Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Hello group.
I wrote a tiny macro to apply a function to values in lowest levels in a map
with arguments.
Three questions:
- Does this abstraction have any existing name?
- Is there any existing function/macro to do similar things?
- Would anyone improve this implementation?
(require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is are run-tests)])
(with-test
(defmacro mapf [f m & args]
`((fn f# [n#]
(if (map? n#)
(into {} (map (fn [[k# v#]] [k# (f# v#)]) n#))
(~f n# ~@args)))
~m))
(is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
{:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
(is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
{:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
https://gist.github.com/kohyama/6089899
Thank you in advance.
Y.Kohyama
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Why does this need to be a macro? It doesn't actually manipulate code.
Just turn this: (~f n# ~@args) into (apply f n args) in the function
implementation.
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 11:49 AM, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
> Hello group.
>
> I wrote a tiny macro to apply a function to values in lowest levels in a map
> with arguments.
> Three questions:
>
> - Does this abstraction have any existing name?
>- Is there any existing function/macro to do similar things?
>- Would anyone improve this implementation?
>
>
> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is are run-tests)])
>
> (with-test
> (defmacro mapf [f m & args]
> `((fn f# [n#]
> (if (map? n#)
> (into {} (map (fn [[k# v#]] [k# (f# v#)]) n#))
> (~f n# ~@args)))
> ~m))
>
> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>
> https://gist.github.com/kohyama/6089899
>
> Thank you in advance.
>
> Y.Kohyama
>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Thank you Gary.
There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
It has rewritten as a function.
And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
(require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
(with-test
(defn mapf [f m & args]
((fn g [n]
(if (map? n)
(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
(apply f n args)))
m))
(is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
{:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
(is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
{:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
I defined update-vals in jry:
https://github.com/jaycfields/jry/blob/master/src/clojure/jry.clj#L74-L75
It doesn't traverse nested maps, but I haven't ever needed that ability
either.
1) I've never seen a name for that.
2) not in core. I'm sure it's been written 50 times in various helper libs.
3) I'd probably write it like below, but I'm not convinced it's any better.
(defn deep-update-vals
[m f & args]
(if (map? m)
(reduce-kv #(assoc %1 %2 (apply deep-update-vals %3 f args)) {} m)
(apply f m args)))
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 1:31 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
> Thank you Gary.
> There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
> It has rewritten as a function.
>
> And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
>
> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
>
> (with-test
> (defn mapf [f m & args]
> ((fn g [n]
>(if (map? n)
>(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
>(apply f n args)))
>
> m))
>
> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
I'm not sure I'd call this more readable, but it's another option - using
clojure.walk
(defn deep-update-vals
[m f & args]
(let [f (fn [[k v]] (if (map? v) [k v] [k (apply f v args)]))]
(clojure.walk/postwalk (fn [x] (if (map? x) (into {} (map f x)) x)) m)))
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 2:06 PM, Jay Fields wrote:
> I defined update-vals in jry:
> https://github.com/jaycfields/jry/blob/master/src/clojure/jry.clj#L74-L75
>
> It doesn't traverse nested maps, but I haven't ever needed that ability
> either.
>
> 1) I've never seen a name for that.
> 2) not in core. I'm sure it's been written 50 times in various helper libs.
> 3) I'd probably write it like below, but I'm not convinced it's any better.
>
> (defn deep-update-vals
> [m f & args]
> (if (map? m)
> (reduce-kv #(assoc %1 %2 (apply deep-update-vals %3 f args)) {} m)
> (apply f m args)))
>
>
> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 1:31 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
>
>> Thank you Gary.
>> There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
>> It has rewritten as a function.
>>
>> And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
>>
>>
>> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
>>
>>
>> (with-test
>> (defn mapf [f m & args]
>>
>> ((fn g [n]
>>(if (map? n)
>>
>>(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
>>
>>(apply f n args)))
>>
>> m))
>>
>> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
>>
>> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
>>
>> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
>>
>> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>>
>>
>> --
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>>
>>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
I think clojure.walk is suited to this purpose.
https://github.com/clojure/clojure/blob/master/src/clj/clojure/walk.clj
See keywordize-keys as an example.
