Last week Giovanni Parrinello posted a message asking why various packages were
loaded when he loaded an .Rdata file. Brian Ripley replied saying he thought it
was because the saved workspace contained a reference to the namespace of
ipred. (Correspondence copied below).
This begs the question: how did the reference to the namespace of ipred come to
be in the .Rdata file? Brian did say it is likely to be because the workspace
contained object(s) saved with environment the namespace of ipred - but how
would this come about?
In this case I think is because the .Rdata file contained an object whose
*parent* environment was the namespace of ipred. Take the following example
from ?bagging (having loaded ipred):
> data(BreastCancer)
>
> mod <- bagging(Class ~ Cl.thickness + Cell.size
+ + Cell.shape + Marg.adhesion
+ + Epith.c.size + Bare.nuclei
+ + Bl.cromatin + Normal.nucleoli
+ + Mitoses, data=BreastCancer, coob=TRUE)
>
> environment(mod$mtrees[[1]]$btree$terms)
<environment: 024E8138>
>
> parent.env(environment(mod$mtrees[[1]]$btree$terms))
<environment: namespace:ipred>
This occurs because the terms object is taken from the model frame which was
evaluated within the environment of a function from the ipred package (here
ipred:::irpart).
Therefore I think the behaviour observed by Giovanni will only occur in unusual
circumstances: when the workspace contains a formula object, a terms object, a
function, or some other object with a non-NULL environment, which has been
created in the environment of a packaged function. In particular, this would
not always occur with a packaged model fitting function, e.g. (from ?loglm in
MASS)
> library(MASS)
> minn38a <- array(0, c(3,4,7,2), lapply(minn38[, -5], levels))
> minn38a[data.matrix(minn38[,-5])] <- minn38$f
> fm <- loglm(~1 + 2 + 3 + 4, minn38a)
> environment(fm$terms)
<environment: R_GlobalEnv>
in this case because the terms component is obtained from the formula, whose
environment is .GlobalEnv.
So, I have two points on this (more for R-devel than R-help now)
1. There is a more general situation where it would be useful to load the
namespace of a package after loading a saved workspace: when the workspace
contains objects of a class for which special methods are required. E.g. if
'fm' from the example above were saved in a workspace, the namespace of MASS
would not be loaded when the workspace was loaded into R. Thus unless MASS was
loaded by the user, default methods would be used by summary(), print() etc
rather than the specialised methods for objects of class "loglm".
Of course the user should quickly realise this, but there may be cases where
the default method gives a convincing but incorrect or unhelpful result. An
alternative would be to add an attribute to objects of class "loglm" (say),
e.g. attr(loglmObject, ".Environment") <- environment(MASS)
so that the namespace would automatically be loaded when it is required. [In
fact alternatives such as environment(loglmObject) <- environment(MASS) or
loglmObject$anyoldthing <- environment(MASS) would work just as well, but
perhaps the first suggestion is neatest.].
What do others think of this idea? Should it (or an equivalent idea) be
encouraged amongst package writers?
2. In the case highlighted by Giovanni, the namespace of ipred was loaded, but
the package was not. This would be fine, except that the packages on which
ipred depends *were* loaded. This seems inconsistent. I guess as long as there
are packages without namespaces though, this is the only way to proceed.
Perhaps in the meantime, package authors should be encouraged to use
importFrom() rather than import()? Or perhaps where packages do have
namespaces, only the namespace should be loaded in such a case.
Heather
> From: Prof Brian Ripley <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> Date: 12 January 2006 08:21:35 GMT
> To: giovanni parrinello <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> Cc: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch
> Subject: Re: [R] Strange behaviour of load
>
> On Wed, 11 Jan 2006, giovanni parrinello wrote:
>
>> Dear All,
>> simetimes when I load an Rdata I get this message
>>
>> #######
>> Code:
>>
>> load('bladder1.RData')
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: rpart ( Bad traslastion: Load required
>> package-...)
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: MASS
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: mlbench
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: survival
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: splines
>>
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: 'survival'
>>
>>
>> The following object(s) are masked from package:Hmisc :
>>
>> untangle.specials
>>
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: class
>> Carico il pacchetto richiesto: nnet
>> #########
>>
>> So I have many unrequired packages loaded.
>> Any idea?
>
> They are required! My guess is that you have object(s) saved with
> environment the namespace of some package, and loading that namespace
> is
> pulling these in. The only CRAN package which requires mlbench
> appears to
> be ipred, and that requires all of those except splines, required by
> survival.
>
> So I believe you have been using ipred and have saved a reference to
> its
> namespace.
>
> --
> Brian D. Ripley, [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
> University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self)
> 1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA)
> Oxford OX1 3TG, UK Fax: +44 1865 272595
>
> ______________________________________________
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> PLEASE do read the posting guide!
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Dr H Turner
Research Assistant
Dept. of Statistics
The University of Warwick
Coventry
CV4 7AL
Tel: 024 76575870
Url: www.warwick.ac.uk/go/heatherturner
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