Re: REML for Dummies?
Dr Jonathan Newman wrote: I'm trying to find a good introduction to REML (restricted maximum likelihood). I'm a biologist rather than a statistician. If you have any suggestions I'd great appreciate hearing them. Thanks. Lynch Walsh (1998)? (Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits, Chapter 27). I'm not sure how useful it is - I came via a different route. Alternatively, you could try the Genstat manuals. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland !!! Note: my address has changed. So has my phone number, but I've no idea what the new one is. tel: +358 9 191 28779 mobile: +358 50 599 0540 fax: +358 9 191 57694email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ is where it's not at It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list, remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES, and archives are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: Preparation for PhD in Statistics
Herman Rubin wrote: snip I would tend to reject any book which does data analysis; I consider cookbook statistics to be putting a loaded gun in the hands of an someone who is totally ignorant about guns; not necessarily an idiot, as the idiot cannot learn. For data analysis, change gun to armed nuclear weapon. I notice the original poster didn't say what sort of stats they were doing. If they were more interested in applied stats, then a data analysis book would (in my opinion) be vital. On the other hand, I think your point about cookbooks is important, so perhaps a data analysis book should be balanced by a book about how to approach statistical problems. Abelson's book has already been mentioned (and not by Rich, for once!). I would also suggest Problem Solving by Chatfield (1995, published by Chapman and Hall). Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 28779 mobile: +358 50 599 0540 (Yes, I have finally joined 21st Century Finland) fax: +358 9 191 28701email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list, remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES, and archives are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: What does these mean in statistical sense??
Chia C Chong wrote: I have 2 random variables (X and Y). The covariance,c was found equal to 20.2006 and their correlation coefficient,p was 0.0245. From the statistical book, if their c=0, means that X and Y are uncorrelated i.e p=0. However, in my case, c is quite large but p is extremely small...So, what justification could I said with this kind of data?? It measn the variances are large. If s_A is the standard deviation of A, then p_XY = c_XY/(s_X*s_Y) So for your data, s_X*s_Y = 824.5. This is why we use p, it's re-scaled so that the variances are 1, so we can compare correlations of variables with different variances. In this case, p looks very close to 0. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 28779 mobile: +358 50 599 0540 (Yes, I have finally joined 21st Century Finland) fax: +358 9 191 28701email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: simple Splus question - plot regression function
Alexander Sirotkin wrote: Hi. After fitting a linear regression model I need to do an extremely simple thing - plot the regression function along with the original data. Splus has a simple way to plot quite a few complex plots and a very complicated way to do this simple one ! Is there a simple way to plot the regression function and the data ? abline! e.g. reg1 - lm(y~x) plot(x,y) abline(reg1) I can do naught more than suggest reading Venables Ripley's Modern Applied Statistics with S-plus. And seeing as this is going to and Aussie NG, I suspect by doing this I'll warm the cockles of the heart of at least one of the authors. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland NOTE: NEW TELEPHONE NUMBER tel: +358 9 191 28779 fax: +358 9 191 28701 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: question re: problem
@Home wrote:
I had the following to solve:
51% of all domestic cars being shipped have power windows. If a lot contains
five such cars:
a. what is probability that only one has power windows?
b. what is probability that at least one has power windows?
I solved each of these problems in two ways, one using std probability
theory and one by using a binomial distribution. I seemingly had no problem
w/part b., but in part a. the probability theory did not seem to produce the
correct answer. I have listed these below. What is wrong w/the probability
equation listed below? Also is my answer to part b. correct?
a. Randomly Draw Five Samples (Cars)
Independent EventsOnly 1 w/Power Windows
P{Only 1 Power} = P (Power) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P
(NotPower) x P (NotPower)
0.51 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 =
What you've got here is the probability that the first car has Power,
but the rest do not. You also need the probability that the second,
third, fourth or fifth is the one with the Power.
