Hi Andre,
1. Keep in mind that a S4 method belongs to a specific generic function,
not to a specific object or class. There is none such thing as a "class
member function" in the S4 system. As an example for illustration,
consider the following class definitions in Java:
class myClassA
{
int a;
int myMethod();
}
class myClassB
{
double b;
int myMethod()
}
Assuming that myClassA and myClassB are not related by inheritance, the
two instances of "myMethod" have nothing to do with each other. With S4
classes, you would have something like:
setClass("myClassA", representation(a="integer"))
setClass("myClassB", representation(b="numeric"))
setGeneric("myMethod", function(x) standardGeneric("myMethod"))
setMethod("myMethod", "myClassA", function(x) {"myMethodA"})
setMethod("myMethod", "myClassB", function(x) {"myMethodB"})
where the instances of myMethod belong to the same generic function.
Note that because the methods do not belong to a specific class /
object, the object on which to call must be passed as argument.
Futhermore, it is impossible to have a method with a different argument
list than the generic. Based on the code above, the following gives an
error:
setClass("myClassC", representation(c="character"))
setMethod("myMethod", "myClassC", function(x,y) {"myMethodC"})
while in Java it is no problem to have
class myClassC
{
char c[];
int myMethod(int x, int y)
}
with a different argument list for myMethod.
(Of course, different argument lists in methods are possible if one uses
"..." in the generic, this example was just meant as an illustration of
the conceptual difference between class methods and generic functions.)
There is a new approach in R called "reference classes", which might
provide what you are looking for. But I am not familiar with this
paradigm. See ?ReferenceClasses.
2. A function in R is stored in a variable of the same name - as there
can be only one variable with a distinct name (within the same scope),
no overloading is possible. What I usually do is to provide all possible
arguments and check which ones are missing (via missing()) to determine
which to use to construct the object. Another possibility would be to
make the constructor a method which dispatches on the parameter types.
3. S4 methods can be debugged with trace(), to which a method name and a
signature can be passed. I think there is an item in the FAQ about this.
There is one peculiarity with debugging if you have a method that has
additional arguments compared to the generic, for example:
setGeneric("myMethod", function(x, ...) standardGeneric("myMethod"))
setMethod("myMethod", "myClassA", function(x,y) {"myMethodA"})
In this case, the implementation for myMethod will define and call an
inner function ".local". In order to trace into this function, you have
to call debug(.local) from the browser once the method has been traced.
Hope this helps,
Andreas
A Zege schrieb:
Apologies for asking something that is probably super obvious, i just started
with S4 classes and i guess i am not finding documentation that layout the
grammar rules and give enough examples. Some questions i am having are these
1. I understand that main method of writing a member function is to write a
generic function and setMethod for this particular object. This, however,
presumes that there is "virtuality" for this function, i.e. it could be used
with other inherited classes . Truth is, many, if not most of my functions
don't have virtuality in mind. I want to write them inside classes to
achieve incapsulaton only -- use class member data without passing it as
parameters or making global to a bunch of functions and have some specific
class member functions that don't pollute a global namespace and can be
called only for a particular class. This is what i know how to do with
enclosures in R. Is there some obvious way of setting this environment local
to a class without writing generic functions that i am missing?
2. Is it possible to overload functions in other ways than having default
parameter values and prototypes?
For example, can i have two constructors with completely different sets of
parameters?
3. Is there some good way to debug S4 classes? I am very fond of mtrace()
from debug package, but the simple set of commands i normally use doesn't
take me into class methods.
Would appreciate any pointers on these..
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Andreas Borg
Medizinische Informatik
UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN
der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informatik
Obere Zahlbacher Straße 69, 55131 Mainz
www.imbei.uni-mainz.de
Telefon +49 (0) 6131 175062
E-Mail: b...@imbei.uni-mainz.de
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