Github user Lewuathe commented on a diff in the pull request:

    https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/8884#discussion_r41863564
  
    --- Diff: 
mllib/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/ml/regression/LinearRegressionSuite.scala 
---
    @@ -93,525 +94,559 @@ class LinearRegressionSuite extends SparkFunSuite 
with MLlibTestSparkContext {
       }
     
       test("linear regression with intercept without regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = new LinearRegression
    -    // The result should be the same regardless of standardization without 
regularization
    -    val trainer2 = (new LinearRegression).setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -       Using the following R code to load the data and train the model 
using glmnet package.
    -
    -       library("glmnet")
    -       data <- read.csv("path", header=FALSE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
    -       features <- as.matrix(data.frame(as.numeric(data$V2), 
as.numeric(data$V3)))
    -       label <- as.numeric(data$V1)
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0, lambda = 0))
    -       > weights
    -        3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)         6.298698
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 4.700706
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 7.199082
    -     */
    -    val interceptR = 6.298698
    -    val weightsR = Vectors.dense(4.700706, 7.199082)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto", "l-bfgs", "normal").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = new LinearRegression().setSolver(solver)
    +      // The result should be the same regardless of standardization 
without regularization
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setStandardization(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         Using the following R code to load the data and train the model 
using glmnet package.
    +
    +         library("glmnet")
    +         data <- read.csv("path", header=FALSE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
    +         features <- as.matrix(data.frame(as.numeric(data$V2), 
as.numeric(data$V3)))
    +         label <- as.numeric(data$V1)
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0, lambda = 0))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         6.298698
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 4.700706
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 7.199082
    +       */
    +      val interceptR = 6.298698
    +      val weightsR = Vectors.dense(4.700706, 7.199082)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression without intercept without regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new LinearRegression).setFitIntercept(false)
    -    // Without regularization the results should be the same
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val modelWithoutIntercept1 = trainer1.fit(datasetWithoutIntercept)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -    val modelWithoutIntercept2 = trainer2.fit(datasetWithoutIntercept)
    -
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0, lambda = 0,
    -         intercept = FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -        3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)         .
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 6.995908
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 5.275131
    -     */
    -    val weightsR = Vectors.dense(6.995908, 5.275131)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -       Then again with the data with no intercept:
    -       > weightsWithoutIntercept
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)           .
    -       as.numeric.data3.V2. 4.70011
    -       as.numeric.data3.V3. 7.19943
    -     */
    -    val weightsWithoutInterceptR = Vectors.dense(4.70011, 7.19943)
    -
    -    assert(modelWithoutIntercept1.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(modelWithoutIntercept1.weights ~= weightsWithoutInterceptR 
relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(modelWithoutIntercept2.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(modelWithoutIntercept2.weights ~= weightsWithoutInterceptR 
relTol 1E-3)
    +    Seq("auto", "l-bfgs", "normal").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setFitIntercept(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      // Without regularization the results should be the same
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false)
    +        .setSolver(solver)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val modelWithoutIntercept1 = trainer1.fit(datasetWithoutIntercept)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +      val modelWithoutIntercept2 = trainer2.fit(datasetWithoutIntercept)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0, lambda = 0,
    +           intercept = FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         .
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 6.995908
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 5.275131
    +       */
    +      val weightsR = Vectors.dense(6.995908, 5.275131)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         Then again with the data with no intercept:
    +         > weightsWithoutIntercept
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)           .
