Re: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management
work to implement sustainable management and conservation measures is phenomenal, however they're up against some very big challenges created by some very shady people, organizations and even countries. Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing presents a major impediment to the efforts to manage fisheries in a sustainable fashion and to conserve the marine ecosystem. IUU fishing is a global issue with detriments that go beyond the unsustainable pressure on marine ecosystems and species; it also results in subversion of labour standards, distortion of markets and enormous impacts on the economies of both developing and developed states. The lucrative nature of IUU fishing activities impedes efforts to eliminate it (The estimated global worth of IUU fishing is between US $10 billion and $23 billion per year.), and identifying the parties responsible is enormously challenging in this form of organized crime. Additionally, the resources required to combat IUU fishing and IUU-related economic losses are extremely burdensome on States and intergovernmental organizations such as CCAMLR. (For example, South Africa’s reported losses due to illegal fishing of toothfish are es! timated to be US$290 million since the 1990s.) In addition to diverting much needed resources to curb IUU fishing activities, IUU fishing impacts CCAMLR’s efforts to sustainably manage the stocks of living resources of the Southern Ocean by complicating the development of fish stock trends and impacting the conservation efforts for associated and dependent species (such as seabird populations, krill, etc.). Those impacts simply add to the complexity of the challenges that we are tackling, because IUU fishing is not the only threat to sustainable management of resources and conservation of ecosystems. Our ignorance is a threat, too: the enormity of complexities in the Southern Ocean biome – and all to which it is interconnected – imply that we will always be working with only partial knowledge. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the ecosystem dynamics and primary productivity, we don't have a comprehensive grasp of the processes driving changes in the ecosystem. Additionally, non-native species and diseases have impacted the Southern Ocean ecosystem, and the development of policies to mitigate those impacts – and the associated implementation protocols - are still very much works-in- progress. So, while a regional fisheries management organization (RFMO) can develop and work to implement ecosystem-based management practices, that doesn't guarantee sustainable stocks.! RFMOs aren't the only influential actors, and no management plan will account for every complexity. Despite the challenges to effective implementation, I'm of the view that ecosystem-based management is of vital importance to the survival and potential sustainability of any fish stock, and that it should be the base from which we address other issues and further develop policies. I'd be very interested in hearing other (especially differing) views on this. You put-forward a great question, Wendee... the answer(s) to it are most likely as convoluted as the challenges of developing an adequate ecosystem-based management system that sufficiently addresses criminal behavior, ignorance, etc. I'm excited to read your article when you finish!!! Jen Jennifer RhemannPolar Law MA Candidate, University of AkureyriAPECS Polar Policy/Law Discipline Coordinator (www.apecs.is) From: bohem...@wendeeholtcamp.com To: jenrhem...@hotmail.com; ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: RE: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management Date: Thu, 19 Aug 2010 12:21:21 -0500 Just real quick - I've heard Antarctica mentioned a couple times but isn't it true that the Patagonia toothfish and the bluefin tuna are both completely devastated stocks? So how can that be sustainable? (and I'm assuming that if somewhere is using ecosystem based management appropriately, then fisheries would be sustainable). This is tangential to the article I'm writing, so I was just curious. But now I'm ever more curious... Wendee Blogs for Nature from the Bering Sea ~ http://tinyurl.com/2ctghbl ~~ Wendee Holtcamp, M.S. Wildlife Ecology ~ @bohemianone Freelance Writer * Photographer * Bohemian http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com ~~ 6-wk Online Writing Course Starts Sep 4 (signup by Aug 28) ~~ ~~~ I’m Animal Planet’s news blogger - http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news -Original Message- From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:ecolo...@listserv.umd.edu] On Behalf Of Jennifer Rhemann Sent: Wednesday, August 18, 2010 6:09 PM To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management
