[neonixie-l] Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[Miles Thatch]

Good day.

Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas 
mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve 
those levels?

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[neonixie-l] Repair of an original Jeff Thomas NixiSat...

['Nick' via neonixie-l]

So,

I have had an original NixiSat from new, so a long time now - I detailed 
it's restoration to a more modern time source and working condition in 
these two threads:

https://groups.google.com/g/neonixie-l/c/vcNOdSB3nYM/m/3AmeUTtCAQAJ
...and...
https://groups.google.com/g/neonixie-l/c/evzX0noEGXg/m/JrVaZG3YFogJ

However, a couple of days ago it had completely died; the PSU, a 
switched-mode 12V 2A wall-wart was fine, but the clock was completely dead.

A quick check showed that the tiny 1.5A fuse had blown... and the IRF740AS 
FET was TOAST, almost literally. It had got so hot that it had burnt the 
PCB, (1cm charred circle) lifted the track and died to the extent that it 
no longer identifies as any sort of semiconductor... it's shuffled of this 
mortal coil and gone to join the heavenly choir  invisibule...  . 
Interesting smell, well known to EEs (no, not pizza, burning FR4).

I replaced the fuse, did some clean-up of the crispiest bits, removed the 
CPU, dead FET , the tubes (position recorded for each tube as it was 
wrapped and stored) and HV drivers and did some voltage checks. The MAX771 
was running and the 5V rail was fine... the HV drivers and CPU were looking 
good.

So I replaced the FET with a more modern FDB14N30 which is also in a TO-263 
(D2PAK) and is just generally a better FET (and I had some) - specifically 
lower Qg & RDSon; similar VGS(th). Tracks repaired just for the FET drain 
with 28G TCW.

Using a good lab PSU (Tektronix PS2521G), 'scope (Tektronix 2465A) and DMMs 
(Agilient U1272A & U1253B) plus an Aglilent FLIR,  I started looking for 
trouble...  it arrived quickly.

With 12V in, the current went right up to 260mA and the FET temperature 
started climbing rapidly - at 70C I cut the power. The HT rail was not 
easily readable and was the first indicator of what might be happening. The 
FET gate was looking fine with variable width pulses at about 45kHz but 
much more "mark" than "space" - not what was expected for an unloaded HT 
SMPS boost controller - it should have settled really quickly into more 
"space" than "mark"...

Looking at the HT rail using the 'scope was revealing - it was all over the 
shop, from about 120V up to 290V - sharp rise time and then decay until the 
next hit from the inductor...

Just for sanity, I checked the feedback resistors - 1M5 and 12K7 - they 
were fine, but obviously what was happening was that the wild swings were 
driving the MAX771 insane, that was keeping the FET mostly on and that in 
turn was connecting the FET between 12V and  GND with about 0R25 or series 
resistance (the current sense resistors, 0R125 and the inductor 100uH and 
0R11) plus the RDSon of the FET (which is about 0R290). 

What on earth would cause this? It's obvious if you think about it :)

The boost converter output tank capacitor should be 4u7F @ 400V. I removed 
it and checked - it came in at 5p5F ! Another dead component. For 
reference, it was an Xicon.

Without a tank, the output will do exactly as I observed and the FET will 
cook. Lucky that other stuff like the HV drivers and the MAX771 didn't get 
damaged too...

Replacement cap - I had a nice, good quality Nichcon 10uF @ 300V with the 
same pin spacing, so used that.

All done. Without the tubes, the NixiSat idles now at about 25mA with the 
FET stone cold and the gate staying at 0V as the tank was a nice, steady, 
182V. Replaced each tube in original position. All good.

Clock fixed for almost nothing, but an interesting lesson for those who 
haven't fiddled with these sorts of supplies...

Nick

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[neonixie-l] Re: Repair of an original Jeff Thomas NixiSat...