Bob
--
Bob O'Hara
Metapopulation Research Group
Division of Population Biology
Department of Ecology and Systematics
PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland
NOTE: NEW TELEPHONE NUMBER
tel: +358 9 191 28779 fax: +358 9 191 28701
email: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To induce catatonia, visit:
http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/
It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English
language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his
meaning
- Beachcomber
=
Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about
the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at
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Re: question re: problem
@Home wrote:
Thanks alot - it worked. How would you compose a short formula depicting:
P {Only 1} = [P (Power) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower)
x P (NotPower)] +
[P (NotPower) x P (Power) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P
(NotPower)] +
[P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P (Power) x P (NotPower) x P
(NotPower)] +
[P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P (Power) x P
(NotPower)]+
[P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P (NotPower) x P
(Power)]
Have a look at Arto's reply, and simple stuff on permutations and
combinations (it's the combinations bit that's relevant).
I assumethat this is homework, so your course notes should help. Or an
elementary textbook on probability and statistics should derive the
binomial distribution for you. But it looks like you've got the basic
idea.
Bob
--
Bob O'Hara
Metapopulation Research Group
Division of Population Biology
Department of Ecology and Systematics
PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland
NOTE: NEW TELEPHONE NUMBER
tel: +358 9 191 28779 fax: +358 9 191 28701
email: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To induce catatonia, visit:
http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/
It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English
language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his
meaning
- Beachcomber
=
Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about
the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at
http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/
=
Re: H-Statistic Can't find lookup table for large number of samples
Karl Johanson wrote: JD Kronicz [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]... Hi- I am a human health risk assessor. I am trying to calculate the 95% UCL of a lognormal distribution. The data sets I have all have about 350 samples. I can't find a lookup table for the H-Statistic for more than 100 samples. If anyone can point me in the right direction I would greatly appreciate it. Thanks-JDK Your post used the letter H five times. That's a biased statistic! I counted 12. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland NOTE: NEW TELEPHONE NUMBER tel: +358 9 191 28779 fax: +358 9 191 28701 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: WHITE EUROPEANS SUCK
Unclaimed Mysteries wrote: Ian Stirling [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in part: And both of you have just repeated the website that the spammer wanted publicised. I'm sure it's very gratefull. But White Europeans do suck. And so do other humans. But only when they've got loppipops in their mouths. Can I claim this as the final word? Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland NOTE: NEW TELEPHONE NUMBER tel: +358 9 191 28779 fax: +358 9 191 28701 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: comparing 2 slopes
Ellen Hertz wrote: Mike, Yes, you are correct. A purist might say that you didn't actually prove that the slopes are the same, only that you failed to demonstrate a significant difference between them (because non-significant parameters can become significant with more data). However, your interpretation is correct and, also, including an interaction term to examine its statistical significance is the best approach. Careful! I think you have to take the purist's view - with most data sets I could get a non-significant interaction even if the slopes are different, just by removing some of the data. If the data it plentiful, then the interpretation may be reasonable (even if still not strivtly correct). The interpretation you're advocating is logically dodgy - your conclusion could depend as much on the number of data points you have as on the difference between the slopes. If you want to argue that two slopes are the same, then it's better to look at the confidence limits, and see if they only cover a range that is practically insignificant, then you can say that any difference is too small to worry about. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 28782 fax: +358 9 191 28701 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ It is being said of a certain poet, that though he tortures the English language, he has still never yet succeeded in forcing it to reveal his meaning - Beachcomber = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: NY Times on statisticians' view of election
