RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Mike, This design was popular some time ago, I think Bill Orr had one in his handbook, I know I have seen the design. I think its actually harder to get a regen working well than a simple superhet. I built regens, but frequently had problems with them actually regenerating, or working smoothly when they did actually regenerate. This was some time ago, and I did not know then what I know now, but feedback oscillation can be quite tricky, with the antenna blowing in the wind changing frequency, hand capacitance changing frequency, microphonics, etc. Careful development can eliminate many of those problems, but can be tricky. A mixer and LO are VERY easy to build, as are IF amps. The IF amps CAN have problems with oscillation, if two high gain stages are used, but if you keep the gain moderate, they are really simple and easy to build. I see no reason to settle for a regen when a very usable superhet can be built. With a Kiwa filter, the simple superhet can actually perform as good as anything you can come up with for a receiver on AM. It wont cover 50Khz to 30Mhz, but for AM on 160, 80 and 40 meters, can top anything you can buy for fidelity and receive quality. Higher frequencies are a different story, and need more work. You can use a lot of different type tubes, 8 pin, 7 and 9 pin tubes, the LO and mixer can be one 6u8, the IF amps can be many tube types, detector can be as simple as a diode. I hope to put together an actual article with pictures and diagrams of the new receiver, and send it into Electric Radio. The schematic will be broken down into stages, to make it simple to understand. Brett N2DTS > > Thanks Brett for the reply. Yes, November 2003 QST has a 2 > tube receiver > described in it. I don't subscribe to QST but a friend shared > the info with > me. I made a copy of the article but have not really looked > at it. I believe > it is a real compromise, but a simple design. I don't have > the info in front > of me now but it uses some 12 volt filament and 12 volt plate > voltage tubes. > I believe they were a 12AD6 and a 12DZ6. I don't have any of > these in my > junk box. I do have some transformers so I guess higher plate > voltage and a > more common type receiving tubes is what I would rather use. > Just thought I > would ask what you real technicians thought of the QST > article and design. > Again I have never built a receiver so I am interested in > starting with a > simple design and getting it to work, forcing me to learn > some rx theory. If > there is a good schematic on a simple receiver that you would > recommend, I > am Interested. > > Mike > W0FD
RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!...(Two tube Superhet.)
I went to get a qst at the book store, but they only had 73 magazine. HRO always has copies, but they are too far away when work is so busy. I built regens when in jr high, but rate them as fun projects, not really a receiver to use in qso,s. They use regeneration to gain selectivity, and gain, but the selectivity curve for serious ham work is poor. They sure were fun to build tho, I got my first circuit out of some encyclopedia, used a 6SN7, interstage transformer, and batteries. I got some parts at general radio in Camden, out of business a long time now, but great in their day. You could walk in and get anything, if you had money. I had no money, and now, when I do have money, they are closed! I remember my regens working well basically, and rebuilt the same circuit in various cabinets and mods many times. I finished the detector and agc in the 2nd home brew receiver, and tried some other things, increasing the high voltage to 200 volts, but had problems with oscillations and noise, mostly removed by changing some circuit values like a cathode resistor in an IF amp. I have problems injecting the agc voltage into one IF amp, the one after the filter, so left it off. I may play around with that some more later. Conditions on 80 are still lousy, no good strong signals. I am very surprised my antennas are still up in the high winds, the 80 meter dipole has 8 year old rope holding it up! Brett N2DTS > -Original Message- > From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, November 13, 2003 2:35 PM > To: amradio@mailman.qth.net > Subject: Re: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!...(Two tube Superhet.) > > > I'm sure many subscribers will remember the two-tube superhet circuit > described in QST and several Handbook editions back in the > 40s. Essentially a dual > triode (6SN7, 6C8, 6F8, etc.) regenerative > detector/single-stage audio amp > setup preceded by a 6K8 (triode hexode) converter. The "IF" > frequency was > around 1700 kc. Big advantage here over more simple regen > designs was the > isolation from antenna effects provided by the converter > stage. Built one of these > for 80M back in the 50s when I was a kid. Worked quite well > as I remember. > > Dennis D. W7QHO > Glendale, CA > > > > --- StripMime Report -- processed MIME parts --- > multipart/alternative > text/plain (text body -- kept) > text/html > The reason this message is shown is because the post was in HTML > or had an attachment. Attachments are not allowed. To learn how > to post in Plain-Text go to: http://www.expita.com/nomime.html --- > ___ > AMRadio mailing list > AMRadio@mailman.qth.net > http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/amradio
Re: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!...(Two tube Superhet.)