Ecosystem-based management, as in the case of CCAMLR in the Southern Ocean, can do a great deal towards fostering sustainability of fish stocks, however there are enormous challenges to implementation. One is the difficulty of getting comprehensive adherence to the management policies practices. Criminals don't abide by the extensive number of conservation measures instituted by CCAMLR (including a regulatory framework related to the precautionary approach, port inspections, catch size limitations, licensing and inspection procedures, vessel monitoring systems, net regulations prohibitions, restrictions on fishing practices such as bottom trawling longline fishing, reporting systems for catch data and scientific data, regulations regarding certain species,temporal and spatial fishing regulations and restrictions, and a catch documentation scheme). These measures can be effectively implemented with regards to legal fishing operators, however illegal fishing activities r! emain unregulated and have serious impact on the effectiveness of the CCAMLR management regime. CCAMLR's work to implement sustainable management and conservation measures is phenomenal, however they're up against some very big challenges created by some very shady people, organizations and even countries. Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing presents a major impediment to the efforts to manage fisheries in a sustainable fashion and to conserve the marine ecosystem. IUU fishing is a global issue with detriments that go beyond the unsustainable pressure on marine ecosystems and species; it also results in subversion of labour standards, distortion of markets and enormous impacts on the economies of both developing and developed states. The lucrative nature of IUU fishing activities impedes efforts to eliminate it (The estimated global worth of IUU fishing is between US$10 billion and $23 billion per year.), and identifying the parties responsible is enormously challenging in this form of organized crime. Additionally, the resources required to combat IUU fishing and IUU-related economic losses are extremely burdensome on States and intergovernmental organizations such as CCAMLR. (For example, South Africa’s reported losses due to illegal fishing of toothfish are es! timated to be US$290 million since the 1990s.) In addition to diverting much needed resources to curb IUU fishing activities, IUU fishing impacts CCAMLR’s efforts to sustainably manage the stocks of living resources of the Southern Ocean by complicating the development of fish stock trends and impacting the conservation efforts for associated and dependent species (such as seabird populations, krill, etc.). Those impacts simply add to the complexity of the challenges that we are tackling, because IUU fishing is not the only threat to sustainable management of resources and conservation of ecosystems. Our ignorance is a threat, too: the enormity of complexities in the Southern Ocean biome – and all to which it is interconnected – imply that we will always be working with only partial knowledge. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the ecosystem dynamics and primary productivity, we don't have a comprehensive grasp of the processes driving changes in the ecosystem. Additionally, non-native species and diseases have impacted the Southern Ocean ecosystem, and the development of policies to mitigate those impacts – and the associated implementation protocols - are still very much works-in-progress. So, while a regional fisheries management organization (RFMO) can develop and work to implement ecosystem-based management practices, that doesn't guarantee sustainable stocks.! RFMOs aren't the only influential actors, and no management plan will account for every complexity. Despite the challenges to effective implementation, I'm of the view that ecosystem-based management is of vital importance to the survival and potential sustainability of any fish stock, and that it should be the base from which we address other issues and further develop policies. I'd be very interested in hearing other (especially differing) views on this. You put-forward a great question, Wendee... the answer(s) to it are most likely as convoluted as the challenges of developing an adequate ecosystem-based management system that sufficiently addresses criminal behavior, ignorance, etc. I'm excited to read your article when you finish!!! Jen Jennifer RhemannPolar Law MA Candidate, University of AkureyriAPECS Polar Policy/Law Discipline Coordinator (www.apecs.is) From: bohem...@wendeeholtcamp.com To: jenrhem...@hotmail.com; ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: RE: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management Date: Thu, 19 Aug 2010 12:21:21 -0500 Just real quick - I've heard Antarctica mentioned a couple times but isn't it true that the Patagonia toothfish and the bluefin tuna
Re: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management