Herman Rubin wrote: In article [EMAIL PROTECTED], Thom Baguley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Herman Rubin wrote: The UK has effective disenfrachisement of most of the members of its Liberal party. Also, the US was definitely set up NOT to be "democratic"; the British democracy has greatly eroded the rights the people won in the Bill of Rights and the Petition of Right. Democracy is two wolves and a sheep deciding the dinner menu. It is true that minority parties such as the Liberal Democrats (typically 15-25% in polls) are disenfranchised by the first-pass-the-post General election system (5-8% in terms of parliamentary seats). However, this is the same FPTP system in the US elections (excluding the Electoral College) which effectiviely disenfranchises Green, Libertarian, Reform etc voters. In my view both would benefit (in terms of fairness) from a more proprtional system. There is essentially no chance of it happening in either country. The British system does enable them to get a modicum of seats, but not easily. There were a few places which had proportional representation for their city councils, but the major parties combined to get rid of it. In the UK, PR has been used in Northern Ireland for the European Parliament for several years. It was also used for the regional assembly in Wales, the Scottish parliament and the London city council. The latter three are experiments, and we'll see how long it lasts. The US could have splitting of the Electoral College vote in any given state, but this would reduce the importance of winning the state. Some states do, don't they? But do not rush to a proportional system. It can have very bad consequences, as can be seen from Israel and Italy, and which was the case in France until de Gaulle reformed the structure of the government. It works fine in Scandinavia. The Swedish People's Party in Finland has been in power since independence (I think), as part of whatever coalition was in charge. It works well if the climate is one of bi-partisanship, and the Italian and Israeli politicians never give the impression of calm moderation. I suspect it would work fine in Britain, once the MPs got over the initial shock. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson But shame and disgrace are very hard to achieve in politics nowadays, as in any other branch of sport. - Alistair Cooke = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: NY Times on statisticians' view of election
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: In article [EMAIL PROTECTED], Rodney Sparapani [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: 2) they didn't examine the undervotes in the original count or the state-law mandated re-count; it's only in the third count where they are considering them, which is what is so disturbing. i tell you want I find disturbing: the "chad undercount error" that was discovered in the Volusia county complete hand count went 62% to Gore and 38% to Bush. However, as a whole, Volusia was only 53% Gore and 45% Bush. Since when do chads play favorites, or is this entirely realistic is one were to model chad failure as a Poisson process? A simple explanation would be that there was one dud machine in a Gore-voting district. I'll leave it to someone else to start discussing inhomogeneous Poisson processes. In essence, it's the same sort of idea. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson But shame and disgrace are very hard to achieve in politics nowadays, as in any other branch of sport. - Alistair Cooke = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: consistent statistic
Chuck Cleland wrote: Hello: If I understand the concept correctly, a consistent statistic is one whose value approaches the population value as the sample size increases. I am looking for examples of statistics that are _not_ consistent. The best examples would be statistics that are not computationally complex and could be understood by large and diverse audiences. How about the universal counterexample, the mean of a Cauchy distribution? It's simple if you present it as the ratio of two standard normal distributions. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: Which statistical test?
jkroger wrote: Hello, I am trying to determine a statistical difference, but am having some difficulty determining what test should be used. I have two timecourse measures, A and B. At 20 consecutive intervals, A and B are measured, and the results are plotted. Both signals rise quickly to about the same height, then fall. Sometimes A stays elevated longer. There are eight seperate trials (representing eight conditions), producing eight pairs of curves. I want to show that in some conditions, the difference between the length of A's response and B's response is greater than in other conditions: duration(A) - duration(B) is significantly greater in some conditions. I assume by duration you mean the time spent at the maximum height. In that case, you are only interested in that part of the curve. If you plot (B-A) against time, does that give you a clear enough picture? I tried a t-test for each condition, subtracting B from A at each interval and using a t-test to determine if the resulting sample differed from 0. Unfortunately, in a couple conditions where it appears the A response is about the same as the B response, but the t-test is so sensitive that even small differences between A and B produce significance. Could this be because there is a significant difference elsewhere? Again, time series plots of (B-A) will help. The t value for the condition (#1) which it is important to demonstrate has a longer A duration (as is clearly obvious on inspection) is over 38. If it's clearly obvious on inspection, then why not just plot the graphs, and not bother with stats tests? If it's not so clear that even a politician would see it, you could think about just testing the observations after the maximum, for example. It's perhaps slightly ad hoc, but if you can justify a test like that, then it might be sufficient. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: Histogram for discrete probability distribution
