Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] Need help identifying jammer signal

2013-12-08 Thread Patrik Tast
Terve Juha,

Some animal neck collar TX:er are very close to that feq (440 MHz).
It could be on a wolf, reindeer or a hunter that use a *home brew*
(illegal) collar on his dog. Building a *home brew* dog collar is
popular today since you can get parts without any questions asked...

I would contact the person who count wolfs near you.

Eagles here (Vaasa, FI) use ARGOS up-link to POES sats 401.65 and
downlink 465.98 MHz (bw 24/80/110 kHz).

Patrik

On Fri, 2013-12-06 at 13:48 -0500, Juha Vierinen wrote:
 Hi,
 
 
 In the last few days a signal has entered in the center of our
 incoherent scatter radar band. It drifts between 440.1 and 440.4 MHz
 very slowly and has approximately a 10 kHz bandwidth. A scope plot of
 the signal shows something that looks a little bit like frequency
 shift keying. While the frequency is stable on short time scales, the
 signal tends to drift a lot on the scale of days, suggesting that
 whatever is causing this signal, it is broken. 
 
 I've attached a GRC plot of the signal. In the plot, the jammer is at
 a +166 kHz offset. The scope plot is centered at this frequency and
 has a 40 kHz bandwidth. 
 
 Does anyone have any idea what this could be?
 
 
 juha
 
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[Discuss-gnuradio] FFT Playback

2013-12-08 Thread Paul B. Huter
I recorded a file this morning to a RAMDisk, about 15 seconds worth of
data. I copied the file off of the RAMDisk to my Linux Desktop to save it
when I reboot. However, when I play the file back off the Desktop, the
playback continues endlessly. When I play back off the RAMDisk, it is only
the ~15 seconds I recorded. I have tried turning Repeat on and off,
again, on the Desktop file, and I have rebuilt the flow from scratch. Does
anyone have an idea why the playback is different for (essentially) the
same file located at different locations?

Thanks.
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[Discuss-gnuradio] how to implement auto-correction of sample rate in flow graph ?

2013-12-08 Thread Artem Pisarenko
I have external device streaming data at fixed sample rate and my GNU Radio
source block for this device, which feeds flow graph containing some
hardware sink operating at same sample rate (e.g. audio sink). My
source-device and that sink-device (e.g. soundcard on PC) aren't
synchronized, i.e. they clocked from different sources. So I need to do some
kind of auto-resampling to eliminate buffer over/under-runs. (Please correct
me, if I use wrong terminology. I'm novice and just trying to specify common
DSP task, which I'm sure exists.)
The first trouble is that I don't know how to make my block adopt to
existing sample rate in graph. GNU Radio scheduler asks my block to produce
too large chunks of samples which leads to quick underrun of my block's
internal buffer (even 500ms pre-buffering is not enough!). Actually there
are no failure, taken data just being moved to somewhere between my block
and sink (and everything works well when source and sink are synchronous, I
checked). But(!) my block loses prebuffered level which deviations I
expected to use as reference for corrections. Hungry scheduler eats all data
in buffer. Moreover, his extra attempts leads to extra CPU usage - this is
the second trouble. I experimented with inserting thread 'sleep's in work()
function and it solves issue but breaks data flow (audio device reports
underruns, more or less frequent depending on sleep interval).
Please, advice on solution. I would appreciate for just pointing me to right
direction.



--
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Sent from the GnuRadio mailing list archive at Nabble.com.

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Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] Newly built UHD failed in tests

2013-12-08 Thread Michael Dickens
Hi Michael - Thanks for the report.  This is a known bug, across multiple OSs.  
We're working on it. - MLD

On Dec 7, 2013, at 11:46 PM, Michael Chen michael.bd...@gmail.com wrote:
 $ make test
 Running tests...
 Test project /home/michael/sdr/uhd/uhd/host/build
  Start  1: addr_test
 1/15 Test  #1: addr_test    Passed0.01 sec
  Start  2: buffer_test
 2/15 Test  #2: buffer_test ..   Passed0.03 sec
  Start  3: byteswap_test
 3/15 Test  #3: byteswap_test    Passed0.01 sec
  Start  4: convert_test
 *** glibc detected *** convert_test: malloc(): memory corruption: 
 0x0073
 
 The build works on Ubuntu 13.10, 64 bits without any issue. A bug?

