Re: Need help understanding memory models, cpu modes and address translation
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 1:24 AM, Vaibhav Jain wrote: > Thanks a lot Joel! This is a great explanation. > Just one more question. I used to think that the compiler always > assigns/generates starting from 0 as Mulyadi has also mentioned. > In the case when Segmentation(intel-style) is being used how does the > compiler assigns > addresses? > The compiler just generates code as if segmentation is not being used.I'm not familiar with segmentation in x86 Protected mode. Further because Linux doesn't uses segmentation (the logical addresses are one-to-one mapped to virtual addresses) so neither have I really cared about how it works ;) The compiler just generates code as if segmentation is not being used. But I'd say some google searches on "Global Descriptor Table" would give you some pointers. You shouldn't worry about segmentation too much because virtual addressing achieves everything it does and is more flexible. I'd say ignore segmentation and focus on paging. :) Thanks, Joel ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 1:34 PM, Bond wrote: > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:36 PM, Mulyadi Santosa > wrote: >> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 22:52, Bond wrote: >>> Let me know what do you understand from this. >> >> >> And Greg already kindly answer that for you too. Didn't you see his >> answer? And why do you rant here anyway? Simply getting an answer >> here, you already lucky and you should be thankful. >> >> -- > Let me know which part of answer answered as how application connects > to particular driver.I see answer explaining finer details of device > driver mehcanism but I did not see any where answer to original > question or if it has been answered I probably have been stupid enough > not to be able to > follow it. Bond, Here's a trivial userspace example. What is the official userspace method for determining if a harddrive is a traditional rotating disk, or a SSD? I suspect you won't believe it, but it is just: cat /sys/block/sda/queue/rotational. What is the official userspace method for informing the kernel you want to override its determination of rotating and set it to the SSD setting? echo 0 > /sys/block/sda/queue/rotational Obviously you can code the userspace app for the above in any language you want. The big thing is that the above is a simple userspace example of userspace interfacing with the kernel via a formal abi. Note I say ABI not API. ioctl changes in different architectures, so while it can make a fine API, it is not a very good ABI. That lack of consistency in its ABI is one of the reasons it is discouraged. sysfs is now the preferred solution for most basic userspace / kernel interaction due to its simplicity and consistent ABI regardless of platform / architecture. You can see how almost trivially easy the userspace side of the interface is. You can also see that it is exactly the same for a 32-bit app and for a 64-bit app. You as a future kernel developer need to know how to write the kernel side of the above. As you do that, you will see that sysfs is designed for passing single parameters back and forth. If you have a need to pass multiple parameters in a single atomic block, the sysfs is not the right choice. netlink sockets would be the most common recommended interface for sending a collection of parameters at one time. ie. ioctl does the same by passing a structure pointer, but as I said before ioctl is now discouraged. Greg ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 6:34 PM, Bond wrote: > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:36 PM, Mulyadi Santosa > wrote: > > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 22:52, Bond wrote: > >> Let me know what do you understand from this. > > > > > > And Greg already kindly answer that for you too. Didn't you see his > > answer? And why do you rant here anyway? Simply getting an answer > > here, you already lucky and you should be thankful. > > > > -- > Let me know which part of answer answered as how application connects > to particular driver.I see answer explaining finer details of device > driver mehcanism but I did not see any where answer to original > question or if it has been answered I probably have been stupid enough > not to be able to > follow it. > > There have been a lot of discussion on udev and VFS and someone even explained path of data flow from user space to kernel to end device. you need to read more and read carefully. Besides your question is more related to linux application programming and interface. Robert love's other book(Linux system programming) should help you, there is one more book Advanced linux programming, new riders publication. P.S. And I really don't like tone of your mails. ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:36 PM, Mulyadi Santosa wrote: > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 22:52, Bond wrote: >> Let me know what do you understand from this. > > > And Greg already kindly answer that for you too. Didn't you see his > answer? And why do you rant here anyway? Simply getting an answer > here, you already lucky and you should be thankful. > > -- Let me know which part of answer answered as how application connects to particular driver.I see answer explaining finer details of device driver mehcanism but I did not see any where answer to original question or if it has been answered I probably have been stupid enough not to be able to follow it. ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:44 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar wrote: > > > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:52 PM, Bond wrote: >> >> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:17 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar >> wrote: >> > >> > >> > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:40 PM, Bond wrote: >> >> >> >> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:04 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar >> >> wrote: >> >> > >> >> > >> >> > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:10 PM, Bond >> >> > wrote: >> >> >> >> >> >> On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah >> >> >> >> >> >> wrote: >> >> >> > Hi, >> >> >> > >> >> >> > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond >> >> >> > wrote: >> >> >> >> This is an interview question. >> >> >> >> My answer was >> >> >> >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and >> >> >> >> sends/receives >> >> >> >> data and commands from it. