Re: [PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-26 Thread Tom de Vries

On 21-04-15 09:50, Richard Biener wrote:

On Tue, 21 Apr 2015, Jan Hubicka wrote:


Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW


You can definitely make it ECF_LEAF too. I wonder if we can make it ECF_CONST 
or at leat PURE
this would help to keep variadic functions const/pure that may be moderately 
interesting
in practice.


Yes to ECF_LEAF but it isn't const or pure as it modifies the valist
argument so you can't for example DCE va_arg (...) if the result isn't
needed.



I've committed this patch that marks ifn_va_arg as ECF_LEAF.

Bootstrapped and reg-tested on x86_64.

Thanks,
- Tom

Mark ifn_va_arg as ECF_LEAF

2015-04-26  Tom de Vries  t...@codesourcery.com

	PR tree-optimization/65826
	* internal-fn.def: Mark VA_ARG with ECF_LEAF.

diff --git a/gcc/internal-fn.def b/gcc/internal-fn.def
index 7e19313..ba5c2c1 100644
--- a/gcc/internal-fn.def
+++ b/gcc/internal-fn.def
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ DEF_INTERNAL_FN (ADD_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 DEF_INTERNAL_FN (SUB_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 DEF_INTERNAL_FN (MUL_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 DEF_INTERNAL_FN (TSAN_FUNC_EXIT, ECF_NOVOPS | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
-DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
+DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, ECF_NOTHROW | ECF_LEAF, NULL)
-- 
1.9.1



Re: [PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-24 Thread Tom de Vries

On 24-04-15 05:25, Bin.Cheng wrote:

On Tue, Apr 21, 2015 at 3:10 PM, Tom de Vries tom_devr...@mentor.com wrote:

Hi,

this patch fixes PR65802.

diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/

pr65802.C b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C

new file mode 100644
index 000..26e5317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// { dg-do compile }
+// { dg-options -O0 }
+
+typedef int tf ();
+
+struct S
+{
+  tf m_fn1;
+} a;
+
+void
+fn1 ()
+{
+  try
+{
+  __builtin_va_list c;
+  {
+ int *d = __builtin_va_arg (c, int *);
+ int **e = d;
+ __asm__( : =d(e));

Hi, thanks for fixing the issue.
But 'd' is a machine specific constraint?  This case failed on all arm
processors.


Hi,

I've rewritten the test-case for C, made the function a valid stdargs function, 
and removed the superfluous inline assembly.


Committed as attached.

Thanks,
- Tom
2015-04-24  Tom de Vries  t...@codesourcery.com

	PR tree-optimization/65802
	* g++.dg/pr65802.C: Move to ...
	* gcc.dg/pr65802.c: ... here.  Add -fexceptions to dg-options. Include
	stdarg.h.  Rewrite for C.
	(fn1): Use va_list and va_arg.  Make variable args function.  Add use of
	va_start and va_end.  Remove unnecessary inline asm.

diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 26e5317..000
--- a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// { dg-do compile }
-// { dg-options -O0 }
-
-typedef int tf ();
-
-struct S
-{
-  tf m_fn1;
-} a;
-
-void
-fn1 ()
-{
-  try
-{
-  __builtin_va_list c;
-  {
-	int *d = __builtin_va_arg (c, int *);
-	int **e = d;
-	__asm__( : =d(e));
-	a.m_fn1 ();
-  }
-  a.m_fn1 ();
-}
-  catch (...)
-{
-
-}
-}
diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/pr65802.c b/gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/pr65802.c
new file mode 100644
index 000..fcec234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/pr65802.c
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/* { dg-do compile } */
+/* { dg-options -O0 -fexceptions } */
+
+#include stdarg.h
+
+struct S
+{
+  int (*m_fn1) (void);
+} a;
+
+void
+fn1 (int d, ...)
+{
+  va_list c;
+  va_start (c, d);
+
+  {
+int *d = va_arg (c, int *);
+
+int **e = d;
+
+a.m_fn1 ();
+  }
+
+  a.m_fn1 ();
+
+  va_end (c);
+}
-- 
1.9.1



