropriate key. The `[full]`
indicates full trust, which this key inherits in virtue of being validly signed
by the QMSK.
8. Verify PGP signatures, e.g.:
```shell_session
$ cd QSBs/
$ gpg --verify qsb-087-2022.txt.sig.marmarek qsb-087-2022.txt
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Nov 2022 04:05:51 AM PST
gpg: using RSA key 2D1771FE4D767EDC76B089FAD655A4F21830E06A
gpg: Good signature from "Marek Marczykowski-Górecki (Qubes security pack)"
[full]
$ gpg --verify qsb-087-2022.txt.sig.simon qsb-087-2022.txt
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Nov 2022 03:50:42 AM PST
gpg: using RSA key EA18E7F040C41DDAEFE9AA0F4AC18DE1112E1490
gpg: Good signature from "Simon Gaiser (Qubes Security Pack signing key)"
[full]
$ cd ../canaries/
$ gpg --verify canary-034-2023.txt.sig.marmarek canary-034-2023.txt
gpg: Signature made Thu 02 Mar 2023 03:51:48 AM PST
gpg: using RSA key 2D1771FE4D767EDC76B089FAD655A4F21830E06A
gpg: Good signature from "Marek Marczykowski-Górecki (Qubes security pack)"
[full]
$ gpg --verify canary-034-2023.txt.sig.simon canary-034-2023.txt
gpg: Signature made Thu 02 Mar 2023 01:47:52 AM PST
gpg: using RSA key EA18E7F040C41DDAEFE9AA0F4AC18DE1112E1490
gpg: Good signature from "Simon Gaiser (Qubes Security Pack signing key)"
[full]
```
Again, the exact output will differ, but the final line of output from each
`gpg --verify` command should always start with `gpg: Good signature from...`
followed by an appropriate key.
For this announcement (Qubes Canary 043), the commands are:
```
$ gpg --verify canary-043-2025.txt.sig.marmarek canary-043-2025.txt
$ gpg --verify canary-043-2025.txt.sig.simon canary-043-2025.txt
```
You can also verify the signatures directly from this announcement in addition
to or instead of verifying the files from the qubes-secpack. Simply copy and
paste the Qubes Canary 043 text into a plain text file and do the same for both
signature files. Then, perform the same authentication steps as listed above,
substituting the filenames above with the names of the files you just created.
This announcement is also available on the Qubes website:
https://www.qubes-os.org/news/2025/06/04/canary-043/
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