Hi Kellner et al.(2010) from UC Davis, Davis CA has a recent (Jul 2010) article that may be of interest to you and others. Optimizing for multiple species and multiple values: tradeoffs inherent in ecosystem-based fisheries management J. B. Kellner, J. N. Sanchirico, A.Hastings P.J. Mumby (2010) Here is the link http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./j.1755-263X.2010.00132.x/pdf Abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./j.1755-263X.2010.00132.x/abstract They use 5 model scenarios including optimal single species, optimal two-species and optimal multiple species management scenarios. Ling Huang Chemistry Department Sacramento City College http://huangl.webs.com http://www.scc.losrios.edu -Original Message- From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:ecolo...@listserv.umd.edu] On Behalf Of Wendee Holtcamp Sent: Saturday, August 14, 2010 5:43 PM To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management Are there any fisheries in the world that are actually managed using an ecosystem approach versus single-species stock assessment models? I know there's debate over whether the Bering Sea fisheries could become that way. The comprehensive research done there feeds into their regional fishery council's decisions, but I don't think it's truly an ecosystem-based approach in terms of analyzing how many of say Pollock are needed not just to feed people but also to feed the fur seals, the seabirds, etc to prevent ecosystem collapse. But my question is not about the Bering Sea but about whether there is ANY fishery that is actually managed in an ecosystem approach or whether it's still theoretical at this stage? Wendee Blogs for Nature from the Bering Sea ~ http://tinyurl.com/2ctghbl ~~ Wendee Holtcamp, M.S. Wildlife Ecology ~ @bohemianone Freelance Writer * Photographer * Bohemian http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com/ http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com/ ~~ 6-wk Online Writing Course Starts Sep 4 (signup by Aug 28) ~~ ~~~ I'm Animal Planet's news blogger - http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management
Wendee, have a look at www.ccamlr.org for an example of ecosystem-based management. The Commission to the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) regulates fishing and other resource-utilization activities in the Southern Ocean. (Patagonian toothfish, Antarctic toothfish southern bluefin tuna are some of the lucrative fisheries in the Southern Ocean.) Assessments by the Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management, the Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment and CCAMLR’s Scientific Committee form the basis of the regulatory measures, and they are developed in accordance with an ecosystem approach to management that acknowledges the interlinked and complex ecological systems of the Southern Ocean biomes. The conservation principles that guide CCAMLR’s management include “prevention of decrease in the size of any harvested population to levels below those which ensure its stable recruitment […]; maintenance of the ecological relati! onships between harvested, dependent and related populations of Antarctic marine living resources and the restoration of depleted populations […]; and prevention of change(s) or minimisation of the risk of change(s) in the marine ecosystem which are not potentially reversible over two or three decades, taking into account the state of available knowledge of the direct and indirect impact of harvesting, the effect of the introduction of alien species, the effects of associated activities on the marine ecosystem and of the effects of environmental changes, with the aim of making possible the sustained conservation of Antarctic marine living resources”. The incorporation of these principles into CCAMLR’s management practices is integral to CCAMLR’s aim to follow both a precautionary approach and an ecosystem approach to regulation of the harvesting of Antarctic marine living resources. In keeping with these principles, the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) was created in 1984 to “(i) detect and record significant changes in critical components of the ecosystem, to serve as a basis for the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources and (ii) to distinguish between changes due to harvesting of commercial species and changes due to environmental variability, both physical and biological”. The Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management coordinates the efforts of the CEMP. Standard methods for data collection and analysis were first established in 1987 and revised in 1997. Via these methods, CCAMLR has collected and analyzed ecosystem data from numerous sites, species and other parameters. The CCAMLR Catch Documentation Scheme (CDS) for Antarctic toothfish is an example of application of an ecosystem approach and a precautionary approach to governance of living resources. The CDS aims to “(i) monitor the international toothfish trade (ii) identify the origins of toothfish imports or exports, (iii) determine whether toothfish catches have been made in accordance with CCAMLR conservation