Right off the top of my head, I'm seeing a possible form of energy transmission, with little or no loss.
On Fri, Jul 30, 2010 at 11:58 AM, Mr. Worf <hellomahog...@gmail.com> wrote: > > > Straining graphene creates strongest pseudo-magnetic fields ever sustained > in a lab > > By Darren Quick <http://www.gizmag.com/author/darren-quick/> > > *00:10 July 30, 2010* > > 2 > Pictures<http://www.gizmag.com/straining-graphene-creates-strong-pseudo-magnetic-fields/15891/picture/118643/> > [image: Scanning tunneling microscopy image of a graphene nanobubble, > where the hexagonal > two-dime...]<http://www.gizmag.com/straining-graphene-creates-strong-pseudo-magnetic-fields/15891/picture/118643/> > > Scanning tunneling microscopy image of a graphene nanobubble, where the > hexagonal two-dimensional graphene crystal is seen distorted and stretched > along three main axes, creating pseudo-magnetic fields far stronger than any > magnetic field ever produced in the laboratory > *Image > Gallery<http://www.gizmag.com/straining-graphene-creates-strong-pseudo-magnetic-fields/15891/picture/118643/>(2 > 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Google<http://www.google.com/url?ct=abg&q=https://www.google.com/adsense/support/bin/request.py%3Fcontact%3Dabg_afc%26url%3Dhttp://www.gizmag.com/straining-graphene-creates-strong-pseudo-magnetic-fields/15891/%253Futm_source%253DGizmag%252BSubscribers%2526utm_campaign%253Dff88a5c465-UA-2235360-4%2526utm_medium%253Demail%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dca-pub-1607124478120364%26adU%3Dwww.afmworkshop.com%26adT%3DAFM%2B-%2B%252424,950%26adU%3Dwww.UsWaterSystems.com%26adT%3DLab%2BWater%2BRO%2BSystems%26adU%3Dwww.qualityvetlab.com%26adT%3DQuality%2BVeterinary%2BLab%26adU%3Dwww.GorillaScientific.com%26adT%3DLaboratory%2BSupplies%26gl%3DUS&usg=AFQjCNEmZKH8Wg7H20fI_Oh2WnouLcS9rA> > > Graphene <http://www.gizmag.com/tag/graphene/>, the one-atom-thick > material made up of a honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, has produced yet > another in a long list of experimental surprises. Its remarkable properties > have already got researchers excited regarding its applications for faster > computers<http://www.gizmag.com/graphene-interconnects-integrated-circuits/11934/>, > cheaper and more efficient > batteries<http://www.gizmag.com/adding-graphene-to-titanium-dioxide/12917/>and > vastly higher density mass > data > storage<http://www.gizmag.com/graphit-mass-data-storage-circuit-design/12788/>. > Now researchers have reported the creation of pseudo-magnetic fields far > stronger than the strongest magnetic fields ever sustained in a laboratory – > just by putting the right kind of strain onto a patch of graphene. The > breakthrough could have far reaching scientific applications. > > “We have shown experimentally that when graphene is stretched to form > nanobubbles on a platinum substrate, electrons behave as if they were > subject to magnetic fields in excess of 300 tesla, even though no magnetic > field has actually been applied,” says Michael Crommie, a faculty senior > scientist in the Materials Sciences Division at the U.S. Department of > Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory <http://www.lbl.gov/> and a > professor of physics at the University of California at > Berkeley<http://berkeley.edu/>who headed a multi-institutional team of > researchers who made the discovery. > “This is a completely new physical effect that has no counterpart in any > other condensed matter system.” > > Crommie notes that “for over 100 years people have been sticking materials > into magnetic fields to see how the electrons behave, but it’s impossible to > sustain tremendously strong magnetic fields in a laboratory setting.” The > current record is 85 tesla for a field that lasts only thousandths of a > second. When stronger fields are created, the magnets blow themselves apart. > > The ability to make electrons behave as if they were in magnetic fields of > 300 tesla or more – just by stretching graphene – offers a new window on a > source of important applications and fundamental scientific discoveries > going back over a century. This is made possible by graphene’s electronic > behavior, which is unlike any other material’s. > > A carbon atom has four valence electrons; in graphene (and in graphite, a > stack of graphene layers), three electrons bond in a plane with their > neighbors to form a strong hexagonal pattern, like