On Saturday, July 27, 2013 2:31:21 AM UTC+9, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
>
> Thank you Gary.
> There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
> It has rewritten as a function.
>
> And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
>
> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
>
> (with-test
> (defn mapf [f m & args]
> ((fn g [n]
>(if (map? n)
>(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
>(apply f n args)))
> m))
>
> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>
>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
if you are thinking of the nested map as a sort of tree - which you seem to
be doing - then map-leaves or something similar might convey the intent.
On Saturday, 27 July 2013 04:30:30 UTC+10, Jay Fields wrote:
>
> I'm not sure I'd call this more readable, but it's another option - using
> clojure.walk
>
> (defn deep-update-vals
> [m f & args]
> (let [f (fn [[k v]] (if (map? v) [k v] [k (apply f v args)]))]
> (clojure.walk/postwalk (fn [x] (if (map? x) (into {} (map f x)) x))
> m)))
>
>
> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 2:06 PM, Jay Fields
> > wrote:
>
>> I defined update-vals in jry:
>> https://github.com/jaycfields/jry/blob/master/src/clojure/jry.clj#L74-L75
>>
>> It doesn't traverse nested maps, but I haven't ever needed that ability
>> either.
>>
>> 1) I've never seen a name for that.
>> 2) not in core. I'm sure it's been written 50 times in various helper
>> libs.
>> 3) I'd probably write it like below, but I'm not convinced it's any
>> better.
>>
>> (defn deep-update-vals
>> [m f & args]
>> (if (map? m)
>> (reduce-kv #(assoc %1 %2 (apply deep-update-vals %3 f args)) {} m)
>> (apply f m args)))
>>
>>
>> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 1:31 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama
>>
>> > wrote:
>>
>>> Thank you Gary.
>>> There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
>>> It has rewritten as a function.
>>>
>>> And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> (with-test
>>> (defn mapf [f m & args]
>>>
>>>
>>> ((fn g [n]
>>>(if (map? n)
>>>
>>>
>>>(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
>>>
>>>
>>>(apply f n args)))
>>>
>>> m))
>>>
>>> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
>>>
>>>
>>> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
>>>
>>>
>>> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
>>>
>>>
>>> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>>>
>>>
>>>
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>>
>>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Thanks, Jay.
Your reply helps me much.
I often think which is better,
(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (f v)]) m))
and
(reduce (fn [a [k v]] (assoc a k (f v))) m m)
or
(reduce-kv (fn [a k v] (assoc a k (f v))) m m)
, where f is a function, m is a map.
Any body have any opinion?
Thanks.
Y. Kohyama
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
If the map is a tree with values at the leaves, then it's a functor and
applying a function to the values is fmap.
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 6:02 PM, Dave Sann wrote:
> if you are thinking of the nested map as a sort of tree - which you seem
> to be doing - then map-leaves or something similar might convey the intent.
>
> On Saturday, 27 July 2013 04:30:30 UTC+10, Jay Fields wrote:
>>
>> I'm not sure I'd call this more readable, but it's another option - using
>> clojure.walk
>>
>> (defn deep-update-vals
>> [m f & args]
>> (let [f (fn [[k v]] (if (map? v) [k v] [k (apply f v args)]))]
>> (clojure.walk/postwalk (fn [x] (if (map? x) (into {} (map f x)) x))
>> m)))
>>
>>
>> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 2:06 PM, Jay Fields wrote:
>>
>>> I defined update-vals in jry: https://github.com/**
>>> jaycfields/jry/blob/master/**src/clojure/jry.clj#L74-L75
>>>
>>> It doesn't traverse nested maps, but I haven't ever needed that ability
>>> either.
>>>
>>> 1) I've never seen a name for that.
>>> 2) not in core. I'm sure it's been written 50 times in various helper
>>> libs.