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> > >> >> >> > A little more detailed method : >> >> >> > >> >> >> > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write >> >> >> > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside >> >> >> > kernel) >> >> >> > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the >> >> >> > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding >> >> >> > read/write function. >> >> >> > >> >> >> >> >> >> This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as >> >> >> I >> >> >> did not get that job even you will not. >> >> >> The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have >> >> >> been >> >> >> in the interview and given these answers it will not work. >> >> >> Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed >> >> >> some >> >> >> thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more >> >> >> interviews >> >> >> and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned >> >> >> in this thread but I was not selected. >> >> >> >> >> >> -- >> >> > >> >> > >> >> > This list is not an interview question answering mailing list. >> >> > Not getting selected have nothing to do with answers being right or >> >> > wrong. >> >> > Being selected in an interview has a lot of other factors. >> >> > >> >> > >> >> Why do not you understand that this has nothing to my selection what I >> >> wanted to know is how does the app gets connected to device.And your >> >> rant does not help to understand.The answers given on this list are of >> >> very poor quality as usual. >> >> As an example you rather than answering some thing meaningful >> >> reproduced >> >> rant. >> > >> > Greg Freemyer answered your question with fine details. And the >> > discussion >> > that followed elaborated the point. >> > But you say all that is NOT correct? on what basis did you say that? >> >> I am reproducing what he answered >> >> And the interviewer was right! You fell short. And so did everyone >> else in this thread. I'm very surprised at the poor answers this >> thread generated. Maybe everyone should get a 20+ year old UNIX book >> an read it so they know the basic and classic mechanisms. >> >> My personal favorite old book was >> >> "The Magic Garden Explained: The Internals of Unix System V Release 4" >> >> To my surprise Amazon has some copies. New and used. It's 20 years >> old, but it will give some historical pre-linux context. Remember >> your interviewer is likely to be an old timer, so you need to be >> familiar with classical UNIX, not just bleeding edge Linux. (Not >> that the answers showed familiarity with either, but the classic stuff >> should pop of people's minds without thought.) >> >> Back to the question >> >> read / write are "data" paths, not control/status/command paths. Yes, >> there are drivers that abuse read/write to handle commands, but they >> are the exception, not the rule. >> >> In general, read/write are termed in-band communications and using >> them to communicate with ta driver is discouraged. The Linux kernel >> encourages out-of-band communications. >> >> Let me simplify the question. >> >> 1) What are the FIVE classic system calls for interfacing with a >> character device. (ie. If it did not exist in 1970, don't list it). >> >> 2) Which of the 5 is still heavily used in the kernel but is >> discouraged for new drivers being accepted into the linux kernel? >> >> 3) Name at least 3 alternatives that have been routinely used for >> out-of-band communication in the Linux kernel since 2000. >> >> Personally, anyone that can't answer those basic questions has failed >> a job interview in my mind. >> >> >> Let me know what do you understand from this. >> >> -- > > > For one he is pointing out that there are more mechanism to interact with > devices than just read/write. > When you open a device node, you do not have to necessarily read or write. > In most cases its not ever required > The drivers implement many methods like proc, ioctls, the new sysfs each of > which can be directly read from or write to or pass some control/command. > For example network drivers don't have device nodes, netlink interf
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:52 PM, Bond wrote: > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:17 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar > wrote: > > > > > > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:40 PM, Bond wrote: > >> > >> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:04 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar > >> wrote: > >> > > >> > > >> > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:10 PM, Bond > wrote: > >> >> > >> >> On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah < > pshah.mum...