Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites
Jane's posting brings two thoughts to mind. First, there are scientists who feel that you have no right to use their published results without their permission. On one occasion I even had a colleague within DFO lodge a formal internal protest because I used his data from an international journal in a paper of my own (fully attributed of course). The complaint was of course dismissed, and the idea that one could not publish a paper refuting someone else's work without their permission is absurd. The other has to do with the idea of copying as stealing. Copyright owners believe that they have absolute control over their intellectual property, and legally this is pretty much the case, but this is not widely respected. Some restrictions, such as that of someone who decided that his software could only be used by white christian gentlemen, probably would not stand up in court. But others, that restrict access even though there is no loss to the copyright holder, are not widely seen as reasonable and are therefore not respected - this accounts for a fair share of what legally is piracy. Examples include the widespread copying of old material that is no longer for sale, such as old computer games like Pong and discontinued recordings, those in cut-out limbo. Recent extension of the copyright term has made this situation worse. Other practices, such as that of Hollywood studios which buy up the rights to classic movies and suppress them so that they can turn them into corny blockbusters, are really abusive to the whole concept of creativity which copyright is supposed to protect. (For example, a major studio bought up the entire Marcel Pagnol trilogy and pulled it from the screens so that they could make their own version of Fanny.) The distorted publicity given to some cases of copyright violation has further weakened the posture of copyright holders. Why do software companies go after teen-age kids with shelves full of cracks of protected software and not after the businessmen who who run whole typing pools on a single pirated copy of an office suite? Do they really think that if the kids were not pirates they would pay the millions of dollars that they claim as theft losses? So I think that what it boils down to is that although copyright law grants all kinds of legal protection, the guideline that most of us follow is the one that Jane puts forward, copying is really considered theft only when there is an actual loss involved - money, prestige, etc. Copying a CD or DVD instead of buying it is theft, but if a CD is not available for sale, why enforce the copyright? If a grad student uses your photo in a presentation and doesn't pay you for it, what have you lost (unless the student might really be willing and able to pay for it)? I should however add that there are a lot of photos relevant to ecology that really are commercial. Aside from those taken by professionals, which are often sold to publications like National Geographic, I have discovered that very few photos of gelatinous cnidarians are available for free. I recently searched the ASLO website for photos of ctenophores and siphonophores and found almost none. A colleague explained to me that most of the photos are taken commercially and are only for sale, which is perhaps not surprising given the work involved - also of course photos are often the primary data in studies of these animals. I respect the rights of those who expect to profit from their work and who lose out when their photos or other materials are copied or stolen. But if there is no real loss involved, I am not very sympathetic, and I also think that when a copy is properly acknowledged, they benefit even if they did not give prior authorisation. Bill Silvert - Original Message - From: Jane Shevtsov jane@gmail.com To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 2:11 AM Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites Jim, Please note that what follows is meant mainly as a general discussion of intellectual property, not of your particular case. Why would you think that you can use my hard work without asking? For the same reason you can cite or quote a paper of mine without asking -- even if you're using it to make a case I strongly disagree with. (That case is not directly analogous, as you wouldn't be copying the entire paper, but then if I use a photo of yours in a presentation, it'll only be on screen for 30 seconds or so.) Moreover, you can make copies of my paper and give them to students or colleagues without my permission. They can read the paper or use it to line the birdcage. If I'm sending you, say, a prepublication copy as a favor, I can ask you not to redistribute it, but once it's published, it's out of my hands. I am honestly intrigued by how people come to think of copying as stealing. If I walk into your house and steal your TV, you no longer have a TV. If I use a photo from your
[ECOLOG-L] Graduate opportunity in Forest Entomology
An M.S. assistantship in forest entomology is available at the State University of New York, Environmental and Forest Science in Syracuse NY. The proposed research involves deploying and monitoring sentinel logs for evidence of parasitism by native parasitoids of Sirex noctilio larvae, the invasive European wood wasp, in stands with low vs high densities of S. noctilio as well as documenting stand variables associated with S. noctilio densities and parasitism rates. Information on our lab and research can be found at: http://www.esf.edu/EFB/faculty/fierke.htm Inquiries are welcome for more information on this specific project, other potential projects in our lab, and graduate school in the SUNY-ESF Environmental and Forest Biology department. Melissa K. Fierke, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Forest Entomology Department of Environmental Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry 146 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse, NY 13210 Email: mkfie...@esf.edu
[ECOLOG-L] Darwin 2009: 150 Years of Evolutionary Biology
Darwin 2009: 150 Years of Evolutionary Biology On November 4-8 2009, the Department of Ecology Evolution at Stony Brook University will celebrate the 150th anniversary of Darwins The Origin of Species by hosting a four-day meeting where leading evolutionary biologists will lecture and help lead discussions on the current status and future of the study evolutionary biology. We will have three stimulating days of keynote addresses, evening panels and discussion groups, and ample opportunity for communication on the important issues of the present and future of evolutionary biology. All lectures will be in modern and pleasant facilities at Stony Brook University, with available nearby lodging and convenient transportation to the meeting site. To register, secure lodging, and get further information on transportation, our Advisory Board, and other matters, please visit our web site http://darwin09.org Below is our schedule of events and speakers. Wednesday, November 4 6:00 8:00Welcoming Reception for Participants Thursday, November 5 8:45 9:00Welcome from Stony Brook University 9:00 9:40Opening Keynote Address, Douglas J. Futuyma, Stony Brook University 9:40 10:00QA 10:00 10:30Coffee Break 10:30 11:10History, Peter Bowler, Queens University, Belfast 11:10 11:30QA 11:30 12:10Natural Selection, Mark Kirkpatrick, University of Texas at Austin 12:10 12:30QA 12:30 2:00Lunch 2:00 2:40Behavioral Ecology, Hanna Kokko, University of Helsinki 2:40 3:00QA 3:00 3:40Evolutionary Ecology, Anurag Agrawal, Cornell University 3:40 4:00QA 4:00 4:30Coffee Break 4:30 5:10Organismal Adaptation, May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois 5:10 5:30QA 6:00 8:00Dinner 8:00 10:00Informal Discussions Friday, November 6 8:45 9:00Welcome and Announcements 9:00 9:40Philosophy, Roberta L. Millstein, University of California, Davis 9:40 10:00QA 10:00 10:30Coffee Break 10:30 11:10Evolutionary Genetics, Jianzhi George Zhang, University of Michigan 11:10 11:30QA 11:30 12:10Genetics of Population History, John Wakeley, Harvard University 12:10 12:30QA 12:30 2:00Lunch 2:00 2:40Genomics, Doris Bachtrog, University of California, Berkeley 2:40 3:00QA 3:00 3:40Speciation, Richard G. Harrison, Cornell University 3:40 4:00QA 4:00 4:30Coffee Break 4:30 5:10Evolvability, Günter