Hello. I’ve seen several uses of '%?%' in R code (with ? = a single letter or other characters used as the middle character in a 3 character string with '%' as the 1st and 3rd characters).
I’ve also recently seen ‘%+%’ usage at: http://vita.had.co.nz/papers/ggplot2-wires.pdf on p. 7 of the document the following code appears: (Note the '%+%' string at end of 1st line.) ggplot(threept, aes(x, y)) %+% lineup(permute("result"), n = 8) + geom_point(aes(colour = result, group = 1), alpha = 1/4) + scale_colour_manual(values = c("made" = mnsl("10B 6/6"), "missed" = mnsl("10R 6/6"))) + xlab(NULL) + ylab(NULL) + coord_equal() + facet_wrap(˜ .sample, nrow = 2) I've looked long and hard on internet and on the CRAN and can't find a reference to what '%+%' or '%?%' or ‘%?%’ (? = any letter) does in an R function/script. I've also asked several friends who have significant R experience and all of us are stumped by what '%+%', or more generally '%?%' does in an R function/script. xxxxxxxxxxxxx On p. 12 of: R Language Definitions appears: ‘%x% Special binary operators, x can be replaced by any valid name’ and ‘R deals with entire vectors of data at a time, and most of the elementary operators and basic mathematical functions like log are vectorized (as indicated in the table above). This means that e.g. adding two vectors of the same length will create a vector containing the element-wise sums, implicitly looping over the vector index. This applies also to other operators like -, *, and / as well as to higher dimensional structures. Notice in particular that multiplying two matrices does not produce the usual matrix product (the %*% operator exists for that purpose). Some finer points relating to vectorized operations will be discussed in Section 3.3 [Elementary arithmetic operations], page 16.’ Page 16 doesn’t specifically address ‘%?%’, at least in a way I can understand. xxxxxxxxxxx I tried an experiment with %+%, and it failed to work! I loaded xts package (must have xts and zoo installed b/c xts has a dependency on zoo.) Entered the following: > library(xts) > data(sample_matrix) > x1 <- sample_matrix > x1 > x3 <- x1 %/% x1 > x3 > x4 <- x1 %+% x1 MH (Mike Hilt comment): After entering ‘x3’, the data was listed with all values = 1, which is what should happen when binary division is done – CHECK! MH: After entering ‘x4 <- x1 %+% x1 R returns: ‘Error: could not find function "%+%"’ MH: So %+% is not a Special binary operator as %x% is savdescribed on p. 12 of the CRAN doc: R Language Definitions. xxxxxxxxxxxx Could someone help me out and let me know what ‘%?%’ (where ? = a single letter in a 3 character string with ‘%’ being the 1st and 3rd characters), and/or ‘%+%’ does in R code/function? Thank you, Mike Hilt mikehil...@gmail.com ______________________________________________ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.