Re: How can i use a variable without define it ?
zhw [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Ben Finney [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: What problem are you trying to solve? I an sorry, I can't tell you. That's nonsense. No one is asking you to reveal the design of your company's next product. However, you have some overall problem you are trying to solve, and you have focused in on one POSSIBLE solution. Instead, tell us about the PROBLEM, and we'll offer good solutions. If you can't give a solution, just ignore it! NO ONE will be able to give you a solution, because you have not described the problem. -- Tim Roberts, [EMAIL PROTECTED] Providenza Boekelheide, Inc. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: % sign in python?
Steven Howe [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Terry Reedy wrote: korean_dave wrote: What does this operator do? Specifically in this context test.log( [[Log level %d: %s]] % ( level, msg ), description ) I thought, in this contexted, it was mapping operator. What?? Python does not have a mapping operator. It has a map function, but no equivalent operator. % is either the string formatting operator (when the left-hand operand is a string) or the modulo operator (when the left-hand operand is a number). -- Tim Roberts, [EMAIL PROTECTED] Providenza Boekelheide, Inc. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: storing references instead of copies in a dictionary
On Jul 17, 7:36 pm, bgeddy [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
bgeddy wrote:
castironpi wrote:
On Jul 17, 10:05 am, mk [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
def f2(arg):
return f2 +arg
def f1(arg):
return f1 +arg
a={1:f1,2:f2}
print [eval(x[1])(x[0]) for x in a.items()]
def f2(arg):
return New f2 +arg
print [eval(x[1])(x[0]) for x in a.items()]
Neat trick, if probably dangerous in some circumstances. Anyway, thanks,
I didn't think of that.
Don't know if this is any use to you..
At least I learned something. :-)
You want consistent access to a changing variable. Wrap it in an
object:
a= Blank( )
a.ref= 'X'
a.ref
'X'
b= a
b.ref
'X'
a.ref= 'Y'
b.ref
'Y'
My old fashioned programing paradigms think of this in terms of
pointers, a throw back to my schooling in 'C'. I find this general
form of problem to be common across languages and in some ways hard to
express in python. The whole idea of labels bound to objects is quite
alien to traditional terminology. I find one of the main attractions of
python is this new mindset that the language makes you adopt - a
different set of tools are at hand for the old school programmer.
castironpi - please give an example of what you are thinking as I find
this interesting. preferably post some brief example code.
castironpi - please forgive the double post but my newsreader didn't
display your code correctly.. Doh !! Anyway - a nice way of addressing
the problem. However the OP's post revolved around having a rewritable
set of labels - which could be recorded at one time and when re
referenced the new definitions of those labels would be used. For
example a collection (list,dictionary,tuple) could be made of these
labels and then the underlying code accessed by the labels changed. If
the code was now ran indirectly by referencing the list then the new
code would be ran. These building blocks are how parsers are built and
the basis of language.
I can see how you form two ways of addressing the variable but can't
figure how this fits the original problem. Please elaborate for my
ignorance.
EdH.
In the OP's post, we have:
def f1(): print 'f1'
def f2(): print 'f2'
funs= [ f1, f2 ]
def f1(): print 'new f1'
They wanted funs[ 0 ] to contain this new function / new definition
too.
Another language might permit:
def funs[ 0 ](): print 'new f1'
Python allows:
def f1(): print 'new f1'
funs[ 0 ]= f1
and
@rebind( funs, 0 )
def f1(): print 'new f1'
and
@rebind_named( funs, 'funA' )
def f1(): print 'new f1'
in the case funs was a dictionary or class or class instance.
Functions remain to be first class objects; their definition syntax is
merely restricted over normal assignments.
To access whatever 'f1' is pointing to right now, the only way is
with eval, which you showed.
Spealman's solution can accomplish redefinition, but only provided
calling signature and closure, among others, don't change. If they
do, you have to reassign those, too, and possibly more:
dir( f )
[snip]
'func_closure', 'func_code', 'func_defaults', 'func_dict', 'func_doc',
'func_globals', 'func_name'
Roughly the same in 3.0. It's an option.