Wagner, Yale University 5:10 5:30QA 6:00 8:00Dinner 8:00 10:00Informal Discussions Saturday, November 7 8:45 9:00Welcome and Announcements 9:00 9:40Ancient Origins, Antonio Lazcano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 9:40 10:00QA 10:00 10:30Coffee Break 10:30 11:10Tree of Life, David Hillis, University of Texas at Austin 11:10 11:30QA 11:30 12:10Evolution in the Fossil Record, to be determined 12:10 12:30QA 12:30 2:00Lunch 2:00 2:40Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Gregory Wray, Duke University 2:40 3:00QA 3:00 3:40The Fossil Record of Diversity, Michael Foote, University of Chicago 3:40 4:00QA 4:00 4:30Coffee Break 4:30 5:10Evolutionary Radiations, Jonathan B. Losos, Harvard University 5:10 5:30QA 6:00 8:00Dinner 8:00 10:00Informal Discussions Sunday, November 8 8:45 9:00Welcome and Announcements 9:00 9:40Human Origins, Tim D. White, University of California, Berkeley 9:40 10:00QA 10:00 10:30Coffee Break 10:30 11:10Cultural Evolution, Peter J. Richerson, University of California, Davis 11:10 11:30QA 11:30 2:30Lunch 12:30 1:10Applied Evolution, Joanne P. Webster, Imperial College London 1:10 1:30QA 1:30 2:10Closing Keynote Address, Hopi E. Hoekstra, Harvard University Meeting web site address: http://darwin09.org For more information contact Jeffrey Levinton and the Organizing Committee
[ECOLOG-L] reflex bleeding
Dear all, I have read several times that there are dorsal glands involved in the reflex bleeding in some ladybird larvae but without any references supporting it. Does anyone know about reference(s) demonstrating the presence of these glands? (sorry for double posting) Thanks a lot. Olivier ~~ Roux Olivier UMR EcoFoG-CNRS Campus Agronomique - BP 709 97387 Kourou cedex Guyane française olivier.r...@cict.fr ~~ _ Découvrez toutes les possibilités de communication avec vos proches http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx
[ECOLOG-L] AOU 2009
American Ornithologists' Union annual meeting 12 - 15 August 2009 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, co-hosted by Villanova University This is a reminder that the deadline for submission of abstracts for inclusion in the scientific program is 15 May. The same date is also the last date for early registration rates. For more information, please visit http://www.birdmeetings.org/aou2009/abs_guide.htm and http://www.birdmeetings.org/aou2009/reg_fees.htm Complete information about the conference, including featured speakers and special events, is available at: http://www.birdmeetings.org/aou2009/ ~ Robert L. Curry, Chair, Committee on Local Arrangements, AOU 2009 Professor, Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 USA
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites; educational use
This semester, I had students in my physiological ecology course create websites as a class project. They chose an animal and an environmental stressor, and discussed the physiological mechanisms the species has to handle the stressor. They presented information on natural history, and also results from two primary research articles. They were expected to fully cite the research articles, and provide sources for the natural history information as well, which sometimes included range maps and photos. This discussion has me thinking about their use of photos. Students typically found photos of their animal online, and used those photos with attribution but not prior permission. The website URLs were distributed only to the class for other students to view and comment on. I would be interested in the list's opinion of this type of project, and how best to allow students to create interesting and educational websites without violating fair use of images. Obviously, they are not going to be able to obtain their own pictures of red kangaroos and arctic springtails. Thanks in advance, Mary Beth ~~ Mary Beth Voltura, Assistant Professor Department of Biological Sciences SUNY Cortland Cortland NY 13045 607-753-2713 marybeth.volt...@cortland.edu
[ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
To All: I just want to make sure that this excellent link does not get buried in the discussion. Mendeley offers some really cool services to share your papers. It's not as good as the peer-to-peer exchange, but supposedly safer in terms of copyright. Please take a look at http://www.mendeley.com/ Mendeley Desktop is free academic software for managing and sharing research papers. It is pretty cool to keep track of all the papers that you have downloaded to your hard disk and works like iTunes for music. Mendeley Web lets you manage your papers online, discover research trends and connect to like-minded researchers. The more of us join, the larger the WWW library that we will get access to. Please consider joining. The article that was sent earlier is at http://uk.techcrunch.com/2009/05/12/mendeleys-klingon-battle-cruiser-de-cloaks-in-london-with-the-lastfm-for-academia/ and gives some background about the company. If we could all subscribe and upload our publications to Mendeley we would already solve a lot of problems with access to our publications. To Gavin and likeminded: Thanks for the warnings, your points are well taken. Each and everyone has their own level of risk tolerance and sets of justifications for what we choose to do. Here are mine: - It has been shown in numerous research that existing patent and copyright law is stifling progress. Those who were initially supposed to be benefiting from these laws are in fact among the losers. Most of the profits are reaped by those who have nothing to do with research. - Since we don't have the lobbying power and skills to change the existing laws (at least for now), some level of civil disobedience (thanks Bill, I really liked that) should be only expected. - Unlike musicians, we are not even paid by the publishers to do our research. In fact we volunteer to edit and review papers for them to benefit. I think it's very unlikely that the publishers will go after scientists, since they are smart enough not to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs for them. They are in fact the pirates, which was very elegantly described in the article that I've already sent earlier. (http://eaves.ca/2009/04/28/education-where-copyrighters-and-publishers-are-the-pirates/) - Most of our work is funded by tax money and should be in public domain by definition. If the taxpayers paid for the work, then they own the results. Publications are the results. To Jim and others who are easily pissed: Don't put your work on the web. If you post it on the web in open access - then it is open access. You can't at the same time use the web to show off and expect that nobody will want to use your photos (especially if they are good). If you wish to restrict the use of your photos - then make it clear and restrict access. We all work hard but some of us actually feel good when others find our work good enough to use and our ideas smart enough to further disseminate for the common good. Cheers, Alexey -- Alexey Voinov _ !!! please note new e-mail address: aavoi...@gmail.com !!! _ Chesapeake Research Consortium Community Modeling Program Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Geography and Environm. Engineering 645 Contees Wharf Road, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 TEL: 410 798-1283; 703 880-1178WWW: http://www.likbez.com/AV
[ECOLOG-L] Doctoral Fellowships for Fall 2009
University Doctoral Fellowships are available for entering Ph.D. students in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Louisiana. University of Louisiana Fellowships are funded for 3-4 years at $15,750 per 9 months (with tuition waiver), and have limited teaching responsibilities. Eligibility requirements include US citizenship (or permanent residency) or degree from a US institution. Rather than replying to this message, potential applicants are strongly encouraged to directly contact prospective advisors. Their contact information and research interests can be found at our departmental web site (http://biology.louisiana.edu/). More information is also available at our graduate program web site http://ulceet.com/site90.php. The department of Biology has approximately 25 faculty members and 70 graduate students. Areas of strength include ecology, conservation biology, evolution, and marine/coastal biology.