measures, and (iv) gather catch data for the scientific evaluation of toothfish stocks”. This program promotes responsible fishing techniques and accountability in the commercial fishing industry. The CDS operates in conjunction with CCAMLR monitoring programs for krill, finfish and sea birds in order to provide a more comprehensive view of the ecosystem health. Additionally, survey data (from fisheries and fishery-independent surveys) and strategic modeling are methods utilized by the CCAMLR Scientific Committee to assess ecosystem status. If you want more info, I'd be happy to send you the references for the above info or the paper (from which the above text is culled... sorry if it's still a bit too much for this forum). The CCAMLR website is well-written, and you'll find a wealth of information there. For other regional fisheries management organizations, some good information can be found at the following sites: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/research/eedp/current_projects/rfmo/ http://www.illegal-fishing.info/item_single.php?item=documentitem_id=171approach_id=8http://www.sams.ac.uk/research/ecology/research/research-themes/properity-from-marine-ecosystems Best of luck with your research on this. I hope to be able to read your findings! Cheers,Jen Jennifer RhemannPolar Law MA Candidate, University of Akureyri, IcelandAssociation of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) Polar Policy/Law Discipline Coordinator Date:Sat, 14 Aug 2010 20:43:07 -0500 From:Wendee Holtcamp bohem...@wendeeholtcamp.com Subject: ecosystem based fisheries management Are there any fisheries in the world that are actually managed using an ecosystem approach versus single-species stock assessment models? I know there's debate over whether the Bering Sea fisheries could become that way. The comprehensive research done there feeds into their regional fishery council's decisions, but I don't
Re: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management
Wendee, it might be helpful to look at the two extreme deviations when considering what ecosystems based fisheries management is (or is not): A non-ecosystem-economics-based management system might consist of total reliance on hatchery production, drastic removal of competitor and predator species and a total emphasis on fish in the catch -- even introducing non-native species with more sports or market appeal (such as striped bass on the Pacific Coast or rainbow trout in New Zealand). A let-nature-take-its-course approach might consist of a total hands-off, no manipulation system with total preservation (no take) and no human habitat restoration efforts. So, in my view (and based on my experience in trying to do ecosystem based fish management) anything between these two extremes qualifies. Some of the best ecosystems based fish management is now occurring through riparian restoration and protection, stream re-channelization, water quality and flow enhancement, and reduction of invasive predators and competitors. Of course this is rather simple and straightforward in freshwater and estuary systems; not so simple and easily accomplished in ocean systems. But for many species, particularly anadromous and catadromous species, all our freshwater ecosystem management efforts may be trivial if we don't take better care of our oceans. (Note that I use the term fish management instead of fisheries management -- the latter seems to emphasize management for the taking of rather than management for the conservation of. Mr. Hamazaki's anecdote is a good fisheries management example.) Warren W. Aney Senior Wildlife Ecologist 9403 SW 74th Ave Tigard, OR 97223 (503) 539-1009 -Original Message- From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:ecolo...@listserv.umd.edu] On Behalf Of Hamazaki, Hamachan (DFG) Sent: Monday, 16 August, 2010 10:55 To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management Wendee My guess is that we are still struggling with what ecosystem based fisheries management really means. In the end, fishery managers want to know the answer to this simple question: How many fish can we take this year? (I am asked this all the time.) In single stock fisheries management scheme, we know how to do in theory, such as stock-recruit analysis, etc. Although, it's not perfect, but at least this is based on theory. To answer this simple question in ecosystem base, you have answer, How many fish is needed to maintain integrity of an ecosystem, so that the fish exceeding the number can be harvested?, and How can you practically determine the number (i.e., what data do you need, what formula do you use to come up with the number)? As I feel guilty of conducting single species MSY fishery management, I pose the above questions to anybody who promote ecosystem based fisheries management. But, so far, I haven't gotten definite answers. -Original Message- From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:ecolo...