I have some very strange behaviour of a substitution, which I don't know 
how to reproduce, but it happens from time to time, and is REALLY 
disturbing.  I don't even know what to write into a ticket, so I'm asking 
here first.  The definition of CSP is at the end of the mail.

sage:     R.<q> = ZZ[]
sage: p = q^21 + q^20 + q^19 + q^18 + q^17 + q^16 + q^15 + q^14 + q^13 + 
q^12 + q^11 + 2*q^10 + 2*q^9 + 2*q^8 + 2*q^7 + 2*q^6 + 2*q^5 + 2*q^4 + 
2*q^3 + 2*q^2 + 3*q + 4
sage: p == CSP(22)
True
sage: CSP(22).subs({q:QQbar.zeta(2)})
-28
sage: CSP(22).subs({q:QQbar.zeta(2)})
2
sage: CSP(22).parent()
Univariate Polynomial Ring in q over Integer Ring

Sometimes I also get a complex number.

Martin

###################
def cycle_power(g, e):
    """
    Return k such that g^k = e
    """
    if e.is_one():
        return 0
    k = 1
    p = g
    while True:
        if e == p:
            return k
        p *= g
        k += 1

@cached_function
def CSP(n):
    C = groups.permutation.Cyclic(n)
    g = C.gen()
    R.<q> = ZZ[]
    return sum(q^min(cycle_power(g, e) for e in coset) for H in 
C.subgroups() for coset in C.cosets(H))

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