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Copyrighted Image Use
Hi all, Not surprisingly, there are many different opinions as to how we're comfortable having people use our work. I'd encourage folks to explore Creative Commons. You check a few boxes and they'll give you a customized, readable copyright agreement. For example, my website World Beyond Borders uses an Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike Creative Commons license. Jane Shevtsov On Wed, May 13, 2009 at 8:12 PM, Thiago Silva thi...@uvic.ca wrote: Hi Tom, I work very hard at my photography as well, but being a fellow scientist I wouldn't mind usage with attribution as long as it is for educational purposes and not-for-profit. Of course, being asked prior to use would just make me much happier. However, as you can see, each photographer has it's own line drawn on the matter, so asking for permission is always the best alternative. Cheers, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva PhD Candidate - Department of Geography University of Victoria MSc. Remote Sensing BSc.(Hons) Biology htp://thiagosilva.wordpress.com SPECTRAL LAB - http://www.geog.uvic.ca/dept2/SPECT/index.html thi...@uvic.ca On 13-May-09, at 2:22 PM, Jim Boone wrote: Tom, I work very hard at my photography, and if you stole a photo from my website to use in your presentation, I'd be pissed. Cheers, Jim http://www.birdandhike.com -Original Message- From: Tom Mosca III t...@vims.edu To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Sent: Wed, 13 May 2009 5:47 am Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism Correction Hello Folks, What are your thoughts on using a copyrighted image in a presentation at a meeting? No copies are distributed, but merely displayed. Thanks, Tom -- - Jane Shevtsov Ecology Ph.D. candidate, University of Georgia co-founder, www.worldbeyondborders.org Check out my blog, http://perceivingwholes.blogspot.comPerceiving Wholes Political power comes out of the look in people's eyes. --Kim Stanley Robinson, _Blue Mars_
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
Dear all: Thanks to Alexey's letter, I reminded my question I have had for a while. Alexey mentioned- Most of our work is funded by tax money and should be in public domain by definition. If the taxpayers paid for the work, then they own the results. Publications are the results. I think (as an ordinary guy, no law major and even did not take any law subject) logically the results from projects funded by tax money should be available for tax payers (including us) without any restriction. We pay for research and then we pay for reading results of the research. Isn't it double payment? Is there any thing wrong in my logic? What do you think about this logic in the big picture not just focused on any law related to copywright or properties? Deeply thanks for all of your discussion. A few days I really enjoyed the Ecolog letters!! Best wishes, Dong-Gill On 5/14/09, Alexey Voinov aavoi...@gmail.com wrote: To All: I just want to make sure that this excellent link does not get buried in the discussion. Mendeley offers some really cool services to share your papers. It's not as good as the peer-to-peer exchange, but supposedly safer in terms of copyright. Please take a look at http://www.mendeley.com/ Mendeley Desktop is free academic software for managing and sharing research papers. It is pretty cool to keep track of all the papers that you have downloaded to your hard disk and works like iTunes for music. Mendeley Web lets you manage your papers online, discover research trends and connect to like-minded researchers. The more of us join, the larger the WWW library that we will get access to. Please consider joining. The article that was sent earlier is at http://uk.techcrunch.com/2009/05/12/mendeleys-klingon-battle-cruiser-de-cloaks-in-london-with-the-lastfm-for-academia/ and gives some background about the company. If we could all subscribe and upload our publications to Mendeley we would already solve a lot of problems with access to our publications. To Gavin and likeminded: Thanks for the warnings, your points are well taken. Each and everyone has their own level of risk tolerance and sets of justifications for what we choose to do. Here are mine: - It has been shown in numerous research that existing patent and copyright law is stifling progress. Those who were initially supposed to be benefiting from these laws are in fact among the losers. Most of the profits are reaped by those who have nothing to do with research. - Since we don't have the lobbying power and skills to change the existing laws (at least for now), some level of civil disobedience (thanks Bill, I really liked that) should be only expected. - Unlike musicians, we are not even paid by the publishers to do our research. In fact we volunteer to edit and review papers for them to benefit. I think it's very unlikely that the publishers will go after scientists, since they are smart enough not to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs for them. They are in fact the pirates, which was very elegantly described in the article that I've already sent earlier. ( http://eaves.ca/2009/04/28/education-where-copyrighters-and-publishers-are-the-pirates/ ) - Most of our work is funded by tax money and should be in public domain by definition. If the taxpayers paid for the work, then they own the results. Publications are the results. To Jim and others who are easily pissed: Don't put your work on the web. If you post it on the web in open access - then it is open access. You can't at the same time use the web to show off and expect that nobody will want to use your photos (especially if they are good). If you wish to restrict the use of your photos - then make it clear and restrict access. We all work hard but some of us actually feel good when others find our work good enough to use and our ideas smart enough to further disseminate for the common good. Cheers, Alexey -- Alexey Voinov _ !!! please note new e-mail address: aavoi...@gmail.com !!! _ Chesapeake Research Consortium Community Modeling Program Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Geography and Environm. Engineering 645 Contees Wharf Road, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 TEL: 410 798-1283; 703 880-1178WWW: http://www.likbez.com/AV -- The important thing is to never stop questioning - Albert Einstein
[ECOLOG-L] JOB POSTING - Range Technician, Jackson, WY
Conservation Research Center - Range Technician The Conservation Research Center of Teton Science Schools is seeking a range technician to spend the summer completing field work throughout the Intermountain West. The ideal candidate will be a self-starter, willing to travel and able to work individually or as a team member. BS in Range Science or equivalent field experience, knowledge and understanding of cattle ranches and ranch communities, familiarity and experience with standard rangeland monitoring methods (i.e. line intercept, dry weight rank, production), excellent plant ID skills required. Experience with soil mapping preferred. 6/1 - 9/30 (flexible). Salary DOE. Please send resume and cover letter to sara.fa...@tetonscience.org. Teton Science Schools People - Nature - Place - Education Sara Fagan, Administrative Assistant Conservation Research Center of Teton Science Schools 700 Coyote Canyon Rd Jackson, WY 83001 307.734.3734 (phone) 307.734.1263 (fax) sara.fa...@tetonscience.org www.tetonscience.org Please consider the environment before printing this e-mail. Confidentiality Notice: This email and any attachments contain information belonging to Teton Science Schools which may be confidential. This information is intended solely for the individual or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the intended recipient, you are notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or other use of this information is strictly prohibited. If you have received this email in error, please notify the sender immediately.