['Nick' via neonixie-l]

Just a quick addition - the dead Xicon electrolytic had no visible signs of 
failure - no bulging or leakage at all. The DMMs, however good they are, 
were mostly useless in this case as they were simply confused by what was 
happening - no DMM or analog VM would have helped much - an analog VM would 
probably have been worse as it may have reacted as a true-RMS meter which 
would have hidden this issue completely. At least the DMMs went a bit 
bonkers, which made me think a bit!

The 'scope is what nailed it; the gate on the FET was clear, as was the mad 
HT output line.

Nick

On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 14:22:00 UTC+1 Nick wrote:

> So,
>
> I have had an original NixiSat from new, so a long time now - I detailed 
> it's restoration to a more modern time source and working condition in 
> these two threads:
>
> https://groups.google.com/g/neonixie-l/c/vcNOdSB3nYM/m/3AmeUTtCAQAJ
> ...and...
> https://groups.google.com/g/neonixie-l/c/evzX0noEGXg/m/JrVaZG3YFogJ
>
> However, a couple of days ago it had completely died; the PSU, a 
> switched-mode 12V 2A wall-wart was fine, but the clock was completely dead.
>
> A quick check showed that the tiny 1.5A fuse had blown... and the IRF740AS 
> FET was TOAST, almost literally. It had got so hot that it had burnt the 
> PCB, (1cm charred circle) lifted the track and died to the extent that it 
> no longer identifies as any sort of semiconductor... it's shuffled of this 
> mortal coil and gone to join the heavenly choir  invisibule...  . 
> Interesting smell, well known to EEs (no, not pizza, burning FR4).
>
> I replaced the fuse, did some clean-up of the crispiest bits, removed the 
> CPU, dead FET , the tubes (position recorded for each tube as it was 
> wrapped and stored) and HV drivers and did some voltage checks. The MAX771 
> was running and the 5V rail was fine... the HV drivers and CPU were looking 
> good.
>
> So I replaced the FET with a more modern FDB14N30 which is also in a 
> TO-263 (D2PAK) and is just generally a better FET (and I had some) - 
> specifically lower Qg & RDSon; similar VGS(th). Tracks repaired just for 
> the FET drain with 28G TCW.
>
> Using a good lab PSU (Tektronix PS2521G), 'scope (Tektronix 2465A) and 
> DMMs (Agilient U1272A & U1253B) plus an Aglilent FLIR,  I started looking 
> for trouble...  it arrived quickly.
>
> With 12V in, the current went right up to 260mA and the FET temperature 
> started climbing rapidly - at 70C I cut the power. The HT rail was not 
> easily readable and was the first indicator of what might be happening. The 
> FET gate was looking fine with variable width pulses at about 45kHz but 
> much more "mark" than "space" - not what was expected for an unloaded HT 
> SMPS boost controller - it should have settled really quickly into more 
> "space" than "mark"...
>
> Looking at the HT rail using the 'scope was revealing - it was all over 
> the shop, from about 120V up to 290V - sharp rise time and then decay until 
> the next hit from the inductor...
>
> Just for sanity, I checked the feedback resistors - 1M5 and 12K7 - they 
> were fine, but obviously what was happening was that the wild swings were 
> driving the MAX771 insane, that was keeping the FET mostly on and that in 
> turn was connecting the FET between 12V and  GND with about 0R25 or series 
> resistance (the current sense resistors, 0R125 and the inductor 100uH and 
> 0R11) plus the RDSon of the FET (which is about 0R290). 
>
> What on earth would cause this? It's obvious if you think about it :)
>
> The boost converter output tank capacitor should be 4u7F @ 400V. I removed 
> it and checked - it came in at 5p5F ! Another dead component. For 
> reference, it was an Xicon.
>
> Without a tank, the output will do exactly as I observed and the FET will 
> cook. Lucky that other stuff like the HV drivers and the MAX771 didn't get 
> damaged too...
>
> Replacement cap - I had a nice, good quality Nichcon 10uF @ 300V with the 
> same pin spacing, so used that.
>
> All done. Without the tubes, the NixiSat idles now at about 25mA with the 
> FET stone cold and the gate staying at 0V as the tank was a nice, steady, 
> 182V. Replaced each tube in original position. All good.
>
> Clock fixed for almost nothing, but an interesting lesson for those who 
> haven't fiddled with these sorts of supplies...
>
> Nick

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[neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

['Nick' via neonixie-l]

Look at Dalibor's videos.