Sheila King wrote: [cross-posted to sci.stat.edu,sci.stat.math,k12.ed.math] I'm teaching a GE stat course, my first time teaching stat, and am having some points of confusion. Here is one of my questions: Suppose I have a probability distribution as follows: Sample space: 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and each of these outcomes is equally likely. So, if my random variable is x, then P(x=1.5) = 1/6 P(x=2) = 1/6 and so on... To draw a probability distribution histogram, I wanted to make the bar for each outcome have a height of 1/6, but I became confused over this point: for x=2.0, the bar can only be on half unit wide, because of the neighboring outcomes 1.5 and 2.5 (until I had encountered this particular problem, I had always made the bars for each outcome a width of one unit wide, with a height equal to P(x=that outcome) and with the outcome value centered horizontally on the bar). But it seems to me, each of the bars should have an equal width. It would seem sensible to me, too. Actually, when I read 'histogram', the pedantic part of my brain said "you don't want to do that, you want a bar chart". It's now feeling incredibly chuffed with itself, because it noticed the problem. Histograms are used for continuous sample spaces. Yours is discrete - there is no 1.25 in the sample space, but a histogram would give the illusion that there was. As an alsternative, you could either plot a line chart (i.e. at each point in hte sample space draw a line with its length proportional to the density), or a bar chart, where all the bars are an equal width, but there is space between them. I hope this makes sense. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson submissions: post to k12.ed.math or e-mail to [EMAIL PROTECTED] private e-mail to the k12.ed.math moderator: [EMAIL PROTECTED] newsgroup website: http://www.thinkspot.net/k12math/ newsgroup charter: http://www.thinkspot.net/k12math/charter.html = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: C code for Multiple Regression, ANOVA?
Paul Thompson wrote: Hi everyone, Does anyone know if there are any C code functions or libraries available (preferably free/on the Web) for doing multiple regression or multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA)? Have you tried to wade through the source code for R? If not, have a look at http://cran.r-project.org (or one of the mirrors). Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson = Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =
Re: Stupid question on relationship of r and t
"Jason Osborne, Ph.D." wrote: I am working on a power analysis project- we are reviewing old journal articles to calculate observed effect sizes and power. Some of these articles, for example reporting t-test results, only give means and t-test, no standard deviation. thus, no effect size calculation is possible. I was hoping to estimate an effect size by converting a t to an r. I seem to remember a formula that relates the two, but am having a dickens of a time tracking one down. The one I did track down, for calculating t from r, is not that helpful: t= r * sqrt(n-2) - sqrt(1-r^2) I want to be able to calculate r from t. I tried algebraically manipulating the formula, but never quite got it to where I could do this. Any advice? Try squaring both sides and re-arranging. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson === This list is open to everyone. Occasionally, less thoughtful people send inappropriate messages. Please DO NOT COMPLAIN TO THE POSTMASTER about these messages because the postmaster has no way of controlling them, and excessive complaints will result in termination of the list. For information about this list, including information about the problem of inappropriate messages and information about how to unsubscribe, please see the web page at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ ===
Re: I need Help!!
John Lexmark wrote: Please help me to solve this problem, I am stuck... An inspector inspects large truckloads of potatoes to determine the proportion p in the shipment with major defects prior to using the potatoes to make potato chips. Unless there is clear evidence that this proportion is less than 0.10 she will reject the shipment. To reach a decision she will test the hypotheses H0: p=0.10, Ha: p0.10 Using the large sample test for a population proportion. To do so, she selects an SRS of 50 potatoes from the more than 2000 potatoes on the truck. Suppose that only 2 of potatoes sampled are found to have major defects. Determine the P-value of her test. I really appreciate your helps. Spot the homework! I'll just say it looks like a normal approximation to a binomial, and hope that there are enough clues in there to help you find the correct section of your notes. I can't do any more - if I tell you the answer, I'll get a visit from Marge Inoferror who'll beat me around my posterior. Bob -- Bob O'Hara Metapopulation Research Group Division of Population Biology Department of Ecology and Systematics PO Box 17 (Arkadiankatu 7) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Finland tel: +358 9 191 7382 fax: +358 9 191 7301 email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To induce catatonia, visit: http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated. - Poul Anderson === This list is open to everyone. Occasionally, less thoughtful people send inappropriate messages. Please DO NOT COMPLAIN TO THE POSTMASTER about these messages because the postmaster has no way of controlling them, and excessive complaints will result in termination of the list. For information about this list, including information about the problem of inappropriate messages and information about how to unsubscribe, please see the web page at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ ===