[ECOLOG-L] THE COST OF PUBLISHING RE: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
Regarding the open access issue recently covered in Ecolog-L, let's go back to square one. Consider a tenure-track field-oriented research scientist in the USA. How many times does he/she pay for the paper published in a peer-review journal? Let's follow the basic steps.Assuming the federal research grant/s were written, submitted, and against all odds (considering the current funding situation) funded. Out of the research grant monies, you have to: 1) pay your own salary, so you can do the research and submit the publications.2) pay salary/ies to postdocs/grad students to do fieldwork, and part of research and publications3) pay fieldwork expenses (including instruments, equipment, etc)4) pay overhead to university, so among other things, university can afford institutional subscription to scientific journals and provide journal access to faculty and students5) pay submission costs to journals if printing in color, for open access availability (for those journals that are not open access) or pay for submission in open access journal that requires fee.6) in many cases, pay additional fee so you can have your own pdf of your own publication Of course, this is just an example of many possible alternatives. However, there is an interesting trend. From conceptual research idea to final publication in peer-review journal, tax dollars pay the process many times over...Perhaps we should re-think the whole process.Am I the only one who thinks we can do better than this? Sarah Frias-Torres, Ph.D. Marine Conservation Biologist
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
It's a good point, and I would like to note that the Canadian government has adopted this policy. Many papers published by government agencies, such as the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, are free to Canadians while others have to pay. Actually though the policy is not exactly as stated - while they state that the papers are free to all Canadian citizens, the truth is that they are only free to Canadian residents, presumably by checking the address from which the request comes. Thus an Albanian visiting Toronto has free access to all these journals, while I, a Canadian citizen living in Portugal, do not! Frustrating, but a step in the right direction. By the way, my wife desperately needs a reprint of a 2001 paper in CJFAS - if any kind Canadian residents would like to help her, please write me off list for details. Bill Silvert - Original Message - From: Dong Gill Kim donggill...@gmail.com To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 5:33 PM Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism I think (as an ordinary guy, no law major and even did not take any law subject) logically the results from projects funded by tax money should be available for tax payers (including us) without any restriction. We pay for research and then we pay for reading results of the research. Isn't it double payment? Is there any thing wrong in my logic? What do you think about this logic in the big picture not just focused on any law related to copywright or properties?
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites; educational use
MaryBeth Voltura wrote: snip I would be interested in the list's opinion of this type of project, and how best to allow students to create interesting and educational websites without violating fair use of images. Obviously, they are not going to be able to obtain their own pictures of red kangaroos and arctic springtails. Flickr allows you to search for photos that are available under a creative commons licence, which means you can re-use them. Check the advanced search options. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Department of Mathematics and Statistics P.O. Box 68 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland Telephone: +358-9-191 51479 Mobile: +358 50 599 0540 Fax: +358-9-191 51400 WWW: http://www.RNI.Helsinki.FI/~boh/ Blog: http://network.nature.com/blogs/user/boboh Journal of Negative Results - EEB: www.jnr-eeb.org
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites; educational use
Most figures from textbooks are now open use at the textbook companies push. they were spending a lot getting and keeping records of permissions and gave up some years ago. Anything that is posted on the internet without Copyright (c) YEAR. NAME OF COPYRIGHT HOLDER. is technically open for use by anyone. I got this directly from the copyright office a few years back. However, when using google image search or similar methods, you must be certain you actually open the website as they often place the copyright info in the html instead of on the picture. By posting your pictures without copyright info you are by default making them free open access. Now, if you are seeking to use a picture for which there is no copyright posted, it would be polite to ask for permission. In fact, you might find the photographer willing to give you more! Now the big complexity. A few years ago I posted a picture of a rooster that I had permission to use from the website owner. A few months later someone contacted me, rather irate, and asked me to take it down! I did so, and informed them that I had obtained it from another website! They later allowed me to use it, but I never put it back up. My point being that just because you make the effort doesn't mean the person you get the pic from is even honest!!! When constructing websites, I believe you can link the picture so that it shows on your site but is posted on their site without any problem. But, this may be inaccurate so don't take my word from it. The bottom line is that just because something is legal doesn't make it prudent, right, or polite. An ounce of courtesy goes a long way. Unfortunately, many of us get so wrapped up in the moment we forget this. Hopefully, this discussion will wind down soon! :) On Thu, May 14, 2009 at 9:35 AM, MaryBeth Voltura marybeth.volt...@cortland.edu wrote: This semester, I had students in my physiological ecology course create websites as a class project. They chose an animal and an environmental stressor, and discussed the physiological mechanisms the species has to handle the stressor. They presented information on natural history, and also results from two primary research articles. They were expected to fully cite the research articles, and provide sources for the natural history information as well, which sometimes included range maps and photos. This discussion has me thinking about their use of photos. Students typically found photos of their animal online, and used those photos with attribution but not prior permission. The website URLs were distributed only to the class for other students to view and comment on. I would be interested in the list's opinion of this type of project, and how best to allow students to create interesting and educational websites without violating fair use of images. Obviously, they are not going to be able to obtain their own pictures of red kangaroos and arctic springtails. Thanks in advance, Mary Beth ~~ Mary Beth Voltura, Assistant Professor Department of Biological Sciences SUNY Cortland Cortland NY 13045 607-753-2713 marybeth.volt...@cortland.edu -- Malcolm L. McCallum Associate Professor of Biology Texas AM University-Texarkana Editor, Herpetological Conservation and Biology http://www.herpconbio.org http://www.twitter.com/herpconbio Fall Teaching Schedule Office Hours: Landscape Ecology: T,R 10-11:40 pm Environmental Physiology: MW 1-2:40 pm Seminar: T 2:30-3:30pm Genetics: M 6-10pm Office Hours: M 3-6, T: 12-2, W: 3-4 1880's: There's lots of good fish in the sea W.S. Gilbert 1990's: Many fish stocks depleted due to overfishing, habitat loss, and pollution. 2000: Marine reserves, ecosystem restoration, and pollution reduction MAY help restore populations. 2022: Soylent Green is People! Confidentiality Notice: This e-mail message, including any attachments, is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privileged information. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended recipient, please contact the sender by reply e-mail and destroy all copies of the original message.