I'm sure many subscribers will remember the two-tube superhet circuit described in QST and several Handbook editions back in the 40s. Essentially a dual triode (6SN7, 6C8, 6F8, etc.) regenerative detector/single-stage audio amp setup preceded by a 6K8 (triode hexode) converter. The "IF" frequency was around 1700 kc. Big advantage here over more simple regen designs was the isolation from antenna effects provided by the converter stage. Built one of these for 80M back in the 50s when I was a kid. Worked quite well as I remember. Dennis D. W7QHO Glendale, CA --- StripMime Report -- processed MIME parts --- multipart/alternative text/plain (text body -- kept) text/html The reason this message is shown is because the post was in HTML or had an attachment. Attachments are not allowed. To learn how to post in Plain-Text go to: http://www.expita.com/nomime.html ---
RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Mike, Thanks for the info. I will run out and buy QST, and check out the article. If you want to build a receiver, its best to read the older ARRL handbooks, 1967 was a good year. Read the receiver section about 4 times, and look at all the designs in all the handbooks, Bill Orr handbooks were good also. Part of the choice of what you build depends on the parts you have on hand, and what you can get. Many older designs used impossible to get parts now, like 1700Khz IF transformers and so on. I can give you simple and easy to build designs for each stage, the LO is easy, the mixer is easy, the IF amps are easy also, a lot of detector types will work, but I like the low distortion kind. S meter circuit, xtal 455Khz oscillator to serve as a BFO for zero beating AM signals, antenna tuning input circuits, etc. Antique electronics supply sells nice RF chokes, smaller slug tuned coil forms, tubes, and other goodies you may be short of. I can help with many parts. You have to decide what stages you want or need, a filter($50.00), S meter, BFO, audio amp built in (I don't build an amp in the receivers). Its possible I could take digital photos of the diagrams and send them, but I never tried that, or I could fax or mail you designs. It may take a long time to build, there is a lot of metal work involved in mounting IF transformers like I have to a chassis, many tube sockets and so on. The results are great though, very fun to use a homebrew receiver in a homebrew station. Many people I talk with on the bands are surprised when I say the receiver is home brew. I can record people off the air and play them back, and they can hear (somewhat) how good it works. I will pick up the QST and let you know what I think of the design.. Brett N2DTS > > Thanks Brett for the reply. Yes, November 2003 QST has a 2 > tube receiver > described in it. I don't subscribe to QST but a friend shared > the info with > me. I made a copy of the article but have not really looked > at it. I believe > it is a real compromise, but a simple design. I don't have > the info in front > of me now but it uses some 12 volt filament and 12 volt plate > voltage tubes. > I believe they were a 12AD6 and a 12DZ6. I don't have any of > these in my > junk box. I do have some transformers so I guess higher plate > voltage and a > more common type receiving tubes is what I would rather use. > Just thought I > would ask what you real technicians thought of the QST > article and design. > Again I have never built a receiver so I am interested in > starting with a > simple design and getting it to work, forcing me to learn > some rx theory. If > there is a good schematic on a simple receiver that you would > recommend, I > am Interested. > > Mike > W0FD > > -Original Message- > From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Brett Gazdzinski > Sent: Thursday, November 13, 2003 6:35 AM > To: amradio@mailman.qth.net > Subject: RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It > WORKS!! > > > Mike, > A modern QST? > This month? > > Hard to see how a 2 tube receiver could be a superhet! > > You need a LO, a mixer (can be one tube, but that is not best), > IF amp (s), detector. > > Without 2 stages of IF amp, and a good tube detector, it might > not be great for AM, and no filter? > No filter will make it rough for AM use. > > > Most receiver designs I looked at had problems with