Thanks, Sina! This is very helpful and informative, but still not quite what
I want.
So, here is the thing: When a function returns an object, that object is
available in the calling environment. If it is returned inside a function,
it is available in the function, but not outside of the function. What I
want to do is simply to return more than one object in the usual sense in
which functions return objects.
Here is a test to see if a function fun does this, at least to the depth of
1.
obj1 <- 1
obj2 <- 2
cat("obj1 in global=", obj1)
cat("obj2 in global=", obj2)
wrapFun <- function(fun) {
obj1 <- 3
obj2 <- 4
cat("obj1 in calling=", obj1)
cat("obj2 in calling=", obj2)
fun()
cat("obj in calling=", obj)
cat("obj1 in calling=", obj1)
cat("obj2 in calling=", obj2)
}
cat("obj1 in global=", obj1)
cat("obj2 in global=", obj2)
Suppose the function "fun" assigns the values 5 and 6 to obj1 and obj2. If
the function does what I want, this code should print:
obj1 in global= 1
obj2 in global= 2
obj1 in calling= 3
obj2 in calling= 4
obj1 in calling= 5
obj2 in calling= 6
obj1 in global= 1
obj2 in global= 2
I turned Paul’s and Sina’s code into functions as follows:
paulFun <- function() {
obj1 <<- 5;
obj2 <<- 6;
}
sinaFun <- function() {
attach(what = NULL, name = "my_env")
assign("obj1", 5, envir = as.environment("my_env"))
assign("obj1", 5, envir = as.environment("my_env"))
}
Running these two functions in the code above yields:
paulFun:
obj1 in global= 1
obj2 in global= 2
obj1 in calling= 3
obj2 in calling= 4
obj1 in calling= 3
obj2 in calling= 4
obj1 in global= 5
obj2 in global= 6
So paulFun puts the objects in the global environment but not in the calling
environment. Let’s try sinaFun:
sinaFun:
obj1 in global= 1
obj2 in global= 2
obj1 in calling= 3
obj2 in calling= 4
obj1 in calling= 3
obj2 in calling= 4
obj1 in global= 1
obj2 in global= 2
sinaFun puts the objects in the new environment it defines, but they are
available in neither the calling nor the global environment. However, I was
immediately convinced that Sina had given me the tool I was missing: the
assign function. (Thanks, Sina!) But I was wrong (or used it wrong), and
now I am even more deeply confused. Here is a function that I thought would
do what I want:
andrewFun <- function() {
assign("obj1", 5, pos = sys.parent(n = 1))
assign("obj2", 6, pos = sys.parent(n = 1))
NULL
}
However, when I tried it, my results were the same as paulFun: assigned in
the global environment, but not in the calling environment. Setting n = 0
seemed to limit the assignment to the interior of andrewFun: none of the
printed obj values were affected.
Help?
andrewH
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