Because you divided by x in your computation, the polynomial f was coerced 
into the fraction field. In the fraction field, quotient is always possible 
without reminder:

sage: f.parent()
Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, N, p, r, m, l over 
Rational Field

You want to convert f back into the polynomial ring:

sage: f = R(f)
sage: f.parent()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, N, p, r, m, l over Rational Field

sage: f.quo_rem(psi) # works now 


On Sunday, April 22, 2012 4:23:53 PM UTC-4, Michael Beeson wrote:
>
> Sage version 4.6.1  (I know it's old, new one is downloading now, but I 
> don't think this is a version problem.)
> Given:  polynomial f in x  with some letters for the coefficients,  and 
> polynomial psi  of lower degree in x with constant coefficients.
> Wanted:  remainder of f  on division by psi  as polynomials in x,  with 
> coefficients involving the letters in f.  
> Problem:  Sage treats f as a polynomial in many variables and I can't 
> convince it to treat it as a polynomial in x only and perform the division 
> (or pseudo division).
> Example:
>
> sage: R.<x,N,p,r,m,l> = PolynomialRing(QQ,6)
> sage: a = x - x^-1
> sage: b = x^4-x^-4
> sage: c = x^9 - x^-9
> sage: f = N*a*b*c - (p*a+r*c)*(m*a + l *c)
> sage: t = x^2  - x^-2
> sage: f = x^20*(N*a*b*c - (p*a+r*c)*(m*a + l *c)*t)
> sage: f 
> -x^40*r*l + x^36*r*l + x^34*N - x^32*r*m - x^32*p*l - x^32*N 
> + x^30*r*m + x^30*p*l + x^28*r*m + x^28*p*l - x^26*r*m - x^26*p*l
>  - x^26*N - x^24*p*m + x^24*N + 2*x^22*p*m + 2*x^22*r*l - 2*x^18*p*m 
>  - 2*x^18*r*l + x^16*p*m - x^16*N + x^14*r*m + x^14*p*l + x^14*N 
>  - x^12*r*m - x^12*p*l - x^10*r*m - x^10*p*l + x^8*r*m + x^8*p*l 
>  + x^8*N - x^6*N - x^4*r*l + r*l
>
> Now psi should be the 28-th cyclotomic polynomial  x^12-x^10+x^8...;  so 
> in a multivariate polynomial I can't compute that directly, 
> first sign of trouble.  So I typed it in, and then  f.quo_rem(psi)  does 
> not yield the desired answer, because as polynomials in  6 variables, psi 
> does not divide f.
>
>

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