Russian Environmental Digest (REDfiles) is a compilation of
the week's major English-language press on environmental issues in Russia.
8 - 14 May 2000, Vol. 2, No. 19
1. Chernobyl Revisited
2. Chernobyl-Hit Farms Should Be Closed for Decades
3. Yushchenko Pledges to Close Chernobyl Reactor by Year End
4. Putin Signs Law on Punishment for Atomic Legislation Breach
5. Station Fits New Safety Training Equipment
6. A Case Shows Russia's Quandary in Preventing Leaks of Arms Lore
7. Excessive Air Pollution Affects 200 Towns
8. Fires Destroy Forests in Siberia, Far East
9. Green Prize Lawyer's Latest Win
10. Number of Infection Cases Grows in Russia As Summer Coming
11. Outbreak of Hemorrhagic Fever Endangers Stavropol Region
12. Defence Shipyard Designs Container for Radioactive Waste
1 Chernobyl Revisited The New York Times, May 14, 2000
Fourteen years after the worst accident in the history of nuclear
power, Ukraine seems determined to shut down the lone active reactor
remaining at Chernobyl by the end of the year. The long overdue
decision will close a reactor that has experienced an unsettling
variety of minor failures and end power generation at a complex that
once contained four nuclear plants. But in other ways the Chernobyl
accident still haunts the people and lands of the former Soviet Union.
The steel and concrete shell encasing the radioactive ruins of the
destroyed reactor is leaking and must be replaced.
Reactors with similar designs to those at Chernobyl -- and
considerable safety problems -- still operate in Russia and Lithuania.
Several countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union depend
on other types of Soviet-built reactors that also fall short of
Western safety standards. These are expensive problems, requiring
money that former Soviet bloc nations do not have. The West has
provided millions in financial assistance, but it will have to
contribute more to improve nuclear safety and close dangerous
reactors.
The sarcophagus that houses the No. 4 reactor at Chernobyl, the one
that exploded in April 1986, is unstable and cracked. The European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development is trying to raise $768
million to reseal the tomb temporarily and to build a new one. So far,
the United States and European nations have given only about half that
amount. When donor nations meet in Berlin this summer, they must
pledge to pay the balance.
A second need is to continue to care for those affected by the
Chernobyl disaster. The greatest problem is thyroid cancer in people
who were children at the time of the accident. Most of the 2,000
victims so far live in Belarus and are being treated with help from
the World Health Organization.
In 1992, the Group of Seven industrialized nations recommended the
closure of 25 Soviet-designed reactors, including all Chernobyl-style
power plants. These reactors -- there are 14 today -- are considered
the most dangerous. Though they have been upgraded to fix the flaws
that contributed to the Chernobyl disaster, they remain unsafe. The 43
other Soviet-design reactors in use are considered somewhat safer, but
all need more backup systems and other protective measures. The
poverty of former Soviet nations adds to the risk. At Chernobyl, for
example, maintenance is slighted and employees have often had to wait
months for their paychecks.
The desire to join the European Union has encouraged Lithuania,
Slovakia and Bulgaria to try to meet European safety standards by
scheduling early closing of their most dangerous reactors. It is no
small sacrifice for a poor nation to shut down a source of cheap
energy. Lithuania, for example, is planning to close one of its two
reactors, which together provide 75 percent of the country's power.
The industrialized nations have been talking about helping Ukraine to
close Chernobyl for years. Their aid will take the form of loans to
complete two new nuclear reactors -- a bad idea, as the reactors will
not meet Western safety standards. The safer, if costlier, choice
would be to build a coal plant and improve the energy efficiency of
existing factories. Few catastrophes have less respect for borders
than a nuclear meltdown. Unsafe reactors are an international problem,
and decommissioning requires international cooperation.
(back to top)
2 Chernobyl-Hit Farms Should Be Closed for Decades Agence France
Presse, May 10, 2000
Food-growing areas that were hit by fallout from Chernobyl should be
restricted for several more decades rather than be allowed to reopen
in the near future, a scientific team warns.
Dangerous residues of caesium 137 can linger far longer in the soil
and water than initially thought, they say.
Ukraine, much of Belarus and parts of Russia were severely
contaminated by radioactive debris that spewed into the air after
Chernobyl's No. 4 reactor exploded on April 26 1986.
The fallout also affected swaths of Scandinavia, eastern and central
Europe, sowing "hot spots" of radioactivity, depending on prevailing
winds and rain.
In some areas, farm production was stopped or subjected to tight
restrictions, and forests were declared off-limits for berry- and
mushroom-pickers.