Re: [PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-23 Thread Bin.Cheng
On Tue, Apr 21, 2015 at 3:10 PM, Tom de Vries tom_devr...@mentor.com wrote:
 Hi,

 this patch fixes PR65802.

 diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/
pr65802.C b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
 new file mode 100644
 index 000..26e5317
 --- /dev/null
 +++ b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
 @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
 +// { dg-do compile }
 +// { dg-options -O0 }
 +
 +typedef int tf ();
 +
 +struct S
 +{
 +  tf m_fn1;
 +} a;
 +
 +void
 +fn1 ()
 +{
 +  try
 +{
 +  __builtin_va_list c;
 +  {
 + int *d = __builtin_va_arg (c, int *);
 + int **e = d;
 + __asm__( : =d(e));
Hi, thanks for fixing the issue.
But 'd' is a machine specific constraint?  This case failed on all arm
processors.

Thanks,
bin
 + a.m_fn1 ();
 +  }
 +  a.m_fn1 ();
 +}
 +  catch (...)
 +{
 +
 +}
 +}

 OK for trunk?

 Thanks,
 - Tom


Re: [PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-21 Thread Richard Biener
On Tue, 21 Apr 2015, Tom de Vries wrote:

 Hi,
 
 this patch fixes PR65802.
 
 The problem described in PR65802 is that when compiling the test-case
 (included in the patch below) at -O0, the compiler runs into a gcc_assert ICE
 in redirect_eh_edge_1 during pass_cleanup_eh:
 ...
 gcc_assert (lookup_stmt_eh_lp (throw_stmt) == old_lp_nr);
 ...
 
 
 In more detail, during compilation the ifn_va_arg is marked at as a throwing
 function. That causes exception handling code to be generated, with exception
 handling edges:
 ...
 ;; basic block 2, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;  prev block 0, next block 3, flags: (NEW, REACHABLE)
 ;;  pred:   ENTRY (FALLTHRU)
 [LP 1] # .MEM_5 = VDEF .MEM_4(D)
 # USE = anything
 # CLB = anything
 _6 = VA_ARG (cD.2333, 0B);
 ;;  succ:   7 (EH)
 ;;  3 (FALLTHRU)
 ...
 
 After pass_lower_vaarg, the expansion of ifn_va_arg is spread over several
 basic blocks:
 ...
 ;;   basic block 2, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;prev block 0, next block 11, flags: (NEW, REACHABLE)
 ;;pred:   ENTRY (FALLTHRU)
 ;;succ:   11 [100.0%]  (FALLTHRU)
 
 ;;   basic block 11, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;prev block 2, next block 12, flags: (NEW)
 ;;pred:   2 [100.0%]  (FALLTHRU)
   # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
   _22 = cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5;
   if (_22 = 48)
 goto bb 13 (L6);
   else
 goto bb 12 (L5);
 ;;succ:   13 (TRUE_VALUE)
 ;;12 (FALSE_VALUE)
 
 ;;   basic block 12, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;prev block 11, next block 13, flags: (NEW)
 ;;pred:   11 (FALSE_VALUE)
 L5:
   # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
   _23 = cD.2333.reg_save_areaD.8;
   # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
   _24 = cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5;
   _25 = (sizetype) _24;
   addr.1_26 = _23 + _25;
   # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
   _27 = cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5;
   _28 = _27 + 8;
   # .MEM_29 = VDEF .MEM_4(D)
   cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5 = _28;
   goto bb 14 (L7);
 ;;succ:   14 (FALLTHRU)
 
 ;;   basic block 13, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;prev block 12, next block 14, flags: (NEW)
 ;;pred:   11 (TRUE_VALUE)
 L6:
   # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
   _30 = cD.2333.overflow_arg_areaD.7;
   addr.1_31 = _30;
   _32 = _30 + 8;
   # .MEM_33 = VDEF .MEM_4(D)
   cD.2333.overflow_arg_areaD.7 = _32;
 ;;succ:   14 (FALLTHRU)
 