odd IF > frequencies, > odd components you cant get any more like coils, or very hard to build > coils in the LO with feedback windings. > > I could never get any design to work well as a LO except the very nice > design that uses an RF choke in the cathode, two caps (220pf) > to ground > from the grid, cathode goes to the point between the two 220pf caps. > Coil and tuning cap in parallel to ground from the grid. > Coil can be switched (2 coils), or partly shorted for higher > frequencies. > The coil can be a slug tuned form, or almost any B+W coil stock. > > Tuning range is set by the value of the two 220pf caps and the size of > the tuning cap. > > Works quite a treat as an easy oscillator without trying to > wind feedback coils and so on. > Its also very easy to adjust and band switch. > > I tried building all sorts of LO designs, and never got anything > to work well except the circuit above. > > If you seriously plan to build a receiver, I can likely help you out > with parts and a good design. > I have been documenting the new receiver, and tracing out and > writing down the design of the first one, so can supply easy to build > circuits for each stage. > > When building a receiver, put things close together, all RF > and IF tubes, >
RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thanks Brett for the reply. Yes, November 2003 QST has a 2 tube receiver
described in it. I don't subscribe to QST but a friend shared the info with
me. I made a copy of the article but have not really looked at it. I believe
it is a real compromise, but a simple design. I don't have the info in front
of me now but it uses some 12 volt filament and 12 volt plate voltage tubes.
I believe they were a 12AD6 and a 12DZ6. I don't have any of these in my
junk box. I do have some transformers so I guess higher plate voltage and a
more common type receiving tubes is what I would rather use. Just thought I
would ask what you real technicians thought of the QST article and design.
Again I have never built a receiver so I am interested in starting with a
simple design and getting it to work, forcing me to learn some rx theory. If
there is a good schematic on a simple receiver that you would recommend, I
am Interested.
Mike
W0FD
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Brett Gazdzinski
Sent: Thursday, November 13, 2003 6:35 AM
To: amradio@mailman.qth.net
Subject: RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!
Mike,
A modern QST?
This month?
Hard to see how a 2 tube receiver could be a superhet!
You need a LO, a mixer (can be one tube, but that is not best),
IF amp (s), detector.
Without 2 stages of IF amp, and a good tube detector, it might
not be great for AM, and no filter?
No filter will make it rough for AM use.
Most receiver designs I looked at had problems with odd IF frequencies,
odd components you cant get any more like coils, or very hard to build
coils in the LO with feedback windings.
I could never get any design to work well as a LO except the very nice
design that uses an RF choke in the cathode, two caps (220pf) to ground
from the grid, cathode goes to the point between the two 220pf caps.
Coil and tuning cap in parallel to ground from the grid.
Coil can be switched (2 coils), or partly shorted for higher frequencies.
The coil can be a slug tuned form, or almost any B+W coil stock.
Tuning range is set by the value of the two 220pf caps and the size of
the tuning cap.
Works quite a treat as an easy oscillator without trying to
wind feedback coils and so on.
Its also very easy to adjust and band switch.
I tried building all sorts of LO designs, and never got anything
to work well except the circuit above.
If you seriously plan to build a receiver, I can likely help you out
with parts and a good design.
I have been documenting the new receiver, and tracing out and
writing down the design of the first one, so can supply easy to build
circuits for each stage.
When building a receiver, put things close together, all RF and IF tubes,
IF transformers, terminal strips. Long wires between stages can cause
serious problems.
There are not that many parts in a typical stage, most go on the tube
socket itself.
I have a collection of 455Khz IF transformers, tube type.
Coil forms and B+W coil stock is easy to get, but expensive for
what you get.