These building blocks are how parsers are built and
the basis of language.
To address this, I observe altered references are easy for computers.
Suppose:
#--NOT PYTHON--
def f1(): print 'f1'
008902 f1: 0x008934
def f1(): print 'new f1'
008902 f1: 0x008938
'f1()' calls the function the address of which is stored at 008902 in
each case: f1 (at 008934) in the first case, and new f1 (at 008938) in
the second.
Python eliminates that combination from the syntax, which strengthens
object-name identity, at the cost of a slightly longer workaround
(a.ref= f1) for keeping names but changing objects. In this sense,
the only 'pointer' per se is the string name of an object, scoped by a
namespace-- eval( 'f1', spaceA ).
I delicately ask for an example in natural language and daily life in
which we change what object a name refers to, or hold that Python
conforms to natural language better than computer-native mutable
pointers and references.
--
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Re: interpreter vs. compiled
On Jul 17, 11:39 pm, Kay Schluehr [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On 18 Jul., 01:15, castironpi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On Jul 17, 5:37 pm, I V [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On Thu, 17 Jul 2008 15:08:17 -0700, castironpi wrote:
The Python disassembly is baffling though.
y= 3
dis.dis('x=y+1')
You can't disassemble strings of python source (well, you can, but, as
you've seen, the results are not meaningful). You need to compile the
source first:
code = compile('y=x+1','-', 'single')
dis.dis(code)
1 0 LOAD_NAME 0 (x)
3 LOAD_CONST 0 (1)
6 BINARY_ADD
7 STORE_NAME 1 (y)
10 LOAD_CONST 1 (None)
13 RETURN_VALUE
You may well find these byte codes more meaningful. Note that there is a
list of opcodes athttp://docs.python.org/lib/bytecodes.html
Oh. How is the stack represented?
As a pointer to a pointer of PyObject structs.
Does it keep track of which stack
positions (TOS, TOS1, etc.) are in what registers? Does stack
manipulation consume processor cycles?
Python does not store values in registers. It stores locals in arrays
and accesses them by position ( you can see the positional index in
the disassembly right after the opcode name ) and globals / object
attributes in dicts.
For more information you might just download the source distribution
and look for src/Python/ceval.c. This file contains the main
interpreter loop.
Oh. I was interpreting, no pun, that the column of numbers to the
left indicated how many processor cycles were consumed in each
operation. It doesn't quite make sense, unless BINARY_ADD can refer
to memory outside of the registers, which I doubt on the basis that
two addresses would have to fit into a single operation, plus the
architecture opcode. Given that, what does that column indicate?
I'm intimidated by the source but I may look.
--
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Re: storing references instead of copies in a dictionary
On Jul 18, 4:26 pm, castironpi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I delicately ask for an example in natural language and daily life in which we change what object a name refers to, her, him, it, ... i.e. any pronoun -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to process a very large (4Gb) tarfile from python?
On 17 Jul., 22:21, Lars Gustäbel [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Maybe we should post this issue to python-dev mailing list. Parsing large tar-files is not uncommon. This issue is known and was fixed for Python 3.0, seehttp://bugs.python.org/issue2058. The proposed patch does not avoid caching the previous values of the iterator, it just reduces the size of each cached object. It would be nice to be able to avoid caching on demand, which would make iteration independent of the size of the tar file. Greetings Uwe -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
None in comparison
Hello, I'm a little confused about None in comparison. id ( None ) 3086100672L id ( 1 ) 134541104 None 1 True I thought, the id of the object is the last comparison criterion. Therefore, None must be greater then 1. Where is the behaviour of the comparison defined?. In the __cmp__ of int. Or in the global cmp Function? Thanks in advance Rainer -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: interpreter vs. compiled
On Jul 18, 2:31 pm, castironpi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Given that, what does that column indicate? Offset. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: wholesale n i k e [...]