On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1 milesan...@gmail.com wrote:

> Good day.
>
> Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas 
> mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve 
> those levels?
>

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[neonixie-l] Re: Repair of an original Jeff Thomas NixiSat...

[Dekatron42]

Nice that you got it running and thanks for reminding us all of the 
breakdowns of capacitors, happens to often and a lot of people never 
suspect them.

I nice forum that has helped me to repair stuff on a few occasions is: 
https://www.badcaps.net/forum/, lots of helpful people there and sometimes 
good schematics for the item you are trying to repair.

/Martin

On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 15:37:36 UTC+2 Nick wrote:

> Just a quick addition - the dead Xicon electrolytic had no visible signs 
> of failure - no bulging or leakage at all. The DMMs, however good they are, 
> were mostly useless in this case as they were simply confused by what was 
> happening - no DMM or analog VM would have helped much - an analog VM would 
> probably have been worse as it may have reacted as a true-RMS meter which 
> would have hidden this issue completely. At least the DMMs went a bit 
> bonkers, which made me think a bit!
>
> The 'scope is what nailed it; the gate on the FET was clear, as was the 
> mad HT output line.
>
> Nick
>
> On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 14:22:00 UTC+1 Nick wrote:
>
>> So,
>>
>> I have had an original NixiSat from new, so a long time now - I detailed 
>> it's restoration to a more modern time source and working condition in 
>> these two threads:
>>
>> https://groups.google.com/g/neonixie-l/c/vcNOdSB3nYM/m/3AmeUTtCAQAJ
>> ...and...
>> https://groups.google.com/g/neonixie-l/c/evzX0noEGXg/m/JrVaZG3YFogJ
>>
>> However, a couple of days ago it had completely died; the PSU, a 
>> switched-mode 12V 2A wall-wart was fine, but the clock was completely dead.
>>
>> A quick check showed that the tiny 1.5A fuse had blown... and the 
>> IRF740AS FET was TOAST, almost literally. It had got so hot that it had 
>> burnt the PCB, (1cm charred circle) lifted the track and died to the extent 
>> that it no longer identifies as any sort of semiconductor... it's shuffled 
>> of this mortal coil and gone to join the heavenly choir  invisibule...  . 
>> Interesting smell, well known to EEs (no, not pizza, burning FR4).
>>
>> I replaced the fuse, did some clean-up of the crispiest bits, removed the 
>> CPU, dead FET , the tubes (position recorded for each tube as it was 
>> wrapped and stored) and HV drivers and did some voltage checks. The MAX771 
>> was running and the 5V rail was fine... the HV drivers and CPU were looking 
>> good.
>>
>> So I replaced the FET with a more modern FDB14N30 which is also in a 
>> TO-263 (D2PAK) and is just generally a better FET (and I had some) - 
>> specifically lower Qg & RDSon; similar VGS(th). Tracks repaired just for 
>> the FET drain with 28G TCW.
>>
>> Using a good lab PSU (Tektronix PS2521G), 'scope (Tektronix 2465A) and 
>> DMMs (Agilient U1272A & U1253B) plus an Aglilent FLIR,  I started looking 
>> for trouble...  it arrived quickly.
>>
>> With 12V in, the current went right up to 260mA and the FET temperature 
>> started climbing rapidly - at 70C I cut the power. The HT rail was not 
>> easily readable and was the first indicator of what might be happening. The 
>> FET gate was looking fine with variable width pulses at about 45kHz but 
>> much more "mark" than "space" - not what was expected for an unloaded HT 
>> SMPS boost controller - it should have settled really quickly into more 
>> "space" than "mark"...
>>
>> Looking at the HT rail using the 'scope was revealing - it was all over 
>> the shop, from about 120V up to 290V - sharp rise time and then decay until 
>> the next hit from the inductor...
>>
>> Just for sanity, I checked the feedback resistors - 1M5 and 12K7 - they 
>> were fine, but obviously what was happening was that the wild swings were 
>> driving the MAX771 insane, that was keeping the FET mostly on and that in 
>> turn was connecting the FET between 12V and  GND with about 0R25 or series 
>> resistance (the current sense resistors, 0R125 and the inductor 100uH and 
>> 0R11) plus the RDSon of the FET (which is about 0R290). 
>>
>> What on earth would cause this? It's obvious if you think about it :)
>>
>> The boost converter output tank capacitor should be 4u7F @ 400V. I 
>> removed it and checked - it came in at 5p5F ! Another dead component. For 
>> reference, it was an Xicon.
>>
>> Without a tank, the output will do exactly as I observed and the FET will 
>> cook. Lucky that other stuff like the HV drivers and the MAX771 didn't get 
>> damaged too...
>>
>> Replacement cap - I had a nice, good quality Nichcon 10uF @ 300V with the 
>> same pin spacing, so used that.
>>
>> All done. Without the tubes, the NixiSat idles now at about 25mA with the 
>> FET stone cold and the gate staying at 0V as the tank was a nice, steady, 
>> 182V. Replaced each tube in original position. All good.
>>
>> Clock fixed for almost nothing, but an interesting lesson for those who 
>> haven't fiddled with these sorts of supplies...
>>
>> Nick
>
>