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites
Now I'll argue the opposite of what I posted the other day :) While I am largely sympathetic to what Bill posts here, the counter argument for the originators of creative works is that by unauthorized use of our work, the theft is in the loss of earnings from a potential sale of said work. For example, I should get a royalty every time someone buys a new copy of my first book, Upheaval from the Abyss. (I get nothing from resales, however). If someone uploads a pdf of the work for all to download -- I get no royalty. Everyone who would download that copy for free would be doing the same thing as someone who grabs a box of cigars and runs out of the store without paying. For authors in particular, such theft of individual copies may also hurt an author's chances to get future book contracts, as a prospective publisher would say, Well, your last book didn't sell so well. In that case, the loss of income is compounded. As for journal articles, I have little sympathy for commercial publishers who charge dozens of dollars for individual copies of the work. They force the creative agents -- those of us who do the research -- to sign over copyright prior to publication. Such contracts are coercive and should be fought. The publishers can protect most of their commercial interests by allowing us -- the creators -- to retain copyright in exchange for us assigning them non-exclusive uses in print, electronic databases, etc., in perpetuity. They could also request clauses that prohibit publication of the identical work elsewhere, which I think is fair -- as long as they allows re-use of graphics by the creators, a right I feel is important for us to retain. My guess is that such contracts will allow the commercial guys to continue to make boatloads of money, while removing any impediment to our ability to use, and share, our work. (Frankly, I doubt they get a significant income from single-copy sales -- most of their money has to come from institutional subscriptions.) Most of these battles over rights would likely have to be fought on the scientific society side, as I doubt an individual researcher's complaint would carry much weight. Dave William Silvert wrote: Jane's posting brings two thoughts to mind. First, there are scientists who feel that you have no right to use their published results without their permission. On one occasion I even had a colleague within DFO lodge a formal internal protest because I used his data from an international journal in a paper of my own (fully attributed of course). The complaint was of course dismissed, and the idea that one could not publish a paper refuting someone else's work without their permission is absurd. The other has to do with the idea of copying as stealing. Copyright owners believe that they have absolute control over their intellectual property, and legally this is pretty much the case, but this is not widely respected. Some restrictions, such as that of someone who decided that his software could only be used by white christian gentlemen, probably would not stand up in court. But others, that restrict access even though there is no loss to the copyright holder, are not widely seen as reasonable and are therefore not respected - this accounts for a fair share of what legally is piracy. Examples include the widespread copying of old material that is no longer for sale, such as old computer games like Pong and discontinued recordings, those in cut-out limbo. Recent extension of the copyright term has made this situation worse. Other practices, such as that of Hollywood studios which buy up the rights to classic movies and suppress them so that they can turn them into corny blockbusters, are really abusive to the whole concept of creativity which copyright is supposed to protect. (For example, a major studio bought up the entire Marcel Pagnol trilogy and pulled it from the screens so that they could make their own version of Fanny.) The distorted publicity given to some cases of copyright violation has further weakened the posture of copyright holders. Why do software companies go after teen-age kids with shelves full of cracks of protected software and not after the businessmen who who run whole typing pools on a single pirated copy of an office suite? Do they really think that if the kids were not pirates they would pay the millions of dollars that they claim as theft losses? So I think that what it boils down to is that although copyright law grants all kinds of legal protection, the guideline that most of us follow is the one that Jane puts forward, copying is really considered theft only when there is an actual loss involved - money, prestige, etc. Copying a CD or DVD instead of buying it is theft, but if a CD is not available for sale, why enforce the copyright? If a grad student uses your photo in a presentation and doesn't pay you for it, what have you lost
[ECOLOG-L] Post-Doc Available at Univeristy of Wisconsin-Madison
Post-Doctoral Position in Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Disease The Goldberg lab at University of Wisconsin-Madison invites applications for a post-doctoral position focused on the ecology and evolution of infectious disease. This is a unique opportunity for a post-doctoral scholar with broad interests in infectious disease ecology, evolution, and molecular approaches to engage in creative research as part of a dynamic team. Projects include (but are not limited to): 1) Ecology and evolution of West Nile virus in urban areas. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission in suburban Chicago, with an emphasis on molecular epidemiology and viral evolution, funded by the NIH/NSF Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program. 2) Diversity, evolution, and immunology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Molecular epidemiology of PRRSV, with an emphasis on the development of broadly effective polyvalent vaccines, funded by USDA. For more information, please see the Goldberg lab website: http://svmweb.vetmed.wisc.edu/goldberglab/ Applicants should have a primary interest in infectious disease ecology and evolution (experience with viral systems is a plus), strong quantitative skills in molecular phylogenetics/phylodynamics, and a demonstrated ability for creative research. Projects involve a flexible combination of fieldwork, lab work, and computational analyses. The successful applicant will be expected to explore new research directions of her/his choosing, assisted by a strong team of collaborators. University of Wisconsin-Madison is a top-notch institution for research and training in the biomedical sciences, with strong programs in ecology, evolution, and microbial sciences (www.wisc.edu). Madison, WI, is a vibrant city with outstanding culture and exceptional opportunities for outdoor recreation (www.wisc.edu/about/location.php). Applicants should send a CV, a brief statement of research interests, and a list of three people (names, addresses, e-mails) who can serve as references. Materials and inquiries should be sent to tgoldb...@vetmed.wisc.edu. Application materials should be received by June 15 2009 for full consideration; the position is available starting September 1, 2009 and is for a minimum of 2 years, with an option to extend.
Re: [ECOLOG-L] THE COST OF PUBLISHING RE: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
You can. Duplicate our effort http:/www.herpconbio.org but it means someone has to do the work that the publishers do, we are working to shift most of the formatting to the authors, but this requires VERY GOOD directions! On Thu, May 14, 2009 at 12:41 PM, Sarah Frias-Torres sfrias_tor...@hotmail.com wrote: Regarding the open access issue recently covered in Ecolog-L, let's go back to square one. Consider a tenure-track field-oriented research scientist in the USA. How many times does he/she pay for the paper published in a peer-review journal? Let's follow the basic steps.Assuming the federal research grant/s were written, submitted, and against all odds (considering the current funding situation) funded. Out of the research grant monies, you have to: 1) pay your own salary, so you can do the research and submit the publications.2) pay salary/ies to postdocs/grad students to do fieldwork, and part of research and publications3) pay fieldwork expenses (including instruments, equipment, etc)4) pay overhead to university, so among other things, university can afford institutional subscription to scientific journals and provide journal access to faculty and students5) pay submission costs to journals if printing in color, for open access availability (for those journals that are not open access) or pay for submission in open access journal that requires fee.6) in many cases, pay additional fee so you can have your own pdf of your own publication Of course, this is just an example of many possible alternatives. However, there is an interesting trend. From conceptual research idea to final publication in peer-review journal, tax dollars pay the process many times over...Perhaps we should re-think the whole process.Am I the only one who thinks we can do better than this? Sarah Frias-Torres, Ph.D. Marine Conservation Biologist -- Malcolm L. McCallum Associate Professor of Biology Texas AM University-Texarkana Editor, Herpetological Conservation and Biology http://www.herpconbio.org http://www.twitter.com/herpconbio Fall Teaching Schedule Office Hours: Landscape Ecology: T,R 10-11:40 pm Environmental Physiology: MW 1-2:40 pm Seminar: T 2:30-3:30pm Genetics: M 6-10pm Office Hours: M 3-6, T: 12-2, W: 3-4 1880's: There's lots of good fish in the sea W.S. Gilbert 1990's: Many fish stocks depleted due to overfishing, habitat loss, and pollution. 2000: Marine reserves, ecosystem restoration, and pollution reduction MAY help restore populations. 2022: Soylent Green is People! Confidentiality Notice: This e-mail message, including any attachments, is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privileged information. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended recipient, please contact the sender by reply e-mail and destroy all copies of the original message.