Lots of tube types can be used, you can use a digital frequency display
or not, you need a Kiwa filter to get good performance at low cost.
Its not hard at all to build a simple superhet!
Brett
N2DTS
>
>
> Congrats Eddy,
>
> I would like to see pictures of your project. I have been
> following your
> posts with interest. I hope to build a receiver for my next project.
>
> I've not ever attempted a rx project before so still
> gathering info and
> looking for the simple design to start. Any comments on the 2
> tube superhet
> described in QST for November? Its not a 1929 rig but may kindle the
> building interest again.
>
> Mike
> W0FD
>
> -Original Message-
> From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Eddy Swynar
> Sent: Wednesday, November 12, 2003 9:56 AM
> To: Amradio@mailman.qth.net; [EMAIL PROTECTED];
> [EMAIL PROTECTED];
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> Subject: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!
>
>
> Hi All,
>
> Well, I am VERY happy to say that my homebrewed 12-tube 1929
> superheterodyne
> receiver project IS WORKING!!
>
> I gave it the "maiden run" test voyage this morning---some problems
> ('natch!): an open plate choke, a bad solder connection on a
> bypass cap, and
> not enough (and later too much!) coupling between the local
> oscillator & the
> detector...the usual little stuff.
>
> I still have to determine how many turns of the local
> oscillator coil I'll
> have to short out in order to make it tune the 80-meter band
> (right now it
> tunes from about 3.3 to 3.490-MHz---but I was wise enough
> from the get-go to
> employ more coil stock turns than needed, "...just in case".
> It's always
> easier to SHORT turns, rather than
RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Mike,
A modern QST?
This month?
Hard to see how a 2 tube receiver could be a superhet!
You need a LO, a mixer (can be one tube, but that is not best),
IF amp (s), detector.
Without 2 stages of IF amp, and a good tube detector, it might
not be great for AM, and no filter?
No filter will make it rough for AM use.
Most receiver designs I looked at had problems with odd IF frequencies,
odd components you cant get any more like coils, or very hard to build
coils in the LO with feedback windings.
I could never get any design to work well as a LO except the very nice
design that uses an RF choke in the cathode, two caps (220pf) to ground
from the grid, cathode goes to the point between the two 220pf caps.
Coil and tuning cap in parallel to ground from the grid.
Coil can be switched (2 coils), or partly shorted for higher frequencies.
The coil can be a slug tuned form, or almost any B+W coil stock.
Tuning range is set by the value of the two 220pf caps and the size of
the tuning cap.
Works quite a treat as an easy oscillator without trying to
wind feedback coils and so on.
Its also very easy to adjust and band switch.
I tried building all sorts of LO designs, and never got anything
to work well except the circuit above.
If you seriously plan to build a receiver, I can likely help you out
with parts and a good design.
I have been documenting the new receiver, and tracing out and
writing down the design of the first one, so can supply easy to build
circuits for each stage.
When building a receiver, put things close together, all RF and IF tubes,
IF transformers, terminal strips. Long wires between stages can cause
serious problems.
There are not that many parts in a typical stage, most go on the tube
socket itself.
I have a collection of 455Khz IF transformers, tube type.
Coil forms and B+W coil stock is easy to get, but expensive for
what you get.
Lots of tube types can be used, you can use a digital frequency display
or not, you need a Kiwa filter to get good performance at low cost.
Its not hard at all to build a simple superhet!
Brett
N2DTS
>
>
> Congrats Eddy,
>
> I would like to see pictures of your project. I have been
> following your
> posts with interest. I hope to build a receiver for my next project.
>
> I've not ever attempted a rx project before so still
> gathering info and
> looking for the simple design to start. Any comments on the 2
> tube superhet
> described in QST for November? Its not a 1929 rig but may kindle the
> building interest again.
>
> Mike
> W0FD
>
> -Original Message-
> From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Eddy Swynar
> Sent: Wednesday, November 12, 2003 9:56 AM
> To: Amradio@mailman.qth.net; [EMAIL PROTECTED];
> [EMAIL PROTECTED];
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> Subject: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!