--
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Ettus Research Technical Support
Email: supp...@ettus.com
Web: http://www.ettus.com


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Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] Link libraries to a OOT block

2013-12-08 Thread Martin Braun (CEL)
On Sat, Dec 07, 2013 at 08:40:45PM -0500, James Austin wrote:
 I'm a long time Windows programmer trying to write a gnuradio module to 
 improve
 my Linux development skills.
 
 I created a gnuradio module following the tutorial that just sends dummy data
 back to gnuradio. That works fine, I can plot the dummy data in my flowgraph
 and it works and displays as expected.
 
 I also created a static library that produces data, no reason I can't make it 
 a
 shared library if that is the solution.
 
 My problem is trying to get the gnuradio module to link against the static
 library, so that the data produced by this library can be fed into gnuradio. I
 haven't been able to figure out the cmake magic to make this happen. I get a
 variety of error messages on everything I try.
 
 Does anyone have any hints to get me past this?

Hey Jim,

you're not giving us much to work on here. You might want to specify
what exactly you're linking to, and what you've tried.

What you're trying to do seems like a cmake problem, so checking cmake
tutorials (unrelated to GNU Radio) might help.

Most often, you want your C++ blocks to access some library. This would
mean editing the lib/CMakeLists.txt file to make sure you're linking to
the right libs.

MB

-- 
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Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Dipl.-Ing. Martin Braun
Research Associate

Kaiserstraße 12
Building 05.01
76131 Karlsruhe

Phone: +49 721 608-43790
Fax: +49 721 608-46071
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Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] Failed Install + gr-osmosdr Troubles

2013-12-08 Thread Martin Braun (CEL)
On Sat, Dec 07, 2013 at 08:39:57PM -0800, Jacob Dickinson wrote:
 I then uninstalled 3.7.2.1 and installed 3.7.1.1 from the binary
 package (gnuradio_3.7.1.1_Ubuntu-13.10-x86_64.deb). Now gnuradio
 itself works, but when I installed the gr-osmosdr package following
 instructions on the osmocom website, there was no trace of any of the
 blocks in gnuradio-companion.

I'm guessing that the GNU Radio files are in /usr/ and the OsmoSDR files
are in /usr/local. In that case, GRC doesn't look for the blocks in
/usr/local.

To see if this is the problem, set the environment variable
GRC_BLOCKS_PATH to /usr/local/share/gnuradio/grc/blocks/ (or wherever
your blocks are) and start gnuradio-companion. If this works, then you
can statically set this path in ~/.gnuradio/config.conf (see
http://gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/gnuradio/wiki/GNURadioCompanion).

This behaviour is already documented (Issue #606), but we get very few
people who mix the source and binary builds.

 When trying to import osmosdr directly in a python interpreter: the
 first time I issue the import statement, I get ImportError:
 /usr/lib/libgnuradio-blocks-3.7.1.1.so.0.0.0: undefined symbol:
 volk_64u_byteswap_u. As far as I can tell, libvolk is installed on my
 machine. The second time I issue the import, the python interpreter
 crashes with a seg fault.
 
 I'm not too concerned about the crashing in 3.7.2.1 unless it's easily
 solvable or related to the second issue. The main thing I'm concerned
 about is getting gr-osmosdr working. Any guidance on troubleshooting
 this? I'm not familiar enough with gnuradio yet to know where to look.

Well, if GNU Radio doesn't work you won't be able to use gr-osmosdr
either. I can't think of a solution off the top of my head, though.

Perhaps this is a case where pybombs might be able to help you.
If you want to try this, do the following:
- Uninstall everything GNU Radio- and OsmoSDR-related
- Run
git clone git://github.com/pybombs/pybombs
cd pybombs
./pybombs install gnuradio

and then

./pybombs install gr-osmosdr

http://gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/pybombs/wiki/QuickStart will guide
you.