@gmail.com> > >> >> wrote: > >> >> > Hi, > >> >> > > >> >> > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond > >> >> > wrote: > >> >> >> This is an interview question. > >> >> >> My answer was > >> >> >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and > sends/receives > >> >> >> data and commands from it. > >> >> >> > >> >> > > >> >> > A little more detailed method : > >> >> > > >> >> > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write > >> >> > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside > kernel) > >> >> > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the > >> >> > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding > >> >> > read/write function. > >> >> > > >> >> > >> >> This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as > I > >> >> did not get that job even you will not. > >> >> The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have > been > >> >> in the interview and given these answers it will not work. > >> >> Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed some > >> >> thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more > >> >> interviews > >> >> and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned > >> >> in this thread but I was not selected. > >> >> > >> >> -- > >> > > >> > > >> > This list is not an interview question answering mailing list. > >> > Not getting selected have nothing to do with answers being right or > >> > wrong. > >> > Being selected in an interview has a lot of other factors. > >> > > >> > > >> Why do not you understand that this has nothing to my selection what I > >> wanted to know is how does the app gets connected to device.And your > >> rant does not help to understand.The answers given on this list are of > >> very poor quality as usual. > >> As an example you rather than answering some thing meaningful reproduced > >> rant. > > > > Greg Freemyer answered your question with fine details. And the > discussion > > that followed elaborated the point. > > But you say all that is NOT correct? on what basis did you say that? > > I am reproducing what he answered > > And the interviewer was right! You fell short. And so did everyone > else in this thread. I'm very surprised at the poor answers this > thread generated. Maybe everyone should get a 20+ year old UNIX book > an read it so they know the basic and classic mechanisms. > > My personal favorite old book was > > "The Magic Garden Explained: The Internals of Unix System V Release 4" > > To my surprise Amazon has some copies. New and used. It's 20 years > old, but it will give some historical pre-linux context. Remember > your interviewer is likely to be an old timer, so you need to be > familiar with classical UNIX, not just bleeding edge Linux. (Not > that the answers showed familiarity with either, but the classic stuff > should pop of people's minds without thought.) > > Back to the question > > read / write are "data" paths, not control/status/command paths. Yes, > there are drivers that abuse read/write to handle commands, but they > are the exception, not the rule. > > In general, read/write are termed in-band communications and using > them to communicate with ta driver is discouraged. The Linux kernel > encourages out-of-band communications. > > Let me simplify the question. > > 1) What are the FIVE classic system calls for interfacing with a > character device. (ie. If it did not exist in 1970, don't list it). > > 2) Which of the 5 is still heavily used in the kernel but is > discouraged for new drivers being accepted into the linux kernel? > > 3) Name at least 3 alternatives that have been routinely used for > out-of-band communication in the Linux kernel since 2000. > > Personally, anyone that can't answer those basic questions has failed > a job interview in my mind. > > > Let me know what do you understand from this. > > -- > For one he is pointing out that there are more mechanism to interact with devices than just read/write. When you open a device node, you do not have to necessarily read or write. In most cases its not ever required The drivers implement many methods like proc, ioctls, the new sysfs each of which can be directly read from or write to or pass some control/command. For example network drivers don't have device nodes, netlink interface or sockets is used to interact with them. Secondly he is pointing out the fact that some of the interfaces are being deprecated like sysfs will be used for most purpose as compared to proc. In between this discussion, it was also p
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 22:52, Bond wrote: > Let me know what do you understand from this. And Greg already kindly answer that for you too. Didn't you see his answer? And why do you rant here anyway? Simply getting an answer here, you already lucky and you should be thankful. -- regards, Mulyadi Santosa Freelance Linux trainer and consultant blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:17 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar wrote: > > > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:40 PM, Bond wrote: >> >> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:04 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar >> wrote: >> > >> > >> > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:10 PM, Bond wrote: >> >> >> >> On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah >> >> wrote: >> >> > Hi, >> >> > >> >> > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond >> >> > wrote: >> >> >> This is an interview question. >> >> >> My answer was >> >> >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and sends/receives >> >> >> data and commands from it. >> >> >> >> >> > >> >> > A little more detailed method : >> >> > >> >> > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write >> >> > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside kernel) >> >> > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the >> >> > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding >> >> > read/write function. >> >> > >> >> >> >> This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as I >> >> did not get that job even you will not. >> >> The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have been >> >> in the interview and given these answers it will not work. >> >> Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed some >> >> thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more >> >> interviews >> >> and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned >> >> in this thread but I was not selected. >> >> >> >> -- >> > >> > >> > This list is not an interview question answering mailing list. >> > Not getting selected have nothing to do with answers being right or >> > wrong. >> > Being selected in an interview has a lot of other factors. >> > >> > >> Why do not you understand that this has nothing to my selection what I >> wanted to know is how does