>>> 3) I'd probably write it like below, but I'm not convinced it's any
>>> better.
>>>
>>> (defn deep-update-vals
>>> [m f & args]
>>> (if (map? m)
>>> (reduce-kv #(assoc %1 %2 (apply deep-update-vals %3 f args)) {} m)
>>> (apply f m args)))
>>>
>>>
>>> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 1:31 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
>>>
Thank you Gary.
There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
It has rewritten as a function.
And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
(require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
(with-test
(defn mapf [f m & args]
((fn g [n]
(if (map? n)
(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
(apply f n args)))
m))
(is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
{:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
(is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
{:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
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>>>
>>>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Thank you, Dave. Yes, I'm thinking of a nested map as a sort of tree. Then, what I do may be called 'map-leaves', as you say. Is there an existing function named like that? Or did you say that just as 'an abstraction name'? Y.Kohyama 2013年7月27日土曜日 10時02分17秒 UTC+9 Dave Sann: > > if you are thinking of the nested map as a sort of tree - which you seem > to be doing - then map-leaves or something similar might convey the intent. > -- -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Clojure" group. To post to this group, send email to clojure@googlegroups.com Note that posts from new members are moderated - please be patient with your first post. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to clojure+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/clojure?hl=en --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Clojure" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to clojure+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/groups/opt_out.
Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Thank you, Ben.
If I think the map as a tree, then as a functor, what I do is 'fmap' (in
Haskell or some languages),
,as you say.
Thanks for saying that.
Does Algo supply things around Functor, Applicative and Monad?
I'm going to look at Algo.
Or anybody knows any other libraries or implementations around these things
in Clojure?
Regards,
Y.Kohyama
2013年7月27日土曜日 13時06分23秒 UTC+9 Ben:
>
> If the map is a tree with values at the leaves, then it's a functor and
> applying a function to the values is fmap.
>
>
> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 6:02 PM, Dave Sann
> > wrote:
>
>> if you are thinking of the nested map as a sort of tree - which you seem
>> to be doing - then map-leaves or something similar might convey the intent.
>>
>> On Saturday, 27 July 2013 04:30:30 UTC+10, Jay Fields wrote:
>>>
>>> I'm not sure I'd call this more readable, but it's another option -
>>> using clojure.walk
>>>
>>> (defn deep-update-vals
>>> [m f & args]
>>> (let [f (fn [[k v]] (if (map? v) [k v] [k (apply f v args)]))]
>>> (clojure.walk/postwalk (fn [x] (if (map? x) (into {} (map f x)) x))
>>> m)))
>>>
>>>
>>> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 2:06 PM, Jay Fields wrote:
>>>
I defined update-vals in jry: https://github.com/**
jaycfields/jry/blob/master/**src/clojure/jry.clj#L74-L75
It doesn't traverse nested maps, but I haven't ever needed that ability
either.
1) I've never seen a name for that.
2) not in core. I'm sure it's been written 50 times in various helper
libs.
3) I'd probably write it like below, but I'm not convinced it's any
better.
(defn deep-update-vals
[m f & args]
(if (map? m)
(reduce-kv #(assoc %1 %2 (apply deep-update-vals %3 f args)) {} m)
(apply f m args)))
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 1:31 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama
wrote:
> Thank you Gary.
> There's no reason why this need to be a macro.
> It has rewritten as a function.
>
> And I'd still like to hear any response about the same three questions.
>
>
>
>
> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is run-tests)])
>
>
>
>
> (with-test
> (defn mapf [f m & args]
>
>
>
> ((fn g [n]
>(if (map? n)
>
>
>
>(into {} (map (fn [[k v]] [k (g v)]) n))
>
>
>
>(apply f n args)))
>
> m))
>
> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
>
>
>
> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
>
>
>
> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
>
>
>
> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>
>
>
>
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>
>
>
> --
> Ben Wolfson
> "Human kind has used its intelligence to vary the flavour of drinks, which
> may be sweet, aromatic, fermented or spirit-based. ... Family and social
> life also offer numerous other occasions to consume drinks for pleasure."