MB

-- 
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Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Dipl.-Ing. Martin Braun
Research Associate

Kaiserstraße 12
Building 05.01
76131 Karlsruhe

Phone: +49 721 608-43790
Fax: +49 721 608-46071
www.cel.kit.edu

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Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] BER AWGN example - question

2013-12-08 Thread Martin Braun (CEL)
On Sat, Dec 07, 2013 at 02:26:18PM +0100, bie...@student.agh.edu.pl wrote:
 Could you explain how the converting the EbNo value to the noise
 voltage in the following example is done?
 http://gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/gnuradio/repository/entry/gr-digital/examples/berawgn.py
 
 I can see that there is a function (EbNo_to_noise_voltage)
 responsible for that but I have problem with understanding where
 this equation came from. Could you possibly explain it to me or at
 least recommend some book where I can find the solution?

Given an E_b of 1, what is the noise *voltage* (i.e. the expected
amplitude of the AWGN process) that will cause an E_b / N_0 of x, if E_b
/ N_0 is given in dB?
If you take pencil and paper, and solve for the noise voltage, you'll
get this equation.

MB

-- 
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL)

Dipl.-Ing. Martin Braun
Research Associate

Kaiserstraße 12
Building 05.01
76131 Karlsruhe

Phone: +49 721 608-43790
Fax: +49 721 608-46071
www.cel.kit.edu

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[Discuss-gnuradio] truble with the make part of gnuradio

2013-12-08 Thread iftah giladi
Hey all,

 

I am using win7 64bit on a Lenovo i5.

 

Done all the Cygwin installation , got Cygwin64.

Then install all the packages needed.

Got the boost,

Got the wxPython

Got portaudio

And SDCC

And then I configure the gnuradio source for minimal using:

./configure --disable-all-components --enable-gruel --enable-gnuradio-core
--enable-gr-audio-oss

And then when I go for the make, I get error:

 

$ make

make  all-recursive

make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0'

Making all in config

make[2]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/config'

make[2]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.

make[2]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/config'

Making all in gruel

make[2]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel'

Making all in src

make[3]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src'

Making all in lib

make[4]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

Making all in pmt

make[5]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

make  all-am

make[6]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

make[6]: Nothing to be done for 'all-am'.

make[6]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

make[5]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

Making all in msg

make[5]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/msg'

make[5]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.

make[5]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/msg'

make[5]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

/bin/sh ../../../libtool --tag=CXX   --mode=link g++ -g -O2  -Wall
-Woverloaded-virtual-o test_gruel.
exe test_gruel.o pmt/libpmt-qa.la libgruel.la

libtool: link: g++ -g -O2 -Wall -Woverloaded-virtual -o .libs/test_gruel.exe
test_gruel.o  pmt/.libs/libp
mt-qa.a -L/usr/lib -lcppunit -ldl ./.libs/libgruel.a -lboost_thread-mt

pmt/.libs/libpmt-qa.a(pmt.o): In function
`__static_initialization_and_destruction_0':

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:222: undefined reference to
`boost::system::generic_catego
ry()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:222:(.text.startup+0x12):
relocation truncated to fit: R_X
86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol `boost::system::generic_category()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:223: undefined reference to
`boost::system::generic_catego
ry()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:223:(.text.startup+0x1e):
relocation truncated to fit: R_X
86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol `boost::system::generic_category()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:224: undefined reference to
`boost::system::system_categor
y()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:224:(.text.startup+0x2a):
relocation truncated to fit: R_X
86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol `boost::system::system_category()'

collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

Makefile:892: recipe for target 'test_gruel.exe' failed

make[5]: *** [test_gruel.exe] Error 1

make[5]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

Makefile:942: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[4]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[4]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

Makefile:671: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[3]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[3]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src'

Makefile:831: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[2]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel'

Makefile:837: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0'

Makefile:764: recipe for target 'all' failed

make: *** [all] Error 2

 

_

 

Tried anything nothing works.

Please help.

 

Thanks,

iftah

 

 

 

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Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] truble with the make part of gnuradio

2013-12-08 Thread Marcus Müller

Hi Iftah,

you're building an archaeologically old version of GNU Radio. I'd advise 
against that!
Without really knowing, I'd say that your not equally old version of boost is 
incompatible with GNU Radio 3.3.

My suggestion is to use the current versions of GNU Radio if possible. Where 
and why did you get GNU Radio 3.3?