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[neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[gregebert]

I think you mean 10-50 microns (which is 1000 timer lower), not 10-50 Torr. 
One atmosphere of pressure is 760 Torr (760mm Hg).
I've seen neon-sign texts stating the need to get below 1 micron for proper 
bombarding, and I imagine nixie tubes are similar.

On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 6:57:51 AM UTC-7 Nick wrote:

> Look at Dalibor's videos.
>
> On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1 milesan...@gmail.com 
> wrote:
>
>> Good day.
>>
>> Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas 
>> mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve 
>> those levels?
>>
>

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RE: [neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[Tidak Ada]

Microns what? Liquid hydrogen, liquid water liquid Wolfram or liquid mercury?

 

eric

 

Van: neonixie-l@googlegroups.com [mailto:neonixie-l@googlegroups.com] Namens 
gregebert
Verzonden: donderdag 14 september 2023 17:44
Aan: neonixie-l
Onderwerp: [neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

 

I think you mean 10-50 microns (which is 1000 timer lower), not 10-50 Torr. One 
atmosphere of pressure is 760 Torr (760mm Hg).

I've seen neon-sign texts stating the need to get below 1 micron for proper 
bombarding, and I imagine nixie tubes are similar.

 

On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 6:57:51 AM UTC-7 Nick wrote:

Look at Dalibor's videos.

On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1   
milesan...@gmail.com wrote:

Good day.

 

Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas mixture. 
What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve those levels?

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 .

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RE: [neonixie-l] Re: An Introduction,

[Michail Wilson]

Good job.

I make similar projects for Price stats.

Michail Wilson
206-920-6312

From: neonixie-l@googlegroups.com  On Behalf Of 
Roman Spark
Sent: Thursday, September 14, 2023 9:08 AM
To: neonixie-l 
Subject: [neonixie-l] Re: An Introduction,

Hello,
My Nixie clocks can show not only the time but also any other information that 
is transmitted to it via the serial port. You connect the watch with a USB 
cable to your computer and send it whatever you need. I mainly use it to show 
the price of Bitcoin and the results of football matches online. However, in 
general, the possibilities are not limited to this, you can also show the 
temperature, pressure, ping, fps, and much, much more. So I thought it would be 
fun to do something new on two clocks at once. I've never done anything like 
this before.