Writing in Thursday's issue of the British scientific journal Nature,
British and Dutch experts say new data has belied initial optimism in
many quarters that the caesium 137 would decay relatively quickly and
let the restrictions be lifted within 15 years or so of the disaster.
Early figures suggested that caesium's "effective ecological
half-life" -- the time needed for its radioactivity to decline by 50
percent after entering the environment -- would be from one to four
years.
But, the team says, latest measurements say the half-life is more
likely to be from six years to three decades.
In Britain, sale or slaughter restrictions remain in place for 389
hillside sheep farms, with 232,000 sheep.
"Restrictions may need to remain in place on some farms for a total of
30 years after the Chernobyl accident, which is more than 100 times
longer than initially expected," they warn.
"In some areas of the former Soviet Union, consumption of forest
berries, fungi and fish... which contribute significantly to people's
radiation exposure, will need to be restricted for at least a further
50 years."
The reason for the big change in diagnosis lies in the absorption
process of caesium in the environment,
It takes several years before the element becomes fixed in the soil.
During that time the caesium is exposed to the air, and it decays
quickly.
But after the caesium becomes diffused in the soil, the rate of decay
slows, becoming a long, steady process, the scientists believe.
The work was carried out by scientists from Britain's Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology; the Centre for Environment Fisheries and
Aquaculture Science; the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; and from
the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation.
It was conducted at Cumbria, northwestern England, where radioactivity
levels were tested at seven sites of terrestrial vegetation, two lakes
and three species of mature fish.
The research was carried out in parallel with a Norwegian study,
published last year, that made similar measurements in a Scandinavian
lake and also concluded that caesium levels were persisting for much
longer than expected.
Ukraine has promised to decommission Chernobyl by the end of 2000,
provided it gets 2.3 billion dollars in financial aid.
Officially, 31 people died from exposure to radiation at the time of
the disaster or shortly afterwards, but a citizen's group which
managed the cleanup operation estimates 15,000 people have died from
radiation poisoning over the years.
Interfax last month cited Russian Emergencies Minister Sergei Shoigu
as saying that 55,000 people who participated in the clean-up had
either died or been severely handicapped.
(back to top)
3 Yushchenko Pledges to Close Chernobyl Reactor by Year End British
Broadcasting Corporation, May 10, 2000 Excerpt from report by Russian
news agency ITAR-TASS
Washington, 9th May, ITAR-TASS correspondent Boris Grushin: Ukrainian
Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko, who arrived in Washington on Monday
[8th May] on a two-day visit, has confirmed Ukraine's commitment to
close the reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power station by the end of
the year.
Following a meeting with the Ukrainian prime minister, US Secretary of
State Madeleine Albright stated that the construction of a new
"sarcophagus" for the station's stricken power set would be "a gift
for the people of Ukraine and a great victory in environmental
protection for the whole of Europe".
About 360m dollars is needed in addition to the existing sum of 400m
dollars in order to build the new cover.
Yushchenko voiced the hope that it would prove possible to find the
necessary funds at a conference of donors on financing the project,
"Cover", which is to be held in Germany in July.
(back to top)
4 Putin Signs Law on Punishment for Atomic Legislation Breach
ITAR-TASS News Agency, May 13, 2000
President Vladimir Putin on Saturday signed a law determining the
administrative responsibility of organisations for breach of atomic
energy legislation.
The new law "is called upon to help improve state regulation of the
safe use of atomic energy and aims at enhancing health and
environmental protection", the presidential press service told
Itar-Tass.
Some of its articles specify administrative offenses which entail a
penalty for an organisation which operates in the field of atomic
energy.
These include the absence of permission (licence) from federal
authorities which regulate the safe use of atomic energy; violations
of federal norms and rules in this area, etc.
(back to top)
5 Station Fits New Safety Training Equipment British Broadcasting
Corporation, May 12, 2000
The Kola nuclear power station has installed simulator equipment to
train staff in dealing with emergencies, Russian NTV International
television reported on 5th May. The equipment was partly funded by the
US government. The following is the text of the TV report:
[Presenter] Russia's nuclear power stations are paying particular
attention to the possibility of emergency occurrences. Special
training is being provided to prevent emergencies. Igor Sorokin
reports from the Kola nuclear power station [in Murmansk Region].
[Correspondent] After the Chernobyl nuclear accident all Russian
nuclear power stations started setting up their own training centres
as a matter of urgency. Operating staff have now been given the
opportunity to use special simulators to practise response to any
emergency situation. The installation of another of these simulators
has now been completed at the Kola nuclear power station and the
experts regard it as one of the most modern in the world. The unique
feature of this equipment is that it is a precise copy of the console
installed in one of the power station's generating sets.