>
>
> Hi All,
>
> Well, I am VERY happy to say that my homebrewed 12-tube 1929
> superheterodyne
> receiver project IS WORKING!!
>
> I gave it the "maiden run" test voyage this morning---some problems
> ('natch!): an open plate choke, a bad solder connection on a
> bypass cap, and
> not enough (and later too much!) coupling between the local
> oscillator & the
> detector...the usual little stuff.
>
> I still have to determine how many turns of the local
> oscillator coil I'll
> have to short out in order to make it tune the 80-meter band
> (right now it
> tunes from about 3.3 to 3.490-MHz---but I was wise enough
> from the get-go to
> employ more coil stock turns than needed, "...just in case".
> It's always
> easier to SHORT turns, rather than to try & ADD them later
> on, after the
> fact!).
>
> It purrs along every bit as loud as my FT-980 along side it
> (the rice rocket
> is relegated to the role of digital frequency meter for these
> particular
> tests). Signals definitely peak right up with the two pre-selector
> capacitors (yup, it's a knob twiddler's delight!), & the old
> British vernier
> dial assembly is as smooth as silk---BETTER than anything
> encountered from
> either National, or Millen, surprisingly enough...
>
> Surprised, too, by the absence of hum, & IF feedback in the
> thing---either
> I'm really lucky, or I've managed to learn a trick or two in
> these matters
> after homebrewing for some 32 years now. :>)
>
> The whole package LOOKS real sexy, too---with any luck, I may
> be able to
> borrow a digital camera this weekend...if anyone cares to,
> I'd be more than
> pleased to e-mail shots of my latest "pride & joy" here to
> them. Just ask!
>
> Now, according to Murphy's law, the darn thing should blow up
> betwee
RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Eddy,
Glad you got it going!
I would also like to see pictures of it, maybe send it into
electric radio mag.
B+W coil stock is expensive, so you want to go too large there, hand wound
coils are better, at least you can rewind them if you go to far.
Where did you find the English dial?
Where did you get the design?
What does it use for a filter?
Enjoy!
Brett
N2DTS
>
> Hi All,
>
> Well, I am VERY happy to say that my homebrewed 12-tube 1929
> superheterodyne
> receiver project IS WORKING!!
>
> I gave it the "maiden run" test voyage this morning---some problems
> ('natch!): an open plate choke, a bad solder connection on a
> bypass cap, and
> not enough (and later too much!) coupling between the local
> oscillator & the
> detector...the usual little stuff.
>
> I still have to determine how many turns of the local
> oscillator coil I'll
> have to short out in order to make it tune the 80-meter band
> (right now it
> tunes from about 3.3 to 3.490-MHz---but I was wise enough
> from the get-go to
> employ more coil stock turns than needed, "...just in case".
> It's always
> easier to SHORT turns, rather than to try & ADD them later
> on, after the
> fact!).
>
> It purrs along every bit as loud as my FT-980 along side it
> (the rice rocket
> is relegated to the role of digital frequency meter for these
> particular
> tests). Signals definitely peak right up with the two pre-selector
> capacitors (yup, it's a knob twiddler's delight!), & the old
> British vernier
> dial assembly is as smooth as silk---BETTER than anything
> encountered from
> either National, or Millen, surprisingly enough...
>
> Surprised, too, by the absence of hum, & IF feedback in the
> thing---either
> I'm really lucky, or I've managed to learn a trick or two in
> these matters
> after homebrewing for some 32 years now. :>)
>
> The whole package LOOKS real sexy, too---with any luck, I may
> be able to
> borrow a digital camera this weekend...if anyone cares to,
> I'd be more than
> pleased to e-mail shots of my latest "pride & joy" here to
> them. Just ask!
>
> Now, according to Murphy's law, the darn thing should blow up
> between now &
> the first request for a shot...Hm.