 ;;   basic block 14, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;prev block 13, next block 15, flags: (NEW)
 ;;pred:   12 (FALLTHRU)
 ;;13 (FALLTHRU)
   # .MEM_20 = PHI .MEM_29(12), .MEM_33(13)
   # addr.1_21 = PHI addr.1_26(12), addr.1_31(13)
 L7:
   # VUSE .MEM_20
   _6 = MEM[(intD.9 * * {ref-all})addr.1_21];
 ;;succ:   15 (FALLTHRU)
 
 ;;   basic block 15, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
 ;;prev block 14, next block 3, flags: (NEW)
 ;;pred:   14 (FALLTHRU)
 ;;succ:   7 (EH)
 ;;3 (FALLTHRU)
 ...
 
 And an ICE is triggered in redirect_eh_edge_1, because the code expects the
 last statement in a BB with an outgoing EH edge to be a throwing statement.
 
 That's obviously not the case, since bb15 is empty. But also all the other
 statements in the expansion are non-throwing.
 
 
 Looking at the representation before the ifn_va_arg, VA_ARG_EXPR is
 non-throwing (even with -fnon-call-exceptions).
 
 And looking at the situation before the introduction of ifn_va_arg, the
 expansion of VA_ARG_EXPR also didn't contain any throwing statements.
 
 
 This patch fixes the ICE by marking ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW.
 
 Bootstrapped and reg-tested on x86_64.
 
 OK for trunk?

Ok.

Thanks,
Richard.

 Thanks,
 - Tom
 

-- 
Richard Biener rguent...@suse.de
SUSE LINUX GmbH, GF: Felix Imendoerffer, Jane Smithard, Jennifer Guild,
Dilip Upmanyu, Graham Norton HRB 21284 (AG Nuernberg)


[PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-21 Thread Tom de Vries

Hi,

this patch fixes PR65802.

The problem described in PR65802 is that when compiling the test-case (included 
in the patch below) at -O0, the compiler runs into a gcc_assert ICE in 
redirect_eh_edge_1 during pass_cleanup_eh:

...
  gcc_assert (lookup_stmt_eh_lp (throw_stmt) == old_lp_nr);
...


In more detail, during compilation the ifn_va_arg is marked at as a throwing 
function. That causes exception handling code to be generated, with exception 
handling edges:

...
;; basic block 2, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;  prev block 0, next block 3, flags: (NEW, REACHABLE)
;;  pred:   ENTRY (FALLTHRU)
[LP 1] # .MEM_5 = VDEF .MEM_4(D)
# USE = anything
# CLB = anything
_6 = VA_ARG (cD.2333, 0B);
;;  succ:   7 (EH)
;;  3 (FALLTHRU)
...

After pass_lower_vaarg, the expansion of ifn_va_arg is spread over several basic 
blocks:

...
;;   basic block 2, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;prev block 0, next block 11, flags: (NEW, REACHABLE)
;;pred:   ENTRY (FALLTHRU)
;;succ:   11 [100.0%]  (FALLTHRU)

;;   basic block 11, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;prev block 2, next block 12, flags: (NEW)
;;pred:   2 [100.0%]  (FALLTHRU)
  # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
  _22 = cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5;
  if (_22 = 48)
goto bb 13 (L6);
  else
goto bb 12 (L5);
;;succ:   13 (TRUE_VALUE)
;;12 (FALSE_VALUE)

;;   basic block 12, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;prev block 11, next block 13, flags: (NEW)
;;pred:   11 (FALSE_VALUE)
L5:
  # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
  _23 = cD.2333.reg_save_areaD.8;
  # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
  _24 = cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5;
  _25 = (sizetype) _24;
  addr.1_26 = _23 + _25;
  # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
  _27 = cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5;
  _28 = _27 + 8;
  # .MEM_29 = VDEF .MEM_4(D)
  cD.2333.gp_offsetD.5 = _28;
  goto bb 14 (L7);
;;succ:   14 (FALLTHRU)