The resultant is attached. Data is taken once a minute from 
https://theskylive.com/voyager1-info
Good luck with your project,
Roman
середа, 13 вересня 2023 р. о 11:25:43 UTC+3 Craig Garnett пише:
Thanks for all the info,

Currently I'm only using 2 chips (and opto isolators) to multiplex the display 
whereas going static looks like it will increase the complexity quite a bit.
I'll see how bright I can get the tubes without the current getting excessive.
I've also found some neat little PIR modules that can be easily incorporated 
into the design.

Craig
On Tuesday, 12 September 2023 at 14:41:43 UTC+1 Robert G. Schaffrath wrote:
On Tuesday, 12 September 2023 at 00:07:04 UTC+1 gregebert wrote:
I'm not a fan of multiplexing nixies because of the additional current that can 
lead to shorter lifespan.

Me neither as I can hear the whine of the vibrating segments in my old B-7971 
clock I built in 1979 that is multiplexed. As for shortened life, I do not know 
what other manufacturers did but the Rodan GR-111pa tubes I have were designed 
to be multiplexed. The "a" variant were for multiplexed use and the non-"a" 
direct drive from what I understand from the spec sheet. The board I pulled my 
GR-111pa's from was definitely designed for multiplex operation as all the tube 
segments were wired in parallel with the anodes separate. They do work fine as 
direct drive tubes. I assume they have a more robust design to stand up to the 
demands of multiplexing.
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[neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[gregebert]

OK, that's once the tube is pressurized with the desired gas. However, to 
cleanse the tube of impurities, it must be baked-out and evacuated  to a 
rather high vacuum. Even at a high vacuum of 1 micron, there are still an 
extraordinary number of gas molecules present, on the order of 10^16 per 
liter. For home-made tubes I would actually want to re-evacuate the tube a 
second time, and refill, to get even more impurities removed.
On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 10:28:06 AM UTC-7 Miles Thatch wrote:

> From he Drive books archive
> Nixe Tube Data > NixieGas.pdf
>
> I was using the following excerpt from this book. Is it wrong or am I 
> getting something mixed up?
>
> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 11:43:46 AM UTC-4 gregebert wrote:
>
>> I think you mean 10-50 microns (which is 1000 timer lower), not 10-50 
>> Torr. One atmosphere of pressure is 760 Torr (760mm Hg).
>> I've seen neon-sign texts stating the need to get below 1 micron for 
>> proper bombarding, and I imagine nixie tubes are similar.
>>
>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 6:57:51 AM UTC-7 Nick wrote:
>>
>>> Look at Dalibor's videos.
>>>
>>> On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1 milesan...@gmail.com 
>>> wrote:
>>>
 Good day.

 Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas 
 mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve 
 those levels?

>>>

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Re: [neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[Nicholas Stock]

That is also the purpose of using a getter too right? Remove the majority
of the gaseous impurities before back filling with neon/penning gas mixture?


On Thu, Sep 14, 2023 at 2:41 PM gregebert  wrote:

> OK, that's once the tube is pressurized with the desired gas. However, to
> cleanse the tube of impurities, it must be baked-out and evacuated  to a
> rather high vacuum. Even at a high vacuum of 1 micron, there are still an
> extraordinary number of gas molecules present, on the order of 10^16 per
> liter. For home-made tubes I would actually want to re-evacuate the tube a
> second time, and refill, to get even more impurities removed.
> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 10:28:06 AM UTC-7 Miles Thatch wrote:
>
>> From he Drive books archive
>> Nixe Tube Data > NixieGas.pdf
>>
>> I was using the following excerpt from this book. Is it wrong or am I
>> getting something mixed up?
>>
>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 11:43:46 AM UTC-4 gregebert wrote:
>>
>>> I think you mean 10-50 microns (which is 1000 timer lower), not 10-50
>>> Torr. One atmosphere of pressure is 760 Torr (760mm Hg).
>>> I've seen neon-sign texts stating the need to get below 1 micron for
>>> proper bombarding, and I imagine nixie tubes are similar.
>>>
>>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 6:57:51 AM UTC-7 Nick wrote:
>>>
 Look at Dalibor's videos.

