The question is not whether the government can restrict people from putting into action certain beliefs.  It can.  The question is under what circumstances the government can do so.  Gene takes an approach that gives the government a lot of room to limit exercise of religious beliefs, as did the S Ct in Smith.

But even Smith doesn't go as far as Gene would push it.

As all lawyers on this list know, any particular rule or utterance about freedom of religion may be read narrowly or broadly and predicting just what approach will be used in any particular circumstance is difficult at best.

In the ordered liberty set up by the Constitution, as amended, neither rights of individuals nor the power of the government are unlimited, howsoever broad they each may seem to be from time to time.

Howsoever much Gene may wish his interpretation were the law, or would be found persuasive to many of us, it is neither the law of the land nor convincing to most on this list.

BTW, Gene, don't go read the 11th Amendment and its history to see how it has been contorted into something quite at odds with what it was meant to address -- you would probably find it even more vexing.

Some of us feel the same way about a variety of other provisions of the Constitution as well.  

Oh, one last thing, Gene, are you with Justice Thomas on the constitutional invalidity of our entire system of administrative agencies and the welfare state?  I'm just trying to see whether your cramped, literalist meaning approach extends beyond the religion clauses and comprehends a whole, unitary approach to constitutional interpretation.  If so, that would help me understand your view of the religion clauses.

Steve

On Nov 20, 2005, at 5:35 PM, Gene Garman wrote:


 Nevertheless, in America, the "free exercise" of religion shall not be prohibited (which means totally), nothing more and nothing less. Laws against specific exercises or actions do not a total prohibition of free exercise make. It is opinion only which is totally exempt from the law.

If I may, from a precedent setting, unanimous (9 to 0), U.S. Supreme Court decision, May 5, 1879:

"Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order."

Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 164.

"Laws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices."

Reynolds v. United States
, 98 U.S. 145, 166.

"Can a man excuse his practices ... because of his religious belief? To permit this would be to make ... religious belief superior to the law of the land, and in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself. Government could exist only in name under such circumstances."

Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 166-167.


Gene Garman

-- 

Prof. Steven D. Jamar                                     vox:  202-806-8017

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Martin Luther King, Jr.




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