;;   basic block 13, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;prev block 12, next block 14, flags: (NEW)
;;pred:   11 (TRUE_VALUE)
L6:
  # VUSE .MEM_4(D)
  _30 = cD.2333.overflow_arg_areaD.7;
  addr.1_31 = _30;
  _32 = _30 + 8;
  # .MEM_33 = VDEF .MEM_4(D)
  cD.2333.overflow_arg_areaD.7 = _32;
;;succ:   14 (FALLTHRU)

;;   basic block 14, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;prev block 13, next block 15, flags: (NEW)
;;pred:   12 (FALLTHRU)
;;13 (FALLTHRU)
  # .MEM_20 = PHI .MEM_29(12), .MEM_33(13)
  # addr.1_21 = PHI addr.1_26(12), addr.1_31(13)
L7:
  # VUSE .MEM_20
  _6 = MEM[(intD.9 * * {ref-all})addr.1_21];
;;succ:   15 (FALLTHRU)

;;   basic block 15, loop depth 0, count 0, freq 0, maybe hot
;;prev block 14, next block 3, flags: (NEW)
;;pred:   14 (FALLTHRU)
;;succ:   7 (EH)
;;3 (FALLTHRU)
...

And an ICE is triggered in redirect_eh_edge_1, because the code expects the last 
statement in a BB with an outgoing EH edge to be a throwing statement.


That's obviously not the case, since bb15 is empty. But also all the other 
statements in the expansion are non-throwing.



Looking at the representation before the ifn_va_arg, VA_ARG_EXPR is non-throwing 
(even with -fnon-call-exceptions).


And looking at the situation before the introduction of ifn_va_arg, the 
expansion of VA_ARG_EXPR also didn't contain any throwing statements.



This patch fixes the ICE by marking ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW.

Bootstrapped and reg-tested on x86_64.

OK for trunk?

Thanks,
- Tom
Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-20  Tom de Vries  t...@codesourcery.com

	PR tree-optimization/65802
	* internal-fn.def (VA_ARG): Add ECF_NOTROW to flags.

	* g++.dg/pr65802.C: New test.
---
 gcc/internal-fn.def|  2 +-
 gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C | 29 +
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C

diff --git a/gcc/internal-fn.def b/gcc/internal-fn.def
index f557c64..7e19313 100644
--- a/gcc/internal-fn.def
+++ b/gcc/internal-fn.def
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ DEF_INTERNAL_FN (ADD_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 DEF_INTERNAL_FN (SUB_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 DEF_INTERNAL_FN (MUL_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 DEF_INTERNAL_FN (TSAN_FUNC_EXIT, ECF_NOVOPS | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
-DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, 0, NULL)
+DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
new file mode 100644
index 000..26e5317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// { dg-do compile }
+// { dg-options -O0 }
+
+typedef int tf ();
+
+struct S
+{
+  tf m_fn1;
+} a;
+
+void
+fn1 ()
+{
+  try
+{
+  __builtin_va_list c;
+  {
+	int *d = __builtin_va_arg (c, int *);
+	int **e = d;
+	__asm__( : =d(e));
+	a.m_fn1 ();
+  }
+  a.m_fn1 ();
+}
+  catch (...)
+{
+
+}
+}
-- 
1.9.1



Re: [PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-21 Thread Richard Biener
On Tue, 21 Apr 2015, Jan Hubicka wrote:

  Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW
 
 You can defnitly make it ECF_LEAF too. I wonder if we can make it ECF_CONST 
 or at leat PURE
 this would help to keep variadic functions const/pure that may be moderately 
 interesting
 in practice.

Yes to ECF_LEAF but it isn't const or pure as it modifies the valist 
argument so you can't for example DCE va_arg (...) if the result isn't
needed.

Richard.