@listserv.umd.edu] On Behalf Of Wendee Holtcamp Sent: Saturday, August 14, 2010 5:43 PM To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management Are there any fisheries in the world that are actually managed using an ecosystem approach versus single-species stock assessment models? I know there's debate over whether the Bering Sea fisheries could become that way. The comprehensive research done there feeds into their regional fishery council's decisions, but I don't think it's truly an ecosystem-based approach in terms of analyzing how many of say Pollock are needed not just to feed people but also to feed the fur seals, the seabirds, etc to prevent ecosystem collapse. But my question is not about the Bering Sea but about whether there is ANY fishery that is actually managed in an ecosystem approach or whether it's still theoretical at this stage? Wendee Blogs for Nature from the Bering Sea ~ http://tinyurl.com/2ctghbl ~~ Wendee Holtcamp, M.S. Wildlife Ecology ~ @bohemianone Freelance Writer * Photographer * Bohemian http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com/ http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com/ ~~ 6-wk Online Writing Course Starts Sep 4 (signup by Aug 28) ~~ ~~~ I'm Animal Planet's news blogger - http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news
Re: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management
Just real quick - I've heard Antarctica mentioned a couple times but isn't it true that the Patagonia toothfish and the bluefin tuna are both completely devastated stocks? So how can that be sustainable? (and I'm assuming that if somewhere is using ecosystem based management appropriately, then fisheries would be sustainable). This is tangential to the article I'm writing, so I was just curious. But now I'm ever more curious... Wendee Blogs for Nature from the Bering Sea ~ http://tinyurl.com/2ctghbl ~~ Wendee Holtcamp, M.S. Wildlife Ecology ~ @bohemianone Freelance Writer * Photographer * Bohemian http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com ~~ 6-wk Online Writing Course Starts Sep 4 (signup by Aug 28) ~~ ~~~ Im Animal Planets news blogger - http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news -Original Message- From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:ecolo...@listserv.umd.edu] On Behalf Of Jennifer Rhemann Sent: Wednesday, August 18, 2010 6:09 PM To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] Ecosystem-based fisheries management Wendee, have a look at www.ccamlr.org for an example of ecosystem-based management. The Commission to the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) regulates fishing and other resource-utilization activities in the Southern Ocean. (Patagonian toothfish, Antarctic toothfish southern bluefin tuna are some of the lucrative fisheries in the Southern Ocean.) Assessments by the Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management, the Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment and CCAMLRs Scientific Committee form the basis of the regulatory measures, and they are developed in accordance with an ecosystem approach to management that acknowledges the interlinked and complex ecological systems of the Southern Ocean biomes. The conservation principles that guide CCAMLRs management include prevention of decrease in the size of any harvested population to levels below those which ensure its stable recruitment [ ]; maintenance of the ecological relati! onships between harvested, dependent and related populations of Antarctic marine living resources and the restoration of depleted populations [ ]; and prevention of change(s) or minimisation of the risk of change(s) in the marine ecosystem which are not potentially reversible over two or three decades, taking into account the state of available knowledge of the direct and indirect impact of harvesting, the effect of the introduction of alien species, the effects of associated activities on the marine ecosystem and of the effects of environmental changes, with the aim of making possible the sustained conservation of Antarctic marine living resources. The incorporation of these principles into CCAMLRs management practices is integral to CCAMLRs aim to follow both a precautionary approach and an ecosystem approach to regulation of the harvesting of Antarctic marine living resources. In keeping with these principles, the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) was created in 1984 to (i) detect and record significant changes in critical components of the ecosystem, to serve as a basis for the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources and (ii) to distinguish between changes due to harvesting of commercial species and changes due to environmental variability, both physical and biological. The Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management coordinates the efforts of the CEMP. Standard methods for data collection and analysis were first established in 1987 and revised in 1997. Via these methods, CCAMLR has collected