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [incomplete babbling removed] I guess this guy meant the whole snake, but messed up his keyboard. Stefan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: None in comparison
On Thu, 17 Jul 2008 23:52:13 -0700, r.grimm wrote: Hello, I'm a little confused about None in comparison. id ( None ) 3086100672L id ( 1 ) 134541104 None 1 True I thought, the id of the object is the last comparison criterion. Obviously that expectation is false. The result of a comparison between different types, with no `__cmp__()` method that says otherwise, is a arbitrarily but consistent ordering by type. The language doesn't even guarantee that it must be consistent in different runs of the same program in the same interpreter, just within one run. So if you plan to rely on such implementation details, your program is broken. Ciao, Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: singletons
On Jul 16, 11:20 pm, Craig Allen [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hey, forgive me for just diving in, but I have a question I was thinking of asking on another list but it really is a general question so let me ask it here. It's about how to approach making singletons. Hi Craig, This might be good for a general background on Design Patters in Python: http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=0vJJlVBVTFg - Paddy. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: About wmi
On 7月17日, 下午4时22分, Tim Golden [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: patrol wrote: I will try to modify the wmi.py ,however I'm a novice.It will take a long time. You can give it up temporarily. If you don't mind ,can you tell me where needs modifying and how? Just unicode? Or Other? OK. Thanks for your patience on this one, Patrol. What I propose to do is to dig into the pywin32 sources to determine what's going on when the error messages are fetched. Then I'll be better placed to decide what to do when they come out. On the surface, the current module should be handling things correctly; but I've obviously missed an encode/decode somewhere. If I can think of an (even hackish) workaround for you in the meantime, I'll let you know. Until then... TJG Thanks for Tim's help. Patrol -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
sub typing built in type with common attributes. Am I right?
I am new to python and getting into classes. Here I am trying to
create subtype of built in types with some additional attributes and
function. 'Attributes' is the main class and holds all the common
attributes that requires by these subtypes. This is what I came out
with. I need to know whether everything is right here ? or there are
some better ways to do it.
class Attribute(object):
Common attributes and methods for custom types
def __init__(self, name=None, type=None, range=None, label=None):
#read only attributes
self._name = name
self._type = type
self._range = range
#read/write attribute
self.label = label
#make read only attributes
name = property(lambda self: self._name)
type = property(lambda self: self._type)
range = property(lambda self: self._range)
class Float(float, Attribute):
'''Custom Float class with some additional attributes.'''
__slots__ = ['_Attribute__name', '_Attribute__type',
'_Attribute__range', 'label']
def __new__(cls, value=0.0, *args, **kwargs):
return float.__new__(cls, value)
def __init__(self, value=0.0, name=None, label=None, type=None,
range=(0.0, 1.0)):
super(Float, self).__init__(name=name, label=label, type=type,
range=range)
def __str__(self):
return '{ %s }' % (float.__str__(self))
class Int(int, Attribute):
'''Custom Int class with some additional attributes.'''
__slots__ = ['_Attribute__name', '_Attribute__type',
'_Attribute__range', 'label']
def __new__(cls, value=0.0, *args, **kwargs):
return int.__new__(cls, value)
def __init__(self, value=0.0, name=None, label=None, type=None,
range=(0.0, 1.0)):
super(Int, self).__init__(name=name, label=label, type=type,
range=range)
def __str__(self):
return '{ %s }' % (int.__str__(self))
--
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Re: % sign in python?