    +         as.numeric.data3.V2. 4.70011
    +         as.numeric.data3.V3. 7.19943
    +       */
    +      val weightsWithoutInterceptR = Vectors.dense(4.70011, 7.19943)
    +
    +      assert(modelWithoutIntercept1.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(modelWithoutIntercept1.weights ~= weightsWithoutInterceptR 
relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(modelWithoutIntercept2.intercept ~== 0 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(modelWithoutIntercept2.weights ~= weightsWithoutInterceptR 
relTol 1E-3)
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression with intercept with L1 regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    -      .setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
1.0, lambda = 0.57))
    -       > weights
    -        3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)         6.24300
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 4.024821
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 6.679841
    -     */
    -    val interceptR1 = 6.24300
    -    val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(4.024821, 6.679841)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -      weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
1.0, lambda = 0.57,
    -        standardize=FALSE))
    -      > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                s0
    -      (Intercept)         6.416948
    -      as.numeric.data.V2. 3.893869
    -      as.numeric.data.V3. 6.724286
    -     */
    -    val interceptR2 = 6.416948
    -    val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(3.893869, 6.724286)
    -
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    +        .setSolver(solver)
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    +        .setSolver(solver).setStandardization(false)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 1.0, lambda = 0.57))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         6.24300
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 4.024821
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 6.679841
    +       */
    +      val interceptR1 = 6.24300
    +      val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(4.024821, 6.679841)
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 1.0, lambda = 0.57,
    +           standardize=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                  s0
    +         (Intercept)         6.416948
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 3.893869
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 6.724286
    +       */
    +      val interceptR2 = 6.416948
    +      val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(3.893869, 6.724286)
    +
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression without intercept with L1 regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    -      .setFitIntercept(false)
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    -      .setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
1.0, lambda = 0.57,
    -         intercept=FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -        3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)          .
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 6.299752
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 4.772913
    -     */
    -    val interceptR1 = 0.0
    -    val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(6.299752, 4.772913)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
1.0, lambda = 0.57,
    -         intercept=FALSE, standardize=FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)         .
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 6.232193
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 4.764229
    -     */
    -    val interceptR2 = 0.0
    -    val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(6.232193, 4.764229)
    -
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    +        .setFitIntercept(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(1.0).setRegParam(0.57)
    +        .setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false).setSolver(solver)
    +
    +      val  model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val  model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 1.0, lambda = 0.57,
    +           intercept=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)          .
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 6.299752
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 4.772913
    +       */
    +      val interceptR1 = 0.0
    +      val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(6.299752, 4.772913)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 1.0, lambda = 0.57,
    +           intercept=FALSE, standardize=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         .
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 6.232193
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 4.764229
    +       */
    +      val interceptR2 = 0.0
    +      val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(6.232193, 4.764229)
    +
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression with intercept with L2 regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    -      .setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -      weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.0, lambda = 2.3))
    -      > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                s0
    -      (Intercept)         5.269376
    -      as.numeric.data.V2. 3.736216
    -      as.numeric.data.V3. 5.712356)
    -     */
    -    val interceptR1 = 5.269376
    -    val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(3.736216, 5.712356)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -      weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.0, lambda = 2.3,
    -        standardize=FALSE))
    -      > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                s0
    -      (Intercept)         5.791109
    -      as.numeric.data.V2. 3.435466
    -      as.numeric.data.V3. 5.910406
    -     */
    -    val interceptR2 = 5.791109
    -    val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(3.435466, 5.910406)
    -
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto", "l-bfgs", "normal").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    +        .setSolver(solver)
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    +        .setStandardization(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.0, lambda = 2.3))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         5.269376
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 3.736216
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 5.712356)
    +       */
    +      val interceptR1 = 5.269376
    +      val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(3.736216, 5.712356)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.0, lambda = 2.3,
    +           standardize=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         5.791109
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 3.435466
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 5.910406
    +       */
    +      val interceptR2 = 5.791109
    +      val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(3.435466, 5.910406)
    +
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression without intercept with L2 regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    -      .setFitIntercept(false)
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    -      .setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.0, lambda = 2.3,
    -         intercept = FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -        3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)         .
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 5.522875
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 4.214502
    -     */
    -    val interceptR1 = 0.0
    -    val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(5.522875, 4.214502)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.0, lambda = 2.3,
    -         intercept = FALSE, standardize=FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -        3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -                                 s0
    -       (Intercept)         .
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 5.263704
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 4.187419
    -     */
    -    val interceptR2 = 0.0
    -    val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(5.263704, 4.187419)
    -
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto", "l-bfgs", "normal").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    +        .setFitIntercept(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.0).setRegParam(2.3)
    +        .setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.0, lambda = 2.3,
    +           intercept = FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         .
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 5.522875
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 4.214502
    +       */
    +      val interceptR1 = 0.0
    +      val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(5.522875, 4.214502)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.0, lambda = 2.3,
    +           intercept = FALSE, standardize=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         .