The new full-scale simulator enables staff to drill almost all
possible emergency scenarios. The power station personnel do shifts in
this training class in the same way as their normal rotas. They
monitor the parameters of the operations of the turbines and the
reactor itself in just the same way as they would normally. None of
them has any idea what the computer linked to the console may at any
moment input and the alarm is sounded here quite frequently.
The shift team has to work against the clock to deal with the
assignment if the situation is not to get out of control. In these
circumstances much depends on the actions taken by specific
individuals, which is why virtually all of the operating personnel at
the power station are given the special training.
This project has been included in the international nuclear safety
programme and was implemented using funds allocated by the Russian
Atomic Energy Ministry and its US counterpart. The construction of the
training simulator at the Kola nuclear power station cost the two
countries 6m dollars and the Americans put up more than half of this
sum.
[Kola nuclear power station director Yuriy Kolomtsev] This indicates
that the Americans are also concerned and worried about staff
preparedness in general, not necessarily at our power station. All
staff who operate nuclear power stations worldwide should be prepared.
[Correspondent] Regarding the safe operation of the Kola nuclear power
station itself, more than 10m dollars a year are spent on it, and the
experts believe that expenditure on this scale is perfectly justified.
(back to top)
6 A Case Shows Russia's Quandary in Preventing Leaks of Arms Lore New
York Times, May 10, 2000
St. Petersburg, Russia, May 4 -- One of Russia's leading missile
scientists, Yuri P. Savelyev, was always more than willing to teach
advanced rocket-building to Iranian engineers, who are said to be
working on missiles that could reach most Middle Eastern capitals, and
even Alaska.
When Russian government officials tried to stop him four years ago
because Russia had signed an international agreement to control the
spread of ballistic missile technology, Mr. Savelyev persisted.
As the rector of the famous Baltic State Technical University, he
developed a program to teach students from a leading Iranian
university courses in advanced physics, metallurgy and the behavior of
gases and fluids under high pressure and temperature -- all
disciplines essential to building rockets.
That was done, he said, with the full knowledge of the Russian Defense
Ministry and the national intelligence agency, known as the Federal
Security Service, of which Mr. Savelyev's deputy is a member.
Then last February, after complaints from the Clinton administration,
Mr. Savelyev was ordered to shut down the program. He was summoned to
Moscow by the Ministry of Education, where he was reprimanded and
threatened with dismissal for concealing the educational program that
was under way both here and in Iran.
"I really have big problems," he said, seated near a display cabinet
where he keeps a portrait of Iran's late spiritual leader, Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini. "I now have as my antagonists the Russian
government and the American government and I think one way or the
other, they will find a way to fire me from the post of rector."
As concerns mount in the United States and Israel that Iran's
secretive missile and nuclear weapons programs could pose new threats
in the region, the case of Mr. Savelyev illustrates the
behind-the-scenes cooperation between the Russian and American
governments to stem the flow of missile technologies to Iran. But at
the same time, it also reveals the deep-seated resistance within the
Russian military and security establishment against abandoning
Russia's "strategic" role in cultivating clients and lucrative
contracts for transferring military science and techno"fuse
technology," the design of "antitank rockets" and "ignition and
explosives."
Armed with this approval, Mr. Savelyev sent out advertisements to
universities in Iran, China, Syria, India and Vietnam offering to
train graduate students in advanced sciences of metallurgy, gas and
fluid dynamics in conditions of high-temperature and pressure and
other disciplines that could be considered the basics of rocket
science.
Three Iranian universities responded, but Mr. Savelyev said two of
them were on a secret list of 305 organizations in Iran with which
Russian universities are forbidden to have contact. "The government
sent this list to our university, but I had the feeling that this list
was prepared by the C.I.A.," he said.
What was not on the list was K. N. Toosi University of Technology in
Tehran, Iran, whose dean, S. N. Mousavi, was anxious to have his
graduate students in mechanical engineering study under Russian
professors.
Without informing the Russian government, Mr. Savelyev flew to Tehran
in September 1999 and signed an agreement with Mr. Mousavi to begin
training the first 17 Iranian students immediately. Throughout last
fall and up until February of this year, about two dozen Russian
professors shuttled to Iran to teach courses in three-week segments,
for which they were paid $1,000 each trip.
But a month into the program, the United States again intervened.
In an October 1999 letter from Vice President Al Gore to Mr. Putin,
who was then the prime minister, the Clinton administration complained
that Russia was failing to take action against Russian institutions
that were still assisting Iran's missile program. Mr. Savelyev said
the letter was read to him by a member of Mr. Putin's staff.