>
> ~73!~ Eddy VE3CUI - VE3XZ
>
> ___
> AMRadio mailing list
> AMRadio@mailman.qth.net
> http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/amradio
RE: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Congrats Eddy,
I would like to see pictures of your project. I have been following your
posts with interest. I hope to build a reciever for my next project.
I've not ever attempted a rx project before so still gathering info and
looking for the simple design to start. Any comments on the 2 tube superhet
described in QST for November? Its not a 1929 rig but may kindle the
building interest again.
Mike
W0FD
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Eddy Swynar
Sent: Wednesday, November 12, 2003 9:56 AM
To: Amradio@mailman.qth.net; [EMAIL PROTECTED];
[EMAIL PROTECTED];
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: [AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!
Hi All,
Well, I am VERY happy to say that my homebrewed 12-tube 1929 superheterodyne
receiver project IS WORKING!!
I gave it the "maiden run" test voyage this morning---some problems
('natch!): an open plate choke, a bad solder connection on a bypass cap, and
not enough (and later too much!) coupling between the local oscillator & the
detector...the usual little stuff.
I still have to determine how many turns of the local oscillator coil I'll
have to short out in order to make it tune the 80-meter band (right now it
tunes from about 3.3 to 3.490-MHz---but I was wise enough from the get-go to
employ more coil stock turns than needed, "...just in case". It's always
easier to SHORT turns, rather than to try & ADD them later on, after the
fact!).
It purrs along every bit as loud as my FT-980 along side it (the rice rocket
is relegated to the role of digital frequency meter for these particular
tests). Signals definitely peak right up with the two pre-selector
capacitors (yup, it's a knob twiddler's delight!), & the old British vernier
dial assembly is as smooth as silk---BETTER than anything encountered from
either National, or Millen, surprisingly enough...
Surprised, too, by the absence of hum, & IF feedback in the thing---either
I'm really lucky, or I've managed to learn a trick or two in these matters
after homebrewing for some 32 years now. :>)
The whole package LOOKS real sexy, too---with any luck, I may be able to
borrow a digital camera this weekend...if anyone cares to, I'd be more than
pleased to e-mail shots of my latest "pride & joy" here to them. Just ask!
Now, according to Murphy's law, the darn thing should blow up between now &
the first request for a shot...Hm.
~73!~ Eddy VE3CUI - VE3XZ
___
AMRadio mailing list
AMRadio@mailman.qth.net
http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/amradio
[AMRadio] EUREKA!!! It WORKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Hi All,
Well, I am VERY happy to say that my homebrewed 12-tube 1929 superheterodyne
receiver project IS WORKING!!
I gave it the "maiden run" test voyage this morning---some problems
('natch!): an open plate choke, a bad solder connection on a bypass cap, and
not enough (and later too much!) coupling between the local oscillator & the
detector...the usual little stuff.
I still have to determine how many turns of the local oscillator coil I'll
have to short out in order to make it tune the 80-meter band (right now it
tunes from about 3.3 to 3.490-MHz---but I was wise enough from the get-go to
employ more coil stock turns than needed, "...just in case". It's always
easier to SHORT turns, rather than to try & ADD them later on, after the
fact!).
It purrs along every bit as loud as my FT-980 along side it (the rice rocket
is relegated to the role of digital frequency meter for these particular
tests). Signals definitely peak right up with the two pre-selector
capacitors (yup, it's a knob twiddler's delight!), & the old British vernier
dial assembly is as smooth as silk---BETTER than anything encountered from
either National, or Millen, surprisingly enough...
Surprised, too, by the absence of hum, & IF feedback in the thing---either
I'm really lucky, or I've managed to learn a trick or two in these matters
after homebrewing for some 32 years now. :>)
The whole package LOOKS real sexy, too---with any luck, I may be able to
borrow a digital camera this weekend...if anyone cares to, I'd be more than
pleased to e-mail shots of my latest "pride & joy" here to them. Just ask!
Now, according to Murphy's law, the darn thing should blow up between now &
the first request for a shot...Hm.
~73!~ Eddy VE3CUI - VE3XZ