 On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1 milesan...@gmail.com
 wrote:

> Good day.
>
> Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas
> mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve
> those levels?
>
 --
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> "neonixie-l" group.
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> 
> .
>

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Re: [neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[gregebert]

>From what I've researched, getters target oxygen, but I'm certain there are 
other rogue agents lurking out there to ruin your neon work.

On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 2:47:03 PM UTC-7 Nicholas Stock wrote:

> That is also the purpose of using a getter too right? Remove the majority 
> of the gaseous impurities before back filling with neon/penning gas mixture?
>
>
> On Thu, Sep 14, 2023 at 2:41 PM gregebert  wrote:
>
>> OK, that's once the tube is pressurized with the desired gas. However, to 
>> cleanse the tube of impurities, it must be baked-out and evacuated  to a 
>> rather high vacuum. Even at a high vacuum of 1 micron, there are still an 
>> extraordinary number of gas molecules present, on the order of 10^16 per 
>> liter. For home-made tubes I would actually want to re-evacuate the tube a 
>> second time, and refill, to get even more impurities removed.
>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 10:28:06 AM UTC-7 Miles Thatch wrote:
>>
>>> From he Drive books archive
>>> Nixe Tube Data > NixieGas.pdf
>>>
>>> I was using the following excerpt from this book. Is it wrong or am I 
>>> getting something mixed up?
>>>
>>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 11:43:46 AM UTC-4 gregebert wrote:
>>>
 I think you mean 10-50 microns (which is 1000 timer lower), not 10-50 
 Torr. One atmosphere of pressure is 760 Torr (760mm Hg).
 I've seen neon-sign texts stating the need to get below 1 micron for 
 proper bombarding, and I imagine nixie tubes are similar.

 On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 6:57:51 AM UTC-7 Nick wrote:

> Look at Dalibor's videos.
>
> On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1 milesan...@gmail.com 
> wrote:
>
>> Good day.
>>
>> Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the 
>> gas mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to 
>> achieve those levels?
>>
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>

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[neonixie-l] Re: Vacuum pumps for evacuating DIY nixies?

[Miles Thatch]

Ok, that makes more sense. So in that case High Vacuum is required to 
evacuate then. 

What sort of pump would I need to be looking for to achieve that?

On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 5:41:36 PM UTC-4 gregebert wrote:

> OK, that's once the tube is pressurized with the desired gas. However, to 
> cleanse the tube of impurities, it must be baked-out and evacuated  to a 
> rather high vacuum. Even at a high vacuum of 1 micron, there are still an 
> extraordinary number of gas molecules present, on the order of 10^16 per 
> liter. For home-made tubes I would actually want to re-evacuate the tube a 
> second time, and refill, to get even more impurities removed.
> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 10:28:06 AM UTC-7 Miles Thatch wrote:
>
>> From he Drive books archive
>> Nixe Tube Data > NixieGas.pdf
>>
>> I was using the following excerpt from this book. Is it wrong or am I 
>> getting something mixed up?
>>
>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 11:43:46 AM UTC-4 gregebert wrote:
>>
>>> I think you mean 10-50 microns (which is 1000 timer lower), not 10-50 
>>> Torr. One atmosphere of pressure is 760 Torr (760mm Hg).
>>> I've seen neon-sign texts stating the need to get below 1 micron for 
>>> proper bombarding, and I imagine nixie tubes are similar.
>>>
>>> On Thursday, September 14, 2023 at 6:57:51 AM UTC-7 Nick wrote:
>>>
 Look at Dalibor's videos.

 On Thursday, 14 September 2023 at 12:08:57 UTC+1 milesan...@gmail.com 
 wrote:

> Good day.
>
> Since we require to reach vacuums of 10 - 50 torr depending on the gas 
> mixture. What sort of vacuum pumps are we looking at sourcing to achieve 
> those levels?
>


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