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Sura 5. Al-Maida (Sura Intro)
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Name
This Surah takes its name from verse 112 in which the word Mai'dah occurs.
Like the names of many other surahs, this name has no special relation to
the subject of the Surah but has been used merely as a symbol to
distinguish it from other surahs:
Period of Revelation
The theme of this Surah indicates, and traditions support it, that it was
revealed after the treaty of Hudaibiyah at the end of 6 A.H. or in the
beginning of 7 A.H. That is why it deals with those problems that arose
from this treaty.
The Holy Prophet with 1400 Muslims went to Makkah in Zil-Qaadah 6 A.H. to
perform Umrah, but the Quraish, spurred by their enmity, prevented him from
its performance, though it was utterly against all the ancient religious
traditions of Arabia. After a good deal of hard and harsh negotiations, a
treaty was concluded at Hudaibiyah according to which it was agreed that he
could perform Umrah the following year. That was a very appropriate
occasion for teaching the Muslims the right way of performing a pilgrimage
to Makkah with the true Islamic dignity, and enjoining that they should not
prevent the disbelievers from performing pilgrimage to Makkah as a
retaliation for their misbehaviour. This was not difficult at all as many
disbelievers had to pass through Muslim territory on their way to Makkah.
This is why the introductory verses deal with the things connected with
pilgrimage to Makkah and the same theme has been resumed in vv. 101-104.
The other topics of this Surah also appear to belong to the same period.
The continuity of the subject shows that most probably the whole of the
surah was revealed as a single discourse at one and the same time. It is
also possible that some of its verses were revealed at a later period and
inserted in this Surah at different places where they fitted in. But there
appears to be not the least gap anywhere in the surah to show that it might
have comprised two or more discourses.
Occasion of Revelation
This Surah was revealed to suit the requirements of the changed conditions
which were now different from those prevailing at the time of the
revelation of Al-i-'Imran and An-Nisa. Then the shock of the set-back at
Uhud had made the very surroundings of Al-Madinah dangerous for the
Muslims, but now Islam had become an invulnerable power and the Islamic
State had extended to Najd on the east, to the Red Sea on the west, to
Syria on the north and to Makkah on the south. This set-back which the
Muslims had suffered at Uhud had not broken their determination. It had
rather spurred them to action. As a result of their continuous struggle and
unparalleled sacrifices, the power of. the surrounding clans, within a
radius of 200 miles or so, had been broken. The Jewish menace which was
always threatening Al-Madinah had been totally removed and the Jews in the
other parts of Hijaz had become tributaries of the State of Al-Madinah. The
last effort of the Quraish to suppress Islam had been thwarted in the
Battle of the Ditch. After this, it had become quite obvious to the Arabs
that no power could suppress the Islamic movement. Now Islam was not merely
a creed which ruled over the minds and hearts of the people but had also
become a State which dominated over every aspect of the life of the people
who lived within its boundaries. This had enabled the Muslims to live their
lives without let or hindrance, in accordance with their beliefs.
Another development had also taken place during this period. The Muslim
civilization had developed in accordance with the principles of Islam and
the Islamic viewpoint. This civilization was quite distinct from all other
civilizations in all its details, and distinguished the Muslims clearly
from the non Muslims in their moral, social and cultural behaviour. Mosques
had been built in all territories, prayer had been established and Imam
(leader) for every habitation and clan had been appointed. The Islamic
civil and criminal laws had been formulated in detail and were being
enforced through the Islamic courts. New and reformed ways of trade and
commerce had taken the place of the old ones. The Islamic laws of marriage
and divorce, of the segregation of the sexes, of the punishment for
adultery and calumny and the like had cast the social life of the Muslims
in a special mould. Their social behaviour, their conversation, their
dress, their very mode of living, their culture etc., had taken a definite
shape of its own. As a result of all these changes, the non-Muslims could
not expect that the Muslims would ever return to their former fold. Before
the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Muslims were so engaged in their struggle
with the non-Muslim Quraish that they got no time to propagate their
message. This hindrance was removed by what was apparently a defeat but in
reality a victory at Hudaibiyah. This gave the Muslims not only peace in
their own territory but also respite to spread their message in the
surrounding territories. Accordingly the Holy Prophet addressed letters to
the rulers of Iran, Egypt and the Roman Empire and the chiefs of Arabia,
inviting them to Islam. At the same time the missionaries of Islam spread
among the clans and tribes and invited them to accept the Divine Way of
Allah. These were the circumstances at the time when Al-Ma'idah was revealed.
Topics
It deals with the following three main topics:
1. Commandments and instructions about the religious, cultural and
political life of the Muslims. In this connection, a code of ceremonial
rules concerning the journey for Hajj has been prescribed; the observance
of strict respect for the emblems of Allah has been enjoined; and any kind
of obstruction or interference with the pilgrims to the Kaabah has been
prohibited. Definite rules and regulations have been laid down for what is
lawful and unlawful in the matter of food, and self-imposed foolish
restrictions of the pre-Islamic age have been abolished. Permission has
been given to take food with the people of the Book and to marry their
women. Rules and regulations for the performance of Wudu (ablutions) and
bath and purification and tayammum (ablutions with dust) have been
prescribed. Punishment for rebellion, disturbance of peace and theft have
been specified. Drinking and gambling have absolutely been made unlawful.
Expiation for the breaking of oath has been laid down and a few more things
have been added to the law of evidence.
2. Admonition to the Muslims. Now that the Muslims had become a ruling
body, it was feared that power might corrupt them. At this period of great
trial, Allah had admonished them over and over again to stick to justice
and to guard against the wrong behaviour of their predecessors, the people
of the Book. They have been enjoined to remain steadfast to the Covenant of
obedience to Allah and His Messenger, and to observe strictly their
commands and prohibitions in order to save them- selves from the evil
consequences which. befell the Jews and the Christians who had violated
them. They have been instructed to observe the dictates of the Holy Quran
in the conduct of all their affairs and warned against the attitude of
hypocrisy.
3. Admonition to the Jews and the Christians. As the power of the Jews had
been totally weakened and almost all their habitations in north Arabia had
come under the rule of the Muslims, they have been warned again about their
wrong attitude and invited to follow the Right Way. At the same time a
detailed invitation has also been extended to the Christians. The errors of
their creeds have been clearly pointed out and they have been admonished to
accept the guidance of the Holy Prophet. Incidentally, it may be noted that
no direct invitation has been made to the Majusis and idolaters living in
the adjoining countries, because there was no need for a separate address
for them as their condition had already been covered by the addresses to
the mushrik Arabs.
Subject:Consolidation of the Islamic Community.
In continuation of the instructions about the consolidation of the Islamic
Community given in Surah AN-NISA, the Muslims have been directed to observe
and fulfill all their obligations: further regulations have been prescribed
to train the Muslims for that purpose. They have also been particularly
warned as rulers to guard against the corruption, of power and directed to
observe the Covenant of the Quran. They have also been exhorted to learn
lessons from the failings of their predecessors, the Jews and the
Christians, who in their turn have been admonished to give up their wrong
attitudes towards the Right Way and accept the guidance taught by Prophet
Muhammad (God's peace be upon him).
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