Greetings,
Marcus

On 12/08/2013 07:41 PM, iftah giladi wrote:


Hey all,

I am using win7 64bit on a Lenovo i5.

Done all the Cygwin installation , got Cygwin64.

Then install all the packages needed.

Got the boost,

Got the wxPython

Got portaudio

And SDCC

And then I configure the gnuradio source for minimal using:

./configure --disable-all-components --enable-gruel --enable-gnuradio-core 
--enable-gr-audio-oss

And then when I go for the make, I get error:

$ make

make  all-recursive

make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0'

Making all in config

make[2]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/config'

make[2]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.

make[2]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/config'

Making all in gruel

make[2]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel'

Making all in src

make[3]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src'

Making all in lib

make[4]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

Making all in pmt

make[5]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

make  all-am

make[6]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

make[6]: Nothing to be done for 'all-am'.

make[6]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

make[5]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/pmt'

Making all in msg

make[5]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/msg'

make[5]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.

make[5]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib/msg'

make[5]: Entering directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

/bin/sh ../../../libtool --tag=CXX --mode=link g++ -g -O2  -Wall 
-Woverloaded-virtual-o test_gruel. exe test_gruel.o pmt/libpmt-qa.la 
libgruel.la

libtool: link: g++ -g -O2 -Wall -Woverloaded-virtual -o .libs/test_gruel.exe 
test_gruel.o pmt/.libs/libp mt-qa.a -L/usr/lib -lcppunit -ldl 
./.libs/libgruel.a -lboost_thread-mt

pmt/.libs/libpmt-qa.a(pmt.o): In function 
`__static_initialization_and_destruction_0':

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:222: undefined reference to 
`boost::system::generic_catego ry()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:222:(.text.startup+0x12): 
relocation truncated to fit: R_X 86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol 
`boost::system::generic_category()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:223: undefined reference to 
`boost::system::generic_catego ry()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:223:(.text.startup+0x1e): 
relocation truncated to fit: R_X 86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol 
`boost::system::generic_category()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:224: undefined reference to 
`boost::system::system_categor y()'

/usr/local/include/boost/system/error_code.hpp:224:(.text.startup+0x2a): 
relocation truncated to fit: R_X 86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol 
`boost::system::system_category()'

collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

Makefile:892: recipe for target 'test_gruel.exe' failed

make[5]: *** [test_gruel.exe] Error 1

make[5]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

Makefile:942: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[4]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[4]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src/lib'

Makefile:671: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[3]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[3]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel/src'

Makefile:831: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[2]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0/gruel'

Makefile:837: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed

make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/gnuradio-3.3.0'

Makefile:764: recipe for target 'all' failed

make: *** [all] Error 2

_

Tried anything nothing works.

Please help.

Thanks,

iftah



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[Discuss-gnuradio] gain more than 20 dB in uhd_tx_dpsk.py

2013-12-08 Thread Nasi
 Hi,

I am using gnu 3.7, Ubuntu 13.04, USRP N200 with XCVR2450.

When I run  gr-uhd/ examples/grc$ sudo ./uhd_tx_dpsk.py I can increase tx gain 
to more than 20 dB. The power of the XCRV2450 is 100mW.
In this case the sink or the source will react to an higher gain (20dB). 
1. Why does it happen?

2. The second question is how about always transmitting with max gain?


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Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] About DPSK mod and demod

2013-12-08 Thread Henry Jin
Hi all,

As per previous discussions, I have changed my design as shown in the link
https://www.dropbox.com/s/8pw27f29qf5unuq/Screenshot%20from%202013-12-08%2021%3A39%3A05.png

This time, QPSK and BPSK both works as I compared the files generated.
However, I found two more problems:
1. When Error Rate module is enabled, the simulation can only be run for
one or two seconds, then it gets stuck. This was observed by attaching a
scope in the flowgraph. The display of the scope is never able to be
updated. Just wonder why this happens?
2. When DPSK Mod and Demod blocks are replaced by QAM Mod and Demod, I find
that many packets are missing in the receiver's decoded file compared to
the file on the sender side. Except the missing packets, all other packets
in the receiver's decoded file can perfectly match with the ones sent. So
what has caused this issue? To make it better understood, I attached a
screenshot comparing the two files from file sinks.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/9203fvigi3wohmh/Screenshot%20from%202013-12-08%2021%3A52%3A48.png

Please give me some suggestions if you have any thoughts. Thanks.
Henry


On Thu, Dec 5, 2013 at 2:39 PM, Henry Jin henry.ji...@gmail.com wrote:

 Thanks for your effort in trying to help, Michael. I will continue to
 study and if I managed to get it working, I will keep you updated.