[ECOLOG-L] Graduate Research Assistantship (Tree Rings, Climate Change, and Forest Restoration)
A graduate research assistantship position at either the MS or Ph.D. level is available starting Fall 2009 (September 2009) in the Department of Forestry (www.for.msu.edu) at Michigan State University (MSU). The position includes a tuition waiver and health benefits, and a competitive stipend for 2 years at the MS level (~$19,000/year) or 3 years at the PhD level (~$21,000/year). MSU is a land grant institution and there are many opportunities to conduct research at the network of MSU experiment stations throughout Michigan (http://www.maes.msu.edu/stations.htm). Either of the following two major lines of research could be explored: 1) Impact of climatic change on the sustainable development of woody biomass through tree-ring analyses of hybrid poplars There is limited understanding of the climatic sensitivity (e.g., degree of drought tolerance) of short rotation woody crops such as hybrid poplars. The general objective of this project is to elucidate the key climatic controls (water stress and temperature stress) of hybrid poplar growth and physiology. Tree-ring analysis techniques (dendrochronology) will be used to retrospectively assess year-to-year (interannual) changes in stem wood properties of hybrid poplars. Mechanistically based models between past instrumental records of climate (e.g., temperature and precipitation) and physical (e.g., ring width and density) and chemical (e.g., cellulose and lignin content) wood parameters will provide the basis for projecting these wood parameters under different future scenarios of climate change in the 21st century. This research will have implications for optimizing forest management practices for improved wood quality, and contribute towards reducing uncertainty in the future supply of biomass feedstocks in the context of future climate change. 2) Restoration of oak savannah and regeneration of oak In the Midwest of the United States, the area previously covered by open canopy oak savannah communities (dominated by black oak and white oak) has shrunk considerably and this has been attributed primarily due to fire suppression. The objective of this project is to examine the impact of climate, vegetation competition (i.e., grass species), and prescribed fire on oak regeneration and growth dynamics of mature trees in oak savannah ecosystems. Oak savannah represents an ecotone between forest and prairie, and ecotones are expected to be very sensitive to climate change. In dry-mesic, closed-canopy forest communities, oak species such as white oak and red oak are difficult to regenerate both naturally and artificially. The objective of this project is to increase the reliability of oak regeneration. One of the challenges faced with regenerating oak is the lack of a mechanistic understanding of factors controlling acorn mast years. Climate data, and stand and tree parameters such as tree foliage and tree-ring data will be related to acorn production levels. In addition, it has been reported that the decline of oak forest cover in some areas is related to fire suppression. Consequently, the effect of prescribed burning in oak stands on subsequent rates of oak regeneration will be examined. If you are interested, contact: Dr. Sophan Chhin Assistant Professor, Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem Productivity Department of Forestry Michigan State University 126 Natural Resources Building East Lansing, MI 48824-1222 Tel: (517) 353-7251 Fax: (517) 432-1143 E-mail: ch...@msu.edu Web: https://www.msu.edu/~chhin/ In your initial inquiry, please submit a cover letter, curriculum vitae, unofficial transcripts and GRE scores, and contact information of three references. Applications will be considered immediately and continue until the position is filled. To ensure full consideration please submit material by June 12, 2009. MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites
What is meant by stealing and by the ownership? It depends on the author of the original photo or illustration, and even on the author's institution. I considered a courtesy to ask whether or not I could use a scan of a picture from the published book in my PowerPoint presentation and the author of the book said definite NO. Never mind, I had a much better picture drawn in a few minutes. There are court cases where the photographer's institution claimed the ownership of the author's photographs, hence the ownership and stealing is not a laughing matter: This was exactly the subject of a court decision involving the Royal Ontario Museum some years ago. The issue was some bird pictures that someone took on a[n] [entomological collecting] field trip in the Arctic and then published in a magazine. The ROM claimed the photos were theirs and the curator said that he did the photos with his own gear on his day off and so they were his. The court held that the curator would not have been able to take the pictures if the ROM had not paid to get him to the location and therefore, the pictures were the property of the ROM. I think that the curator's mother should have claimed the ownership, since the curator would not have been able to take the photos, had not she gave the birth to him. My conclusion from these cases is that it is a good courtesy to ask the author(s), but you should never ask the lawyers. Adolf Ceska, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites; educational use
I apologize for getting into this late and not reading all the previous posts, but has anyone considered that any photograph taken as a result of work funded by public dollars (grants, University salaries) would be / should be public domain? Your tax dollar at work? Credits would be appropriate. Tom -- Thomas R. Cuba, Ph.D., CEP, CLM President, Delta Seven Inc. http://www.delta-seven.com 727-823-2443
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
Dear Alexey, As someone posted before, all that most folks want is to be asked before their work is used. I suspect Jim Boone feels that way, but the original post didn't mention permission or anything else, it just mentioned taking something off someone else web site and using it in your talk without any discussion of attribution. Conceptually this is basically the same as plagiarizing someone (i.e. passing their work off as your own), a practice that I hope you wouldn't condone. It also is unrealistic to suggest that because your work is displayed then it is legitimate for someone to use it without permission. Copyright law certainly says otherwise. It be nice if the discussion could be dialed down a bit in tone. Sincerely, G2 To Jim and others who are easily pissed: Don't put your work on the web. If you post it on the web in open access - then it is open access. You can't at the same time use the web to show off and expect that nobody will want to use your photos (especially if they are good). If you wish to restrict the use of your photos - then make it clear and restrict access. We all work hard but some of us actually feel good when others find our work good enough to use and our ideas smart enough to further disseminate for the common good. -- Gary D. Grossman, PhD Distinguished Research Professor - Animal Ecology Warnell School of Forestry Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA 30602 http://www.arches.uga.edu/~grossman Board of Editors - Animal Biodiversity and Conservation Editorial Board - Freshwater Biology Editorial Board - Ecology Freshwater Fish G. Grossman Fine Art http://personal.negia.net/grossman
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites; educational use
malcolm McCallum wrote: Most figures from textbooks are now open use at the textbook companies push. they were spending a lot getting and keeping records of permissions and gave up some years ago. Anything that is posted on the internet without Copyright (c) YEAR. NAME OF COPYRIGHT HOLDER. is technically open for use by anyone. I got this directly from the copyright office a few years back. Your information is outdated. According to U.S. copyright law, no copyright notice is required. Anything, once it is put into tangible form -- that is printed, uploaded to a Web site, recorded, etc. -- is inherently copyrighted. Here are the relevant passages from the Copyright FAQ (http://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/) When is my work protected? Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. What is a copyright notice? How do I put a copyright notice on my work? A copyright notice is an identifier placed on copies of the work to inform the world of copyright ownership that generally consists of the symbol or word “copyright (or copr.),” the name of the copyright owner, and the year of first publication, e.g., ©2008 John Doe. While use of a copyright notice was once required as a condition of copyright protection, it is now optional. Use of the notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration with, the Copyright Office. See Circular 3, Copyright Notice, for requirements for works published before March 1, 1989, and for more information on the form and position of the copyright notice. Dave -- -- David M. Lawrence| Home: (804) 559-9786 7471 Brook Way Court | Fax: (804) 559-9787 Mechanicsville, VA 23111 | Email: d...@fuzzo.com USA | http: http://fuzzo.com -- We have met the enemy and he is us. -- Pogo No trespassing 4/17 of a haiku -- Richard Brautigan
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites
I don't see any disagreement here between what I posted and David's concern. His book is in print and anyone who wants to read it should buy a copy (*). But if his book is out of print he doesn't get a royalty no matter what anyone does. (*) Books are a bit more complex - aside from the resale issue which he mentions, there is no royalty whenever anyone reads a library copy. Some publishers have criticised libraries on that ground. My only strong feeling about that is that if my mother had not spent her poverty-stricken childhood in public libraries she never would have become a successful writer and editor. Bill Silvert - Original Message - From: David M. Lawrence d...@fuzzo.com To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 7:25 PM Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites Now I'll argue the opposite of what I posted the other day :) While I am largely sympathetic to what Bill posts here, the counter argument for the originators of creative works is that by unauthorized use of our work, the theft is in the loss of earnings from a potential sale of said work. For example, I should get a royalty every time someone buys a new copy of my first book, Upheaval from the Abyss. (I get nothing from resales, however). If someone uploads a pdf of the work for all to download -- I get no royalty. Everyone who would download that copy for free would be doing the same thing as someone who grabs a box of cigars and runs out of the store without paying...