> [Larousse, "Drink" entry]
>
>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
This is 'map-leaves' in our open-source lib plumbing.map (besides the
option for additional args):
https://github.com/Prismatic/plumbing/blob/master/src/plumbing/map.clj
Cheers, Jason
On Friday, July 26, 2013 8:49:14 AM UTC-7, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
>
> Hello group.
>
> I wrote a tiny macro to apply a function to values in lowest levels in a map
> with arguments.
> Three questions:
>
> - Does this abstraction have any existing name?
>- Is there any existing function/macro to do similar things?
>- Would anyone improve this implementation?
>
>
> (require '[clojure.test :refer (with-test is are run-tests)])
>
> (with-test
> (defmacro mapf [f m & args]
> `((fn f# [n#]
> (if (map? n#)
> (into {} (map (fn [[k# v#]] [k# (f# v#)]) n#))
> (~f n# ~@args)))
> ~m))
>
> (is (= (mapf #(* % %) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5})
> {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25}))
> (is (= (mapf #(+ (* %1 %1) %2) {:a {:b 3 :c 4} :d 5} 1)
> {:a {:b 10 :c 17} :d 26})))
>
> https://gist.github.com/kohyama/6089899
>
> Thank you in advance.
>
> Y.Kohyama
>
>
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 9:27 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
> Thank you, Ben.
>
> If I think the map as a tree, then as a functor, what I do is 'fmap' (in
> Haskell or some languages),
> ,as you say.
> Thanks for saying that.
>
> Does Algo supply things around Functor, Applicative and Monad?
> I'm going to look at Algo.
>
> Or anybody knows any other libraries or implementations around these
> things in Clojure?
>
>
algo.generic has a functor implementation for regular maps which you could
already use, if your maps have uniform depth:
(fmap (partial fmap inc) {:a {:x 1} :b {:y 2}}) ---> {:a {:x 2} :b {:y 3}}
if you want to use that fmap (or, I'd think, the fmaps provided by either
morph or fluokitten) with uneven depths, you'd have to wrap them in a
defrecord or deftype, I'd expect.
--
Ben Wolfson
"Human kind has used its intelligence to vary the flavour of drinks, which
may be sweet, aromatic, fermented or spirit-based. ... Family and social
life also offer numerous other occasions to consume drinks for pleasure."
[Larousse, "Drink" entry]
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 9:31 PM, Ben Wolfson wrote:
> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 9:27 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama wrote:
>
>> Thank you, Ben.
>>
>> If I think the map as a tree, then as a functor, what I do is 'fmap' (in
>> Haskell or some languages),
>> ,as you say.
>> Thanks for saying that.
>>
>> Does Algo supply things around Functor, Applicative and Monad?
>> I'm going to look at Algo.
>>
>> Or anybody knows any other libraries or implementations around these
>> things in Clojure?
>>
>>
> algo.generic has a functor implementation for regular maps which you could
> already use, if your maps have uniform depth:
>
> (fmap (partial fmap inc) {:a {:x 1} :b {:y 2}}) ---> {:a {:x 2} :b {:y 3}}
>
> if you want to use that fmap (or, I'd think, the fmaps provided by either
> morph or fluokitten) with uneven depths, you'd have to wrap them in a
> defrecord or deftype, I'd expect.
>
>
You could also engage in this underhanded trick:
user=> (defmethod f/fmap Object [f v] (f v)) ;;; "Identity" functor
#
user=> (defmethod f/fmap clojure.lang.IPersistentMap [f v] (into {} (map
(fn [[k v]] [k (f/fmap f v)]) v)))
#
user=> (f/fmap inc {:a {:y 1} :b {:x 2 :z {:c [1 2 3]}}})
{:a {:y 2}, :b {:z {:c [2 3 4]}, :x 3}}
But I wouldn't recommend it.