the app gets connected to device.And your >> rant does not help to understand.The answers given on this list are of >> very poor quality as usual. >> As an example you rather than answering some thing meaningful reproduced >> rant. > > Greg Freemyer answered your question with fine details. And the discussion > that followed elaborated the point. > But you say all that is NOT correct? on what basis did you say that? I am reproducing what he answered And the interviewer was right! You fell short. And so did everyone else in this thread. I'm very surprised at the poor answers this thread generated. Maybe everyone should get a 20+ year old UNIX book an read it so they know the basic and classic mechanisms. My personal favorite old book was "The Magic Garden Explained: The Internals of Unix System V Release 4" To my surprise Amazon has some copies. New and used. It's 20 years old, but it will give some historical pre-linux context. Remember your interviewer is likely to be an old timer, so you need to be familiar with classical UNIX, not just bleeding edge Linux. (Not that the answers showed familiarity with either, but the classic stuff should pop of people's minds without thought.) Back to the question read / write are "data" paths, not control/status/command paths. Yes, there are drivers that abuse read/write to handle commands, but they are the exception, not the rule. In general, read/write are termed in-band communications and using them to communicate with ta driver is discouraged. The Linux kernel encourages out-of-band communications. Let me simplify the question. 1) What are the FIVE classic system calls for interfacing with a character device. (ie. If it did not exist in 1970, don't list it). 2) Which of the 5 is still heavily used in the kernel but is discouraged for new drivers being accepted into the linux kernel? 3) Name at least 3 alternatives that have been routinely used for out-of-band communication in the Linux kernel since 2000. Personally, anyone that can't answer those basic questions has failed a job interview in my mind. Let me know what do you understand from this. -- ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:40 PM, Bond wrote: > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:04 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar > wrote: > > > > > > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:10 PM, Bond wrote: > >> > >> On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah > >> wrote: > >> > Hi, > >> > > >> > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond > wrote: > >> >> This is an interview question. > >> >> My answer was > >> >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and sends/receives > >> >> data and commands from it. > >> >> > >> > > >> > A little more detailed method : > >> > > >> > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write > >> > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside kernel) > >> > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the > >> > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding > >> > read/write function. > >> > > >> > >> This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as I > >> did not get that job even you will not. > >> The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have been > >> in the interview and given these answers it will not work. > >> Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed some > >> thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more > >> interviews > >> and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned > >> in this thread but I was not selected. > >> > >> -- > > > > > > This list is not an interview question answering mailing list. > > Not getting selected have nothing to do with answers being right or > wrong. > > Being selected in an interview has a lot of other factors. > > > > > Why do not you understand that this has nothing to my selection what I > wanted to know is how does the app gets connected to device.And your > rant does not help to understand.The answers given on this list are of > very poor quality as usual. > As an example you rather than answering some thing meaningful reproduced > rant. > Greg Freemyer answered your question with fine details. And the discussion that followed elaborated the point. But you say all that is NOT correct? on what basis did you say that? ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 9:04 PM, Anuz Pratap Singh Tomar wrote: > > > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:10 PM, Bond wrote: >> >> On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah >> wrote: >> > Hi, >> > >> > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond wrote: >> >> This is an interview question. >> >> My answer was >> >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and sends/receives >> >> data and commands from it. >> >> >> > >> > A little more detailed method : >> > >> > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write >> > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside kernel) >> > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the >> > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding >> > read/write function. >> > >> >> This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as I >> did not get that job even you will not. >> The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have been >> in the interview and given these answers it will not work. >> Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed some >> thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more >> interviews >> and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned >> in this thread but I was not selected. >> >> -- > > > This list is not an interview question answering mailing list. > Not getting selected have nothing to do with answers being right or wrong. > Being selected in an interview has a lot of other factors. > > Why do not you understand that this has nothing to my selection what I wanted to know is how does the app gets connected to device.And your rant does not help to understand.The answers given on this list are of very poor quality as usual. As an example you rather than answering some thing meaningful reproduced rant. ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 4:10 PM, Bond wrote: > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah > wrote: > > Hi, > > > > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond wrote: > >> This is an interview question. > >> My answer was > >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and sends/receives > >> data and commands from it. > >> > > > > A little more detailed method : > > > > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write > > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside kernel) > > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the > > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding > > read/write function. > > > > This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as I > did not get that job even you will not. > The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have been > in the interview and given these answers it will not work. > Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed some > thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more > interviews > and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned > in this thread but I was not selected. > > -- > This list is not an interview question answering mailing list. Not getting selected have nothing to do with answers being right or wrong. Being selected in an interview has a lot of other factors. > ___ > Kernelnewbies mailing list > Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org > http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies > ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: interview question how does application connects to device
On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 11:13 AM, Prashant Shah wrote: > Hi, > > On Tue, Jul 5, 2011 at 9:45 AM, Bond wrote: >> This is an interview question. >> My answer was >> In unix it simply opens the device node as a file and sends/receives >> data and commands from it. >> > > A little more detailed method : > > Userland read/write to the file -> Calls C Library read/write > functions -> Makes System Calls for read/write -> (now inside kernel) > -> Process the system calls (check parameter, etc) -> Refer the > file_operations structure for that file -> Call the corresponding > read/write function. > This is not correct.If you answer this in interview which I faced as I did not get that job even you will not. The answers on this mailing list did not helped.If you would have been in the interview and given these answers it will not work. Initially I posted the question on list I was expecting I missed some thing or interviewer was blabbering more.But I gave 2-3 more interviews and all of them asked me same and I gave the answers which I learned in this thread but I was not selected. -- ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
Re: why backtiks for a word?
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 7:50 PM, Robert P. J. Day wrote:
> On Sun, 17 Jul 2011, zeal wrote:
>
>> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 6:29 PM, Mulyadi Santosa
>> wrote:
>> > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 07:49, zeal wrote:
>> >> Hi list,
>> >>
>> >> We often see that `a word what you like'. But i get confused on it.
>> >> Why is it `word' but not 'word' or what else?
>> >
>> > in which context do you ask above? bash? C? else? or something
>> > unrelated to programming?
>>
>> Hmm, not in bash. In some documents, or comments in the source code.
>> eg. I love `linux'. A reverse quotation (`) and a quotation (').
>
> there's not much point speculating on what the original poster meant
> until he clarifies it. the connection to the linux kernel here is
> still entirely unclear.
>
Maybe it's related to unix / linux world. Sorry for the noise.
--
Cheers
- zeal
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Re: why backtiks for a word?
On Sun, 17 Jul 2011, zeal wrote:
> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 6:29 PM, Mulyadi Santosa
> wrote:
> > On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 07:49, zeal wrote:
> >> Hi list,
> >>
> >> We often see that `a word what you like'. But i get confused on it.
> >> Why is it `word' but not 'word' or what else?
> >
> > in which context do you ask above? bash? C? else? or something
> > unrelated to programming?
>
> Hmm, not in bash. In some documents, or comments in the source code.
> eg. I love `linux'. A reverse quotation (`) and a quotation (').
there's not much point speculating on what the original poster meant
until he clarifies it. the connection to the linux kernel here is
still entirely unclear.
rday
--
Robert P. J. Day Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
http://crashcourse.ca
Twitter: http://twitter.com/rpjday
LinkedIn: http://ca.linkedin.com/in/rpjday
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Re: why backtiks for a word?
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 6:29 PM, Mulyadi Santosa
wrote:
> On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 07:49, zeal wrote:
>> Hi list,
>>
>> We often see that `a word what you like'. But i get confused on it.
>> Why is it `word' but not 'word' or what else?
>
> in which context do you ask above? bash? C? else? or something
> unrelated to programming?
>
Hmm, not in bash. In some documents, or comments in the source code.
eg. I love `linux'. A reverse quotation (`) and a quotation (').
--
Cheers
- zeal
___
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Re: why backtiks for a word?
On Sun, Jul 17, 2011 at 07:49, zeal wrote: > Hi list, > > We often see that `a word what you like'. But i get confused on it. > Why is it `word' but not 'word' or what else? in which context do you ask above? bash? C? else? or something unrelated to programming? -- regards, Mulyadi Santosa Freelance Linux trainer and consultant blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com ___ Kernelnewbies mailing list Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