chicken-wire. The fourth > electron sticks up out of the plane and is free to hop from one atom to the > next. The latter pi-bond electrons act as if they have no mass at all, like > photons. They can move at almost one percent of the speed of light. > Behavior predicted > > The idea that a deformation of graphene might lead to the appearance of a > pseudo-magnetic field first arose even before graphene sheets had been > isolated, in the context of carbon nanotubes (which are simply rolled-up > graphene). In early 2010, theorist Francisco Guinea of the Institute of > Materials Science of Madrid and his colleagues developed these ideas and > predicted that if graphene could be stretched along its three main > crystallographic directions, it would effectively act as though it were > placed in a uniform magnetic field. This is because strain changes the bond > lengths between atoms and affects the way electrons move between them. The > pseudo-magnetic field would reveal itself through its effects on electron > orbits. > Prediction confirmed > > The theory was confirmed when Crommie’s research group had been using a > scanning tunneling microscope to study graphene monolayers grown on a > platinum substrate. A scanning tunneling microscope works by using a sharp > needle probe that skims along the surface of a material to measure minute > changes in electrical current, revealing the density of electron states at > each point in the scan while building an image of the surface. > <http://www.gizmag.com/straining-graphene-creates-strong-pseudo-magnetic-fields/15891/picture/118642/> > > “It showed nanobubbles, little pyramid-like protrusions, in a patch of > graphene on the platinum surface,” Crommie says, “and associated with the > graphene nanobubbles there were distinct peaks in the density of electron > states.” > > Close examination of the triangular bubbles revealed that their > chicken-wire lattice had been stretched precisely along the three axes > needed to induce the strain orientation that Guinea and his coworkers had > predicted would give rise to pseudo-magnetic fields. The greater the > curvature of the bubbles, the greater the strain, and the greater the > strength of the pseudo-magnetic field. In some cases the increased density > of electron states revealed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy indicated > giant pseudo-magnetic fields of 300 tesla or more. > > “Getting the right strain resulted from a combination of factors,” Crommie > says. “To grow graphene on the platinum we had exposed the platinum to > ethylene” – a simple compound of carbon and hydrogen – “and at high > temperature the carbon atoms formed a sheet of graphene whose orientation > was determined by the platinum’s lattice structure.” > > To get the highest resolution from the scanning tunneling microscope, the > system was then cooled to a few degrees above absolute zero. Both the > graphene and the platinum contracted – but the platinum shrank more, with > the result that excess graphene pushed up into bubbles, measuring four to 10 > nanometers (billionths of a meter) across and from a third to more than two > nanometers high. > Implications > > “Controlling where electrons live and how they move is an essential feature > of all electronic devices,” says Crommie. “New types of control allow us to > create new devices, and so our demonstration of strain engineering in > graphene provides an entirely new way for mechanically controlling > electronic structure in graphene. The effect is so strong that we could do > it at room temperature.” > > The opportunities for basic science with strain engineering are also huge. > For example, in strong pseudo-magnetic fields electrons orbit in tight > circles that bump up against one another, potentially leading to novel > electron-electron interactions. Says Crommie, “this is the kind of physics > that physicists love to explore.” > > A paper detailing the discovery, “Strain-induced pseudo-magnetic fields > greater than 300 tesla in graphene nanobubbles,” appears in the July 30 > issue of Science. > > > -- > Celebrating 10 years of bringing diversity to perversity! > Mahogany at: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mahogany_pleasures_of_darkness/ > > -- "If all the world's a stage and we are merely players, who the bloody hell wrote the script?" -- Charles E Grant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQUxw9aUVik