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Thank you, Jason. The 'map-leaves' does the same as my 'mapf' and simpler. Its name and implementation is very sophisticated with other functions doing similar but different things. Thanks the information. Regards, Y.Kohyama 2013年7月27日土曜日 13時31分28秒 UTC+9 Jason Wolfe: > > This is 'map-leaves' in our open-source lib plumbing.map (besides the > option for additional args): > > https://github.com/Prismatic/plumbing/blob/master/src/plumbing/map.clj > > Cheers, Jason > -- -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Clojure" group. To post to this group, send email to clojure@googlegroups.com Note that posts from new members are moderated - please be patient with your first post. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to clojure+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/clojure?hl=en --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Clojure" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to clojure+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/groups/opt_out.
Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
Thanks Ben, for very useful informations!
2013年7月27日土曜日 13時31分41秒 UTC+9 Ben:
>
> if you want to use that fmap (or, I'd think, the fmaps provided by either
> morph or fluokitten) with uneven depths, you'd have to wrap them in a
> defrecord or deftype, I'd expect.
>
I see.
2013年7月27日土曜日 13時37分28秒 UTC+9 Ben:
>
> user=> (defmethod f/fmap Object [f v] (f v)) ;;; "Identity" functor
> #
> user=> (defmethod f/fmap clojure.lang.IPersistentMap [f v] (into {} (map
> (fn [[k v]] [k (f/fmap f v)]) v)))
> #
> user=> (f/fmap inc {:a {:y 1} :b {:x 2 :z {:c [1 2 3]}}})
> {:a {:y 2}, :b {:z {:c [2 3 4]}, :x 3}}
>
> But I wouldn't recommend it.
>
One way. It can be used, I think.
Thanks again.
Regards,
Y.Kohyama
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Re: Does this abstraction have any existing name?
morph's incomplete because it extends Functor only for collections and
function composition; I'll add String and boxed types, but for now Long's
extension must be supplied:
(use 'blancas.morph.core)
(extend-type java.lang.Long Functor (fun [this f] (f this)))
With this, it's like alto.generic but fmap comes curried:
user=> (fmap inc {:a 3 :b 9 :c 16})
{:a 4, :c 17, :b 10}
user=> (fmap (fmap inc) {:a {:b 9 :c 16} :d 25})
{:a {:c 17, :b 10}, :d 26}
For use with arbitrarily nested maps something like this is needed:
(defn f [k] (fn g [x] (if (map? x) (fmap g x) (k x
user=> (fmap (f inc) {:a {:b 9 :c {:x 16 :y 20}} :d 25})
{:a {:c {:y 21, :x 17}, :b 10}, :d 26}
On Friday, July 26, 2013 9:31:41 PM UTC-7, Ben wrote:
>
> On Fri, Jul 26, 2013 at 9:27 PM, Yoshinori Kohyama
>
> > wrote:
>
>> Thank you, Ben.
>>
>> If I think the map as a tree, then as a functor, what I do is 'fmap' (in
>> Haskell or some languages),
>> ,as you say.
>> Thanks for saying that.
>>
>> Does Algo supply things around Functor, Applicative and Monad?
>> I'm going to look at Algo.
>>
>> Or anybody knows any other libraries or implementations around these
>> things in Clojure?
>>
>>
> algo.generic has a functor implementation for regular maps which you could
> already use, if your maps have uniform depth:
>
> (fmap (partial fmap inc) {:a {:x 1} :b {:y 2}}) ---> {:a {:x 2} :b {:y 3}}
>
> if you want to use that fmap (or, I'd think, the fmaps provided by either
> morph or fluokitten) with uneven depths, you'd have to wrap them in a
> defrecord or deftype, I'd expect.
>
> --
> Ben Wolfson
> "Human kind has used its intelligence to vary the flavour of drinks, which
> may be sweet, aromatic, fermented or spirit-based. ... Family and social
> life also offer numerous other occasions to consume drinks for pleasure."
> [Larousse, "Drink" entry]
>
>
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