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites; educational use
Two quick corrections malcolm McCallum wrote: Anything that is posted on the internet without Copyright (c) YEAR. NAME OF COPYRIGHT HOLDER. is technically open for use by anyone. I got this directly from the copyright office a few years back. Must have been quite a few: changes to US copyright law in 1979 eliminated this requirement. From: http://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-general.html When is my work protected? Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. Once it is published, then copyright protection is automatic. Copyright _registration_ is a more complex process, and useful in case of legal action, but not required (see above link). See also: http://www.iusmentis.com/copyright/symbol/ When constructing websites, I believe you can link the picture so that it shows on your site but is posted on their site without any problem. But, this may be inaccurate so don't take my word from it. This is called hotlinking, and is generally a very bad idea. It doesn't violate copyright (according to legal precedent), but if you hotlink to a small provider's images, you then force that person to pay for the bandwidth that _your_ site is using to display that image. In some cases it is fine, or even encouraged - Flickr, Amazon book cover images - but in others it could cost the image creator/host quite a bit of money. As has already been said, the best solution is to ask if there is no explicit license. Sarah --- Dr. Sarah Goslee USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit Penn State
Re: [ECOLOG-L] stealing from websites
Save the web! steal this picture? The web was originally meant for the free exchange of information and web prestige was measured in success in making it available rather than in making a profit (or restricting access if you couldn't). The resulting innovations have changed society and continue to do so. Few of the major innovations originated from a profit motive even if profit eventually resulted. The web may not reach its full, as yet unimagined, potential if information is isolated by proprietary moats and bound by lawyers. This conversation is accepting these boundaries; as scientists we need to think about how to keep the web the subversive place it was, a place to exchange information, not just to make a profit. David Duffy, University of Hawaii Manoa At 08:25 AM 5/14/2009, David M. Lawrence wrote: Now I'll argue the opposite of what I posted the other day :) While I am largely sympathetic to what Bill posts here, the counter argument for the originators of creative works is that by unauthorized use of our work, the theft is in the loss of earnings from a potential sale of said work. For example, I should get a royalty every time someone buys a new copy of my first book, Upheaval from the Abyss. (I get nothing from resales, however). If someone uploads a pdf of the work for all to download -- I get no royalty. Everyone who would download that copy for free would be doing the same thing as someone who grabs a box of cigars and runs out of the store without paying. For authors in particular, such theft of individual copies may also hurt an author's chances to get future book contracts, as a prospective publisher would say, Well, your last book didn't sell so well. In that case, the loss of income is compounded. As for journal articles, I have little sympathy for commercial publishers who charge dozens of dollars for individual copies of the work. They force the creative agents -- those of us who do the research -- to sign over copyright prior to publication. Such contracts are coercive and should be fought. The publishers can protect most of their commercial interests by allowing us -- the creators -- to retain copyright in exchange for us assigning them non-exclusive uses in print, electronic databases, etc., in perpetuity. They could also request clauses that prohibit publication of the identical work elsewhere, which I think is fair -- as long as they allows re-use of graphics by the creators, a right I feel is important for us to retain. My guess is that such contracts will allow the commercial guys to continue to make boatloads of money, while removing any impediment to our ability to use, and share, our work. (Frankly, I doubt they get a significant income from single-copy sales -- most of their money has to come from institutional subscriptions.) Most of these battles over rights would likely have to be fought on the scientific society side, as I doubt an individual researcher's complaint would carry much weight. Dave William Silvert wrote: Jane's posting brings two thoughts to mind. First, there are scientists who feel that you have no right to use their published results without their permission. On one occasion I even had a colleague within DFO lodge a formal internal protest because I used his data from an international journal in a paper of my own (fully attributed of course). The complaint was of course dismissed, and the idea that one could not publish a paper refuting someone else's work without their permission is absurd. The other has to do with the idea of copying as stealing. Copyright owners believe that they have absolute control over their intellectual property, and legally this is pretty much the case, but this is not widely respected. Some restrictions, such as that of someone who decided that his software could only be used by white christian gentlemen, probably would not stand up in court. But others, that restrict access even though there is no loss to the copyright holder, are not widely seen as reasonable and are therefore not respected - this accounts for a fair share of what legally is piracy. Examples include the widespread copying of old material that is no longer for sale, such as old computer games like Pong and discontinued recordings, those in cut-out limbo. Recent extension of the copyright term has made this situation worse. Other practices, such as that of Hollywood studios which buy up the rights to classic movies and suppress them so that they can turn them into corny blockbusters, are really abusive to the whole concept of creativity which copyright is supposed to protect. (For example, a major studio bought up the entire Marcel Pagnol trilogy and pulled it from the screens so that they could make their own version of Fanny.) The distorted publicity given to some cases of copyright violation has further weakened the posture of copyright holders. Why do
[ECOLOG-L] Fwd: [ECOLOG-L] Open Access and Intellectual Imperialism
To clarify as I copy and paste from the copyright office! (hm) http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap4.html § 401. Notice of copyright: Visually perceptible copies1 (a) General Provisions. — Whenever a work protected under this title is published in the United States or elsewhere by authority of the copyright owner, a notice of copyright as provided by this section may be placed on publicly distributed copies from which the work can be visually perceived, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. (b) Form of Notice. — If a notice appears on the copies, it shall consist of the following three elements: (1) the symbol © (the letter C in a circle), or the word “Copyright”, or the abbreviation “Copr.”; and (2) the year of first publication of the work; in the case of compilations or derivative works incorporating previously published material, the year date of first publication of the compilation or derivative work is sufficient. The year date may be omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying text matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful articles; and (3) the name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner. (c) Position of Notice. — The notice shall be affixed to the copies in such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright. The Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation, as examples, specific methods of affixation and positions of the notice on various types of works that will satisfy this requirement, but these specifications shall not be considered exhaustive. (d) Evidentiary Weight of Notice. — If a notice of copyright in the form and position specified by this section appears on the published copy or copies to which a defendant in a copyright infringement suit had access, then no weight shall be given to such a defendant's interposition of a defense based on innocent infringement in mitigation of actual or statutory damages, except as provided in the last sentence of section 504(c)(2). Copyright FAQ Sheet*** What is copyright? Copyright is a form of protection grounded in the U.S. Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Copyright covers both published and unpublished works. What does copyright protect? Copyright, a form of intellectual property law, protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. Copyright does not protect facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed. See Circular 1, Copyright Basics, section What Works Are Protected. How is a copyright different from a patent or a trademark? Copyright protects original works of authorship, while a patent protects inventions or discoveries. Ideas and discoveries are not protected by the copyright law, although the way in which they are expressed may be. A trademark protects words, phrases, symbols, or designs identifying the source of the goods or services of one party and distinguishing them from those of others. When is my work protected? Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. Do I have to register with your office to be protected? No. In general, registration is voluntary. Copyright exists from the moment the work is created. You will have to register, however, if you wish to bring a lawsuit for infringement of a U.S. work. See Circular 1, Copyright Basics, section “Copyright Registration.” Why should I register my work if copyright protection is automatic? Registration is recommended for a number of reasons. Many choose to register their works because they wish to have the facts of their copyright on the public record and have a certificate of registration. Registered works may be eligible for statutory damages and attorney's fees in successful litigation. Finally, if registration occurs within 5 years of publication, it is considered prima facie evidence in a court of law. See Circular 1, Copyright Basics, section “Copyright Registration” and Circular 38b, Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), on non-U.S. works. I’ve heard about a “poor man’s copyright.” What is it? The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” There is no provision in the copyright law regarding any such type of protection, and it is not a substitute for registration. Is my copyright good in other countries? The United States has copyright relations with most countries throughout the world, and as a
[ECOLOG-L] PhD Assistantship: Ecological Genomics of Drought Stress in Prairie Grasses
PhD Assistantship Available: Ecological Genomics of Drought Stress in Prairie Grasses We have a position available for a PhD student to study the ecological genomics of drought stress. The project will include studies of the responses of native prairie grasses to variation in precipitation using the ecologically dominant prairie grass big bluestem as a model. The work is part of a project funded by the USDA Plant Biology Abiotic Stress program. The project will include common garden transplant experiments and genomic approaches to test for the signature of adaptive genetic differentiation among natural populations of big bluestem across the precipitation gradient of the Great Plains. This collaborative research group assembles investigators with complementary expertise in Plant Ecological Genomics (Johnson www.ksu.edu/johnsonlab/, Garrett www.ksu.edu/pdecology), Genomics (Ahkunov eakhu...@ksu.edu), Evolutionary Genetics (Morgan(http://www.ksu.edu/morganlab/) and Restoration Ecology (Baer, SIU (www.plantbiology.siu.edu/Faculty/Baer/index.html) to elucidate the response and adaptation of prairie grasses to abiotic stresses. This work will take place in the laboratories of Drs. Johnson, Akhunov, and Garrett, with close collaboration with Drs. Morgan and Baer. There will also be opportunities to interact with other researchers in the context of the Ecological Genomics Institute (www.ecogen.ksu.edu). Applicants should have a demonstrated interest in ecological or evolutionary genomics. Preference will be given to individuals with experience in modern molecular approaches and genomics tools. Review of applicants will begin June 1, and continue until the successful applicant is identified. The starting date is flexible. The position offers competitive salary of $25,000 and benefits. Applications should include a cover letter with a statement of research interests and explanation of your motivation and suitability for the project, a CV, and names and contact information for three professional references who can document the applicant is self-motivated and can work independently. Please send your application through e-mail to Loretta Johnson (john...@ksu.edu). Please include the following in the subject of your e-mail: ëApplication for Ecological Genomics Assistantshipí. Kansas State University is located in the college town of Manhattan (population ~45,000) in the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas, about 2 hours away from Kansas City. Kansas State University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and actively seeks diversity among its employees. Dr. Loretta C. Johnson Associate Professor Division of Biology Ackert Hall Rm 232 Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 USA email: john...@ksu.edu phone: 785-532-6921 FAX: 785-532-6653 http://www.ksu.edu/johnsonlab/ Learn about our new Ecological Genomics research initiative and student and post-doctoral training opportunities by visiting our web page at http://ecogen.ksu.edu
[ECOLOG-L] Biogeochemistry Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Assistant Profressor positions
The Department of Biogeochemical Processes at the Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, to be directed by Professor Susan Trumbore following the retirement of founding Director Professor E.-D. Schulze, invites applications for research scientists and postdoctoral researchers. MPI- BGC provides a stimulating and interdisciplinary research environment that houses excellent analytical and computational facilities and provides opportunities for field research in terrestrial ecosystems. Opportunities exist for 2-3 researchers (TVöD 13/14/15, equivalent to a nontenured research assistant professor). These positions are limited, with appointments for 3 to 6 years, with possibility for extension, depending on the individuals previous experience and applicable German laws. Associated support such as space, salary for students, and an annual research budget will be made available for these positions. Candidates should have a PhD in an appropriate natural science field and a strong record of research and publication as well as the desire and ability to supervise student research. Postdoctoral researchers must have a Ph.D. degree in an appropriate natural science field. Appointments will be for two years, with possibility for extension for up to two more. In particular we seek candidates interested in pursuing collaborative and interdisciplinary research in terrestrial biogeochemistry and global environmental change. A particular strength of the Department will be in the use of isotopes and tracers as well as manipulative experiments to study the timescales and processes controlling terrestrial feedbacks to climate and land use change. Research areas of interest include, but are not limited to: - novel methods for determining plant allocation and respiration pathways and what factors control them; - processes and dynamics of organic matter stabilization and destabilization in soils; - biogeochemical effects of processes operating at the landscape level, including erosion/deposition and disturbance processes (extreme wind events, insect outbreak, or fire); Positions are available as soon as October 1, 2009. Initial review of applications will begin August 1, 2009. Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organizations in Germany. The Max Planck Society seeks to increase the number of women in those areas where they are underrepresented and therefore explicitly encourages women to apply. The Max Planck Society is committed to employing more handicapped individuals and especially encourages them to apply. Applications should include a statement of your research interests and qualifications, a curriculum vitae, copies of relevant publications and the contact details of three academic referees. Please send applications in electronic form to Yvonne Kirmse yki...@bgc-jena.mpg.de. Questions should be directed to Susan Trumbore trumb...@bgc-jena.mpg.de