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 5.263704
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 4.187419
    +       */
    +      val interceptR2 = 0.0
    +      val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(5.263704, 4.187419)
    +
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression with intercept with ElasticNet regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    -      .setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.3, lambda = 1.6))
    -       > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -       s0
    -       (Intercept)         6.324108
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 3.168435
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 5.200403
    -     */
    -    val interceptR1 = 5.696056
    -    val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(3.670489, 6.001122)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -      weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.3, lambda = 1.6
    -       standardize=FALSE))
    -      > weights
    -      3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -      s0
    -      (Intercept)         6.114723
    -      as.numeric.data.V2. 3.409937
    -      as.numeric.data.V3. 6.146531
    -     */
    -    val interceptR2 = 6.114723
    -    val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(3.409937, 6.146531)
    -
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    +        .setSolver(solver)
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    +        .setStandardization(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.3, lambda = 1.6))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         6.324108
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 3.168435
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 5.200403
    +       */
    +      val interceptR1 = 5.696056
    +      val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(3.670489, 6.001122)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.3, lambda = 1.6
    +           standardize=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         6.114723
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 3.409937
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 6.146531
    +       */
    +      val interceptR2 = 6.114723
    +      val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(3.409937, 6.146531)
    +
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression without intercept with ElasticNet 
regularization") {
    -    val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    -      .setFitIntercept(false)
    -    val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    -      .setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false)
    -    val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    -    val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.3, lambda = 1.6,
    -         intercept=FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -       s0
    -       (Intercept)         .
    -       as.numeric.dataM.V2. 5.673348
    -       as.numeric.dataM.V3. 4.322251
    -     */
    -    val interceptR1 = 0.0
    -    val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(5.673348, 4.322251)
    -
    -    assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    /*
    -       weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha = 
0.3, lambda = 1.6,
    -         intercept=FALSE, standardize=FALSE))
    -       > weights
    -       3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    -       s0
    -       (Intercept)         .
    -       as.numeric.data.V2. 5.477988
    -       as.numeric.data.V3. 4.297622
    -     */
    -    val interceptR2 = 0.0
    -    val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(5.477988, 4.297622)
    -
    -    assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 absTol 1E-3)
    -    assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    -
    -    model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    -      case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    -        val prediction2 =
    -          features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    -        assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("auto").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer1 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    +        .setFitIntercept(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val trainer2 = (new 
LinearRegression).setElasticNetParam(0.3).setRegParam(1.6)
    +        .setFitIntercept(false).setStandardization(false).setSolver(solver)
    +      val model1 = trainer1.fit(dataset)
    +      val model2 = trainer2.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.3, lambda = 1.6,
    +           intercept=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                    s0
    +         (Intercept)         .
    +         as.numeric.dataM.V2. 5.673348
    +         as.numeric.dataM.V3. 4.322251
    +       */
    +      val interceptR1 = 0.0
    +      val weightsR1 = Vectors.dense(5.673348, 4.322251)
    +
    +      assert(model1.intercept ~== interceptR1 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model1.weights ~= weightsR1 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      /*
    +         weights <- coef(glmnet(features, label, family="gaussian", alpha 
= 0.3, lambda = 1.6,
    +           intercept=FALSE, standardize=FALSE))
    +         > weights
    +          3 x 1 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    +                                   s0
    +         (Intercept)         .