On Dec. 20, Russia's Federal Service for Currency and Export Control
opened an investigation that concluded two months later that Baltic
State was indeed transferring expertise that could be useful to Iran's
missile program and, therefore, was acting contrary to Russian
national interests.
The deputy director of the export control agency, Sergei F. Yakimov,
issued an order to Baltic State on Feb. 11 to shut down the program.
Now, three months later, the professors who worked on the Iran program
are back teaching Russians.
Last month, Russia's education minister, Vladimir M. Filippov,
publicly rebuked Mr. Savelyev, saying he "was given a severe reprimand
and a warning" for violating a "whole series" of secret orders from
the ministry pertaining to educational services to Iran.
But even as Mr. Savelyev was being disciplined, Russia's Ministry of
Defense was defending the program for Iranian students. A top Russian
defense official argued that the investigation of Mr. Savelyev did
"not contain evidence of violation of Russian legislation on
military-technical cooperation and export control."
First Deputy Minister of Defense Nikolai V. Mikhailov stated, in a
letter to the export control ministry, "The Ministry of Defense does
not see danger to the security of the Russian Federation in education
of foreign citizens including the citizens of Iran."
The university's program of courses for Iranian students was carefully
screened by the Ministry of Defense and other experts, he said, and
added, "On the whole, the higher education of foreign citizens in
Russian language and Russian technical standards is extremely useful
for Russia in strategic terms."
(back to top)
7 Excessive Air Pollution Affects 200 Towns British Broadcasting
Corporation, May 12, 2000
The air pollution level is above the sanitary norms in more than 200
Russian towns. This was stated today by Russian First Deputy Prime
Minister and Finance Minister Mikhail Kasyanov at the Russian
government sitting, at which measures to improve nature protection
efforts in the country were examined.
The Russian constitution "requires the government to take urgent
measures to ensure citizens' rights to ecological safety", the first
deputy prime minister stressed. Kasyanov was chairing the government
sitting today in the absence of Russian President-elect Vladimir Putin
[Putin is on holiday in Sochi].
Journalists were told at the Government Information Department that
the State Committee [of the Russian Federation] on Environmental
Protection, which prepared a report on this issue for the sitting,
thinks that the most important task in ecology policy in Russia is to
ensure that the requirements relating to ecological safety for the
population and national economic facilities are met.
Taking into account the specific way in which this task is being
resolved, the State Committee [of the Russian Federation] on
Environmental Protection thinks that a concept needs to be worked out
for ecological safety in the Russian Federation and approved by the
president.
This document should define the tasks not only of the departments
dealing with natural resources, but also of the law-enforcement
bodies, ministries dealing with the economy and departments engaged in
achieving the necessary conditions for the functioning of the
socio-economic sphere and preventing ecological threats to the
population and the country's economy.
(back to top)
8 Fires Destroy Forests in Siberia, Far East British Broadcasting
Corporation, May 12, 2000 Moscow, 6th May: ITAR-TASS correspondent
Grigoriy Dubovitskiy:
The area of forest destroyed by fire in Siberia and Far East exceeds
100,000 ha. Over 7,200 ha burnt down in the past 24 hours. The
ITAR-TASS correspondent learnt this at the press service of the
Russian Emergencies Ministry.
There are 234 natural fires at the moment, 107 of which started in the
past 24 hours. The situation in Chita Region remains the worst. Eight
large fires have been registered there over an area of more than
23,000 ha.
Over 3,100 people, 502 special vehicles and 29 planes and helicopters
are involved in fighting the fires. According to the press centre, the
situation remains difficult, although there is no threat to populated
areas or economic facilities.
(back to top)
9 Green Prize Lawyer's Latest Win The Moscow Times, May 12, 2000
The achievements of Russian environmentalists may not be taken
seriously in their own country but they were recognized
internationally last month when a Moscow environmental lawyer received
a Goldman Prize, dubbed the Nobel of the Green movement.
Vera Mishchenko, 47, is credited with introducing the concept of
public interest environmental law in Russia by founding Ecojuris, the
country's first public interest law firm. She brought the first
successful lawsuits against the government in defense of citizens'
environmental and health rights.
She prefers to think that the $125,000 prize from the U.S.-based
Goldman Environmental Foundation is in recognition of her lifelong
efforts rather than in appreciation of separate victories in court
battles.
"This prize is not given for a single achievement, no matter how big
it is," Mishchenko said in a recent interview in her firm's tiny
office in central Moscow.
Still, a few of her achievements stand out. Last year, Ecojuris
persuaded the Supreme Court to reverse the government's decision to
allow Exxon to proceed with an oil drilling project on Sakhalin Island
without having to complete an environmental impact report.