and analyzed ecosystem data from numerous sites, species and other parameters. The CCAMLR Catch Documentation Scheme (CDS) for Antarctic toothfish is an example of application of an ecosystem approach and a precautionary approach to governance of living resources. The CDS aims to (i) monitor the international toothfish trade (ii) identify the origins of toothfish imports or exports, (iii) determine whether toothfish catches have been made in accordance with CCAMLR conservation measures, and (iv) gather catch data for the scientific evaluation of toothfish stocks. This program promotes responsible fishing techniques and accountability in the commercial fishing industry. The CDS operates in conjunction with CCAMLR monitoring programs for krill, finfish and sea birds in order to provide a more comprehensive view of the ecosystem health. Additionally, survey data (from fisheries and fishery-independent surveys) and strategic modeling are methods utilized by the CCAMLR Scientific Committee to assess ecosystem status. If you want more info, I'd be happy to send you the references for the above info or the paper (from which the above text is culled... sorry if it's still a bit too much for this forum). The CCAMLR website
Re: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management
Wendee My guess is that we are still struggling with what ecosystem based fisheries management really means. In the end, fishery managers want to know the answer to this simple question: How many fish can we take this year? (I am asked this all the time.) In single stock fisheries management scheme, we know how to do in theory, such as stock-recruit analysis, etc. Although, it's not perfect, but at least this is based on theory. To answer this simple question in ecosystem base, you have answer, How many fish is needed to maintain integrity of an ecosystem, so that the fish exceeding the number can be harvested?, and How can you practically determine the number (i.e., what data do you need, what formula do you use to come up with the number)? As I feel guilty of conducting single species MSY fishery management, I pose the above questions to anybody who promote ecosystem based fisheries management. But, so far, I haven't gotten definite answers. -Original Message- From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:ecolo...@listserv.umd.edu] On Behalf Of Wendee Holtcamp Sent: Saturday, August 14, 2010 5:43 PM To: ECOLOG-L@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU Subject: [ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management Are there any fisheries in the world that are actually managed using an ecosystem approach versus single-species stock assessment models? I know there's debate over whether the Bering Sea fisheries could become that way. The comprehensive research done there feeds into their regional fishery council's decisions, but I don't think it's truly an ecosystem-based approach in terms of analyzing how many of say Pollock are needed not just to feed people but also to feed the fur seals, the seabirds, etc to prevent ecosystem collapse. But my question is not about the Bering Sea but about whether there is ANY fishery that is actually managed in an ecosystem approach or whether it's still theoretical at this stage? Wendee Blogs for Nature from the Bering Sea ~ http://tinyurl.com/2ctghbl ~~ Wendee Holtcamp, M.S. Wildlife Ecology ~ @bohemianone Freelance Writer * Photographer * Bohemian http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com/ http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com/ ~~ 6-wk Online Writing Course Starts Sep 4 (signup by Aug 28) ~~ ~~~ I'm Animal Planet's news blogger - http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news
[ECOLOG-L] ecosystem based fisheries management
Are there any fisheries in the world that are actually managed using an ecosystem approach versus single-species stock assessment models? I know there's debate over whether the Bering Sea fisheries could become that way. The comprehensive research done there feeds into their regional fishery council's decisions, but I don't think it's truly an ecosystem-based approach in terms of analyzing how many of say Pollock are needed not just to feed people but also to feed the fur seals, the seabirds, etc to prevent ecosystem collapse. But my question is not about the Bering Sea but about whether there is ANY fishery that is actually managed in an ecosystem approach or whether it's still theoretical at this stage? Wendee Blogs for Nature from the Bering Sea ~ http://tinyurl.com/2ctghbl ~~ Wendee Holtcamp, M.S. Wildlife Ecology ~ @bohemianone Freelance Writer * Photographer * Bohemian http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com/ http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com http://bohemianadventures.blogspot.com/ ~~ 6-wk Online Writing Course Starts Sep 4 (signup by Aug 28) ~~ ~~~ I'm Animal Planet's news blogger - http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news