 Honza
  
  2015-04-20  Tom de Vries  t...@codesourcery.com
  
  PR tree-optimization/65802
  * internal-fn.def (VA_ARG): Add ECF_NOTROW to flags.
  
  * g++.dg/pr65802.C: New test.
  ---
   gcc/internal-fn.def|  2 +-
   gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C | 29 +
   2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
   create mode 100644 gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
  
  diff --git a/gcc/internal-fn.def b/gcc/internal-fn.def
  index f557c64..7e19313 100644
  --- a/gcc/internal-fn.def
  +++ b/gcc/internal-fn.def
  @@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ DEF_INTERNAL_FN (ADD_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | 
  ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
   DEF_INTERNAL_FN (SUB_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
   DEF_INTERNAL_FN (MUL_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
   DEF_INTERNAL_FN (TSAN_FUNC_EXIT, ECF_NOVOPS | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
  -DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, 0, NULL)
  +DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
  diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
  new file mode 100644
  index 000..26e5317
  --- /dev/null
  +++ b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
  @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
  +// { dg-do compile }
  +// { dg-options -O0 }
  +
  +typedef int tf ();
  +
  +struct S
  +{
  +  tf m_fn1;
  +} a;
  +
  +void
  +fn1 ()
  +{
  +  try
  +{
  +  __builtin_va_list c;
  +  {
  +   int *d = __builtin_va_arg (c, int *);
  +   int **e = d;
  +   __asm__( : =d(e));
  +   a.m_fn1 ();
  +  }
  +  a.m_fn1 ();
  +}
  +  catch (...)
  +{
  +
  +}
  +}
  -- 
  1.9.1
  
 
 

-- 
Richard Biener rguent...@suse.de
SUSE LINUX GmbH, GF: Felix Imendoerffer, Jane Smithard, Jennifer Guild,
Dilip Upmanyu, Graham Norton HRB 21284 (AG Nuernberg)


Re: [PATCH][PR65802] Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

2015-04-21 Thread Jan Hubicka
 Mark ifn_va_arg with ECF_NOTHROW

You can defnitly make it ECF_LEAF too. I wonder if we can make it ECF_CONST or 
at leat PURE
this would help to keep variadic functions const/pure that may be moderately 
interesting
in practice.

Honza
 
 2015-04-20  Tom de Vries  t...@codesourcery.com
 
   PR tree-optimization/65802
   * internal-fn.def (VA_ARG): Add ECF_NOTROW to flags.
 
   * g++.dg/pr65802.C: New test.
 ---
  gcc/internal-fn.def|  2 +-
  gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C | 29 +
  2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
  create mode 100644 gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
 
 diff --git a/gcc/internal-fn.def b/gcc/internal-fn.def
 index f557c64..7e19313 100644
 --- a/gcc/internal-fn.def
 +++ b/gcc/internal-fn.def
 @@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ DEF_INTERNAL_FN (ADD_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | 
 ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
  DEF_INTERNAL_FN (SUB_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
  DEF_INTERNAL_FN (MUL_OVERFLOW, ECF_CONST | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
  DEF_INTERNAL_FN (TSAN_FUNC_EXIT, ECF_NOVOPS | ECF_LEAF | ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 -DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, 0, NULL)
 +DEF_INTERNAL_FN (VA_ARG, ECF_NOTHROW, NULL)
 diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
 new file mode 100644
 index 000..26e5317
 --- /dev/null
 +++ b/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/pr65802.C
 @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
 +// { dg-do compile }
 +// { dg-options -O0 }
 +
 +typedef int tf ();
 +
 +struct S
 +{
 +  tf m_fn1;
 +} a;
 +
 +void
 +fn1 ()
 +{
 +  try
 +{
 +  __builtin_va_list c;
 +  {
 + int *d = __builtin_va_arg (c, int *);
 + int **e = d;
 + __asm__( : =d(e));
 + a.m_fn1 ();
 +  }
 +  a.m_fn1 ();
 +}
 +  catch (...)
 +{
 +
 +}
 +}
 -- 
 1.9.1