Saya catut definisi dari Ensiklopedia Human Geography. Tidak ada definisi tentang cluaster. Tetapi yang pasti sesuai dengan apa yang dikatakan Bang Koko sebelumnya: aglomerasi dan cluster terkait penggunaan kontekstual * Agglomeration* People and activities tend to concentrate in a location to share facilities and services for mutual benefit. The localization of activities and the centralization of business and manufacturing activities are identified as agglomeration. Clustering of people and activities in this manner maximizes the opportunities for sharing facilities and services and for the easy transfer of commodities, components in manufacturing processes, information of mutual interest and importance, and labor supply. The advantage of agglomeration to manufacturing activities is especially im- portant in the category of transportation costs. An industry requiring a regular supply of components for its production processes will minimize transport costs to the greatest extent possible. Thus, suppliers of components are at an eco- nomic advantage to locate close to the major firm. The importance of locating industrial activities in order to minimize transport costs was strongly advocated early in the twentieth century by the economist Alfred Weber, who developed Weber’s least cost theory. One of the best examples of agglomeration in a single industry is automo- bile manufacturing in the United States. Throughout the twentieth century, Detroit, Michigan, remained the prominent production center for automo- biles. The major manufacturers (Ford, Chrysler, General Motors) and others clustered together in this metropolitan area. In addition, thousands of suppli- ers of components needed in automobile assembly located in or near Detroit to ensure the most efficient and low-cost transfer of components to the assem- bly points in Detroit. In recent years, the degree of concentration exhibited by Detroit during the heyday of automobile production has decreased. However, the Detroit metropolitan area remains the single most important automobile- manufacturing center in the United States. Another example of agglomera- tion in manufacturing is the concentration of armament-producing firms in Essen, Germany. Retail firms, as well, tend to agglomerate, realizing that shoppers will take advantage of the close proximity of several competing stores within walking distance in order to compare products and prices. In this sense, the modern shopping mall with many retailers and food vendors under one roof is quintes- sential agglomeration. The location of office complexes within metropolitan areas is another example of agglomeration. It is still true that a great deal of business is conducted face to face. The high-rise skyscrapers found in virtually every well-developed metropoli- tan center best exemplify the recognized advantage of placing office personnel in the closest possible proximity to others with whom they do business. The high-technology industry, which emerged with dramatic speed in the late twentieth century, was agglomerated from the beginning. Silicon Valley, near San Jose, California; Route 128 around Boston; and the Research Triangle in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, represent only a few of the many clusters of high-technology industries in the United States. Two of the major reasons for the localization of firms in this industry are (1) proximity to major research universities, and (2) the availability of a trained labor force. Concentration and centralization of industrial and manufacturing activities creates spatial inequities regionally and globally. These points of intense pro- duction, known as growth poles, become accumulators of immense wealth and tend to increase economic disadvantages in peripheral locations. *Suggested Readings: Keith Chapman and David Walker, Industrial Location, Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1991; H. P. Watts, Industrial Geography, New York: Longman Scientific and Technical/Wiley, 1987. * Galuh Syahbana Pusat Pengkajian Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah IPB
2009/11/24 Harya Setyaka <[email protected]> > > > > >> Coba cek ensiklopedia atau kamus.. >> Sepertinya definisi keduanya tidak terlalu berbeda. Namun memang >> penggunaan dalam kalimat perlu konteks yg pas. >> >> Kalao pakai imbuhan -ing, artinya cluster terbentuk akibat intervensi >> perencanaan dari pemerintah (atau bentuk kebiajakan public yg sadar), misal >> cluster pemukim berbasis ras.. >> Sedangkan kalao agglomerasi itu murni resultan dari kegiatan ekonomi.. >> >> > buka-2: > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglomeration > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_agglomeration > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cluster > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_%28demographics%29 > > > Coba juga cari Kamus Tata Ruang.. harusnya ada di perpust.. > > semoga membantu.. > > > >> Salam, >> -K- >> >> >> >> >> Pedal Powered BikeBerry >> ------------------------------ >> *From: * franciska windy <[email protected]> >> *Date: *Mon, 23 Nov 2009 05:52:07 -0800 (PST) >> *To: *<[email protected]> >> *Subject: *Re: [referensi] [Ask] Bedanya Aglomerasi dan Cluster >> >> >> >> Halo Sekar, >> >> Sebenarnya agglomeration dan clustering digunakan di banyak hal, jadi >> tidak ada definisi mutlak/final. >> Saya coba sampaikan dari apa yang sempat saya dapat dari salah seorang >> professor. >> >> agglomeration --> development into a conurbation, an area of of 10 km >> radious nominally (something between 3 and 30 km) gradually filled in >> with mainly urban surface. >> >> clustering is often used at many levels of scale and often concerning a >> specific function or category in a shorter time span and not always >> definite. >> >> So, within a conurbation, a nation or a continent we can have ‘clusters’ >> of specific enterprises or categories. Silicon Valley is a cluster of ICT >> enterprises, but parts of Finland are a cluster of lakes. Otherwise than >> ‘concentration’ or ‘accumulation’ a ‘cluster’ then is not only concerning >> form (distribution in space), but also suggests some structure (connections >> such as economic or technical connections). So, a conurbation is a cluster >> of urban area within 10km radius, but not every cluster is also a >> conurbation. >> >> semoga membantu >> >> franciska windy >> >> ------------------------------ >> *From:* Sekar <[email protected]> >> *To:* [email protected] >> *Sent:* Mon, November 23, 2009 5:58:36 AM >> *Subject:* [referensi] [Ask] Bedanya Aglomerasi dan Cluster >> >> >> >> Dear milister Referensi, >> >> Perkenalkan, saya Sekar mahasiswa Planologi UNS semester 7. >> Saya sudah ikut milis ini sejak semester 1, tapi masih belum PD untuk >> menanggapi diskusi2 di Referensi.. >> hehehe.. ilmu saya rasanya masih sedikit sekali.. >> >> Kali ini saya ingin mohon bantuan pada bapak2/ibu2 yang sudah jago2 >> ilmunya untuk berbagi pengetahuan. . >> >> Adakah yang bisa menjelaskan pada saya perbedaan proses aglomerasi >> (agglomerating) dan pembentukan cluster (clustering) , >> dan bagaimana menilai suatu industri merupakan sebuah cluster dan bukannya >> aglomerasi? Banyak buku yang saya baca tidak secara tegas menjelaskan >> perbedaan keduanya. Dalam hal ini saya ingin menyoroti pengelompokkan >> industri2 kreatif yang berkembang di Indonesia, terutama di Jogja-Solo. >> >> Terimakasih untuk sharing ilmunya :) >> >> Regards, >> Sekar >> >> >> >> >> >