 Henry


 On Thu, Dec 5, 2013 at 2:23 PM, Michael Berman mrberma...@gmail.comwrote:

 Henry,

 I looked at this and some of the underlying code, and tried to run your
 example with some modifications, but all to no avail as to what you are
 attempting to do.  Last time I did anything like this I ended up using the
 mod_pkts code (found in gr-digital/python/digital/pkt.py).  Maybe there is
 some insight in there that may shed light on what you are trying to do.
  Sorry I couldn't be of more help.

 Michael


 On Wed, Dec 4, 2013 at 1:31 PM, Henry Jin henry.ji...@gmail.com wrote:

 On Wed, Dec 4, 2013 at 12:13 PM, Michael Berman mrberma...@gmail.com
  wrote:

 Looking at your flowchart in the original post, you have an Unpacked to
 Packed block after the demodulator, with bit's per symbol of 1.  This
 doesn't seem right to me.  I have never tried this with a random source
 like you have it setup, however there should be an Unpacked to Packed block
 prior to the modulator and a Packed to Unpacked block after the
 demodulator.  These should also have bits per chunck values that correspond
 with the bits per symbol of the modulator and demodulator.  You need to
 feed in the data in a chunk with the correct amount of bits that correspond
 to the bits per symbol of the modulation scheme being used.  In the
 example, it looks like you are using QPSK, and therefore the bits per chunk
 should be 2 (which is log2(number of constellation points)).  The modulator
 and demodulator work with chunks of data where each chuck corresponds to a
 symbol.


 *If not using the random source, what other sources do you think it's
 better? I know GLFSR source also perfectly fits into this scenario. You
 also mentioned I have to attach a Unpacked to Packed block prior to the
 modulator. But since in my flow, I already set the random source with
 maximum being 256. That means it's already outputting packed bytes. Thus,
 IMO, Unpacked to Packed block is not needed based on my settings. The
 reason I set the Bits per Chunk value as 1 in the Unpacked to Packed block
 after demodulation is that I notice in the source code, it says the output
 of the demodulation block is unpacked byte with only one LSB being valid.
 So In my understanding, it is independent of what modulations (BPSK, QPSK,
 etc) I'm using. *



 For the Samples per Symbol, if I were transmitting over the air, I
 would raise this value to a little bit more than 2, just to ensure the
 receiver can lock onto the changes with given noise before the symbol
 changes again.  In this case of looping the modulator strait into the
 demodulator, this should work fine.


 *Thanks for the advice, I will take it. *



 One more thing I would look at would be the Error Rate block source.  I
 have never used this block, but in my thinking about it in this flowchart,
 I would source it from the throttle instead of the random source.  This may
 help with keeping the data a little more somewhat aligned.


 *Yes, this could make things clearer. But maybe it makes no difference.
 I remember in one of Tom's tutorial, he said as long as there is one
 throttle in the flow, then all the units are throttled.*



 Michael


 On Wed, Dec 4, 2013 at 9:52 AM, Henry Jin henry.ji...@gmail.comwrote:

 I tried again replacing the DPSK module with PSK module. Still cannot
 get the correct data. The parameter for Error Rate Bits per Symbol is
 changed to 8 since every bit carries information in my flow. The sizes of
 the files from the two file sinks are exactly the same, except with
 different data.


 On Tue, Dec 3, 2013 at 10:11 PM, Nick Foster bistrom...@gmail.comwrote:

 Can you try using 

Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] how to implement auto-correction of sample rate in flow graph ?

2013-12-08 Thread Artem Pisarenko
Oops, seems I'm misunderstanded scheduler behavior. Since each block works in
its separate thread, I just need do blocking in work() function and adjust
max number of output items in my source block ? But there are still problem
with input data jitter. How much time work() function is allowed to block
for ?



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