    +         as.numeric.data.V2. 5.477988
    +         as.numeric.data.V3. 4.297622
    +       */
    +      val interceptR2 = 0.0
    +      val weightsR2 = Vectors.dense(5.477988, 4.297622)
    +
    +      assert(model2.intercept ~== interceptR2 absTol 1E-3)
    +      assert(model2.weights ~= weightsR2 relTol 1E-3)
    +
    +      model1.transform(dataset).select("features", 
"prediction").collect().foreach {
    +        case Row(features: DenseVector, prediction1: Double) =>
    +          val prediction2 =
    +            features(0) * model1.weights(0) + features(1) * 
model1.weights(1) + model1.intercept
    +          assert(prediction1 ~== prediction2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression model training summary") {
    -    val trainer = new LinearRegression
    -    val model = trainer.fit(dataset)
    -    val trainerNoPredictionCol = trainer.setPredictionCol("")
    -    val modelNoPredictionCol = trainerNoPredictionCol.fit(dataset)
    -
    -
    -    // Training results for the model should be available
    -    assert(model.hasSummary)
    -    assert(modelNoPredictionCol.hasSummary)
    -
    -    // Schema should be a superset of the input dataset
    -    assert((dataset.schema.fieldNames.toSet + "prediction").subsetOf(
    -      model.summary.predictions.schema.fieldNames.toSet))
    -    // Validate that we re-insert a prediction column for evaluation
    -    val modelNoPredictionColFieldNames = 
modelNoPredictionCol.summary.predictions.schema.fieldNames
    -    assert((dataset.schema.fieldNames.toSet).subsetOf(
    -      modelNoPredictionColFieldNames.toSet))
    -    assert(modelNoPredictionColFieldNames.exists(s => 
s.startsWith("prediction_")))
    -
    -    // Residuals in [[LinearRegressionResults]] should equal those 
manually computed
    -    val expectedResiduals = dataset.select("features", "label")
    -      .map { case Row(features: DenseVector, label: Double) =>
    -      val prediction =
    -        features(0) * model.weights(0) + features(1) * model.weights(1) + 
model.intercept
    -      label - prediction
    -    }
    -      .zip(model.summary.residuals.map(_.getDouble(0)))
    -      .collect()
    -      .foreach { case (manualResidual: Double, resultResidual: Double) =>
    -      assert(manualResidual ~== resultResidual relTol 1E-5)
    -    }
    +    Seq("l-bfgs").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer = new LinearRegression().setSolver(solver)
    +      val model = trainer.fit(dataset)
    +      val trainerNoPredictionCol = trainer.setPredictionCol("")
    +      val modelNoPredictionCol = trainerNoPredictionCol.fit(dataset)
    +
    +
    +      // Training results for the model should be available
    +      assert(model.hasSummary)
    +      assert(modelNoPredictionCol.hasSummary)
    +
    +      // Schema should be a superset of the input dataset
    +      assert((dataset.schema.fieldNames.toSet + "prediction").subsetOf(
    +        model.summary.predictions.schema.fieldNames.toSet))
    +      // Validate that we re-insert a prediction column for evaluation
    +      val modelNoPredictionColFieldNames
    +      = modelNoPredictionCol.summary.predictions.schema.fieldNames
    +      assert((dataset.schema.fieldNames.toSet).subsetOf(
    +        modelNoPredictionColFieldNames.toSet))
    +      assert(modelNoPredictionColFieldNames.exists(s => 
s.startsWith("prediction_")))
    +
    +      // Residuals in [[LinearRegressionResults]] should equal those 
manually computed
    +      val expectedResiduals = dataset.select("features", "label")
    +        .map { case Row(features: DenseVector, label: Double) =>
    +        val prediction =
    +          features(0) * model.weights(0) + features(1) * model.weights(1) 
+ model.intercept
    +        label - prediction
    +      }
    +        .zip(model.summary.residuals.map(_.getDouble(0)))
    +        .collect()
    +        .foreach { case (manualResidual: Double, resultResidual: Double) =>
    +        assert(manualResidual ~== resultResidual relTol 1E-5)
    +      }
     
    -    /*
    -       Use the following R code to generate model training results.
    -
    -       predictions <- predict(fit, newx=features)
    -       residuals <- label - predictions
    -       > mean(residuals^2) # MSE
    -       [1] 0.009720325
    -       > mean(abs(residuals)) # MAD
    -       [1] 0.07863206
    -       > cor(predictions, label)^2# r^2
    -               [,1]
    -       s0 0.9998749
    -     */
    -    assert(model.summary.meanSquaredError ~== 0.00972035 relTol 1E-5)
    -    assert(model.summary.meanAbsoluteError ~== 0.07863206  relTol 1E-5)
    -    assert(model.summary.r2 ~== 0.9998749 relTol 1E-5)
    -
    -    // Objective function should be monotonically decreasing for linear 
regression
    -    assert(
    -      model.summary
    -        .objectiveHistory
    -        .sliding(2)
    -        .forall(x => x(0) >= x(1)))
    +      /*
    +         Use the following R code to generate model training results.