Ecojuris lawyers also successfully challenged government directives
allowing clear-cutting of protected forests.
Mishchenko is the third Russian environmentalist to receive a Goldman
Prize, which since 1990 has been given to grassroots environmentalists
from six regions of the world.
In the past, the prize for the European region has been awarded to
Svyatoslav Zabelin, the founder of the Russian Ecological Unit, and to
Alexander Nikitin, a retired navy captain who spent 11 months in
prison on treason charges after contributing to a report published by
the Norwegian environmental group Bellona about the Northern Fleet's
handling of nuclear waste. He was eventually acquitted.
Since 1991, Mishchenko has turned Ecojuris into a network of
environmental lawyers practicing in different parts of the country,
funded mostly by Western grants and charitable contributions.
Mishchenko and her colleagues also have helped write regional
environmental laws, most recently for Moscow.
She said the federal environmental law passed in 1992 has a number of
advantages over those in the United States or in some European
countries, but is widely violated.
"The worst thing is that in this country public environmental rights
are being violated at the highest level, by ministers and prime
ministers," Mishchenko said. Directives signed by some past prime
ministers have allowed environmentally damaging logging in a number of
regions, she said.
The State Environment Committee is often too willing to help out those
undertaking environmentally unfriendly projects, Mishchenko said.
"We are not an extremist group. We usually start by explaining to
people that they are wrong and show them the law," she said. "When it
does not work, we go to court." She said her biggest concern is the
way in which the country is parting with its natural resources. "We
are selling them for nothing, ignoring and violating all the existing
laws," Mishchenko said.
In Moscow, the main natural resource is land, which is being gobbled
up with little thought to the environmental consequences, she said.
"Practically all the construction projects underway in Moscow now,
including the construction of the Third Ring Road, are being carried
out with violations," Mishchenko said.
In Moscow and the Moscow region alone, Ecojuris has 27 law suits
pending, she said.
(back to top)
10 Number of Infection Cases Grows in Russia As Summer Coming
ITAR-TASS News Agency, May 11, 2000
With the summer season coming, Russia reports more and more infection
cases. Two people have died of Crimean hemorrhagic fever in the
Stavropol territory. Ten people ill with the disease have been
hospitalised, some of them are in heavy condition.
The infection is spread by ticks, and epidemiologists at present
conduct sanitary works against the parasite.
Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk in Chuvashia report an increasing
number of intestinal infection cases caused by low-quality dairy
products made in Cheboksary. In the city, a total of 1,174 people,
including 657 children, have already fallen, with 560 people
hospitalised for dysentery.
There are 418 similar cases, including 271 among children, in
Novocheboksarsk. The figure for the Cheboksary region is 70 cases,
with children accounting for more than half of them.
Specialists from federal epidemiologic services have been sent to the
region to render aid.
(back to top)
11 Outbreak of Hemorrhagic Fever Endangers Stavropol Region ITAR-TASS
News Agency, May 13, 2000
Authorities in the Stavropol Territory, southern Russia, on Saturday
declared a state of emergency in connection with an outbreak of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever.
Governor Alexander Chernogorov announced this decision at an emergency
meeting of the regional government, which also involved Russia's chief
sanitary doctor and Deputy Health Minister Alexander Onishchenko.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever has already hit 14 people, two of them have
died. Last year, 11 people came down with this disease and three died.
The region has seen outbreaks of Crimean hemorrhagic fever two years
in a row after a 27 year break.
It was noted at the meeting that federal authorities should contribute
to the fight against ticks which carry the disease. The region can
provide only 2.5 million roubles to this end. But this is not enough
to reverse the dangerous situation and treat the places where ticks
are concentrated with chemicals.
(back to top)
12 Defence Shipyard Designs Container for Radioactive Waste ITAR-TASS
News Agency, May 10, 2000
The Severodvinsk-based defence shipyard Zvyozdochka, which specialises
in salvaging nuclear-powered submarines, has designed an airtight
container, which has no analogues, to carry and store low-level
radioactivity waste.
Vladimir Shtefan, deputy director of the shipyard, has told Itar-Tass
that the container was shown here on Wednesday to international
experts who had arrived from the United States, Norway and other
countries. They represent the international organisation Disk, which
finances the project.
Earlier, the Russian shipyard won a tender to design and make such a
container. The shipyard confined itself to the price range according
to which the cost of a container should not exceed 1,200 U.S. dollars.
Requirements for such containers in Russia alone is estimated to be up
to 1,500 containers a year.
The Severodvinsk-designed container ensures the safe storing and
transportation of radioactive waste by road, rail, and water to
reprocessing facilities, Shtefan said.
(back to top)
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