    +
    +         predictions <- predict(fit, newx=features)
    +         residuals <- label - predictions
    +         > mean(residuals^2) # MSE
    +         [1] 0.009720325
    +         > mean(abs(residuals)) # MAD
    +         [1] 0.07863206
    +         > cor(predictions, label)^2# r^2
    +                 [,1]
    +         s0 0.9998749
    +       */
    +      assert(model.summary.meanSquaredError ~== 0.00972035 relTol 1E-5)
    +      assert(model.summary.meanAbsoluteError ~== 0.07863206 relTol 1E-5)
    +      assert(model.summary.r2 ~== 0.9998749 relTol 1E-5)
    +
    +      // Normal solver uses "WeightedLeastSquares". This algorithm does 
not generate
    +      // objective history because it does not run through iterations.
    +      if (solver == "l-bfgs") {
    +        // Objective function should be monotonically decreasing for 
linear regression
    +        assert(
    +          model.summary
    +            .objectiveHistory
    +            .sliding(2)
    +            .forall(x => x(0) >= x(1)))
    +      }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression model testset evaluation summary") {
    -    val trainer = new LinearRegression
    -    val model = trainer.fit(dataset)
    -
    -    // Evaluating on training dataset should yield results summary equal 
to training summary
    -    val testSummary = model.evaluate(dataset)
    -    assert(model.summary.meanSquaredError ~== testSummary.meanSquaredError 
relTol 1E-5)
    -    assert(model.summary.r2 ~== testSummary.r2 relTol 1E-5)
    -    model.summary.residuals.select("residuals").collect()
    -      .zip(testSummary.residuals.select("residuals").collect())
    -      .forall { case (Row(r1: Double), Row(r2: Double)) => r1 ~== r2 
relTol 1E-5 }
    +    Seq("auto", "l-bfgs", "normal").foreach { solver => {
    +      val trainer = new LinearRegression().setSolver(solver)
    +      val model = trainer.fit(dataset)
    +
    +      // Evaluating on training dataset should yield results summary equal 
to training summary
    +      val testSummary = model.evaluate(dataset)
    +      assert(model.summary.meanSquaredError ~== 
testSummary.meanSquaredError relTol 1E-5)
    +      assert(model.summary.r2 ~== testSummary.r2 relTol 1E-5)
    +      model.summary.residuals.select("residuals").collect()
    +        .zip(testSummary.residuals.select("residuals").collect())
    +        .forall { case (Row(r1: Double), Row(r2: Double)) => r1 ~== r2 
relTol 1E-5 }
    +    }}
       }
     
       test("linear regression with weighted samples"){
    -    val (data, weightedData) = {
    -      val activeData = LinearDataGenerator.generateLinearInput(
    -        6.3, Array(4.7, 7.2), Array(0.9, -1.3), Array(0.7, 1.2), 500, 1, 
0.1)
    -
    -      val rnd = new Random(8392)
    -      val signedData = activeData.map { case p: LabeledPoint =>
    -        (rnd.nextGaussian() > 0.0, p)
    -      }
    -
    -      val data1 = signedData.flatMap {
    -        case (true, p) => Iterator(p, p)
    -        case (false, p) => Iterator(p)
    -      }
    -
    -      val weightedSignedData = signedData.flatMap {
    -        case (true, LabeledPoint(label, features)) =>
    -          Iterator(
    -            Instance(label, weight = 1.2, features),
    -            Instance(label, weight = 0.8, features)
    -          )
    -        case (false, LabeledPoint(label, features)) =>
    -          Iterator(
    -            Instance(label, weight = 0.3, features),
    -            Instance(label, weight = 0.1, features),
    -            Instance(label, weight = 0.6, features)
    -          )
    +    Seq("auto", "l-bfgs").foreach { solver => {
    --- End diff --
    
    This test case includes elastic parameter. Then it occurres 
`IllegalArgumentException`. 
    And then this should be handled with `intercept`. But it becomes a little 
hacky to write this type test code into a single test as previous mentioned. 


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