Tim Roberts wrote: Steven Howe [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Terry Reedy wrote: korean_dave wrote: What does this operator do? Specifically in this context test.log( [[Log level %d: %s]] % ( level, msg ), description ) I thought, in this contexted, it was mapping operator. You miss clipped. I never wrote that. Please be careful, especially about attributing mis-information. What?? Python does not have a mapping operator. It has a map function, but no equivalent operator. % is either the string formatting operator (when the left-hand operand is a string) or the modulo operator (when the left-hand operand is a number). Which I learned 10 years ago. What I did write was a pre-announcement of a Python symbol glossary, which I just finished a first draft of. And now to bed ;-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: None in comparison
Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch wrote: On Thu, 17 Jul 2008 23:52:13 -0700, r.grimm wrote: Hello, I'm a little confused about None in comparison. id ( None ) 3086100672L id ( 1 ) 134541104 None 1 True I thought, the id of the object is the last comparison criterion. Obviously that expectation is false. The result of a comparison between different types, with no `__cmp__()` method that says otherwise, is a arbitrarily but consistent ordering by type. The language doesn't even guarantee that it must be consistent in different runs of the same program in the same interpreter, just within one run. So if you plan to rely on such implementation details, your program is broken. And in 3.0 such arbitrary comparisons are gone. None 1 Traceback (most recent call last): File pyshell#8, line 1, in module None 1 TypeError: unorderable types: NoneType() int() -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python Behind a Squid Corporate Proxy on Windows
On Jul 17, 6:40 pm, Larry Hale [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Err, the line above should be:
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler( { http: http://
myusername:[EMAIL PROTECTED]:3128 } )
(Sorry! :)
some old code I wrote to download public domain info for our company,
also through a squid proxy and this still works for me
import urllib2, urllib
proxy = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http': 'http://
username:[EMAIL PROTECTED]:proxy_port'})
auth = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy, auth, urllib2.HTTPHandler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
conn = urllib2.urlopen('http://python.org')
return_str = conn.read()
fp = open('python.html','w').write(return_str)
--
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Question on Joining of list
Dear Group, I am trying the following code line: def try2(n): a1=raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) a2=a1.split() a3=God Godess Heaven Sky for x in a2: a4=a3.find(x) if a4-1: a5=a3[a4] print a5 elif a40: a6=x print It is not found print a6 else: print Error s=a5+ +a6 print s Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Best Regards, Subhabrata. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Unexpected default arguments behaviour (Maybe bug?)
FYI, I have opened a bug on the official tracker: http://bugs.python.org/issue3403. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
checking if an object IS in a list
Hi, I want to test if an object IS in a list (identity and not equality test). I can if course write something like this : test = False myobject = MyCustomClass(*args, **kw) for element in mylist: if element is myobject: test = True break and I can even write a isinlist(elt, mylist) function. But most of the time, when I need some basic feature in python, I discover later it is in fact already implemented. ;-) So, is there already something like that in python ? I tried to write : 'element is in mylist' but this appeared to be incorrect syntax... All objects involved all have an '__eq__' method. Thanks, N. P. PS: Btw, how is set element comparison implemented ? My first impression was that 'a' and 'b' members are considered equal if and only if hash(a) == hash(b), but I was obviously wrong : class A(object): ... def __eq__(self,y): ... return False ... def __hash__(self): ... return 5 ... a=A();b=A() a==b False hash(b)==hash(a) True b in set([a]) False S=set([a]) S.difference([b]) set([__main__.A object at 0xb7a91dac]) So there is some equality check also, maybe only if '__eq__' is implemented ? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Glamour models Fasion designing New look watch my profile http://www.geocities.com/cathrina39
Glamour models Fasion designing New look watch my profile http://www.geocities.com/cathrina39 -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: sub typing built in type with common attributes. Am I right?
King wrote: I am new to python and getting into classes. Here I am trying to create subtype of built in types with some additional attributes and function. 'Attributes' is the main class and holds all the common attributes that requires by these subtypes. This is what I came out with. I need to know whether everything is right here ? or there are some better ways to do it. There may be some technical errors in your code, e. g. - the __slots__ look like a bit of bullshit: you already have a __dict__ from the Attribute base class - name mangling is done for attributes starting with two underscores But the greater problem I see is that you are building up a huge bureaucracy where pythonic code would concentrate on a concrete goal with minimal administrative overhead. Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, I want to test if an object IS in a list (identity and not equality test). I can if course write something like this : test = False myobject = MyCustomClass(*args, **kw) for element in mylist: if element is myobject: test = True break and I can even write a isinlist(elt, mylist) function. But most of the time, when I need some basic feature in python, I discover later it is in fact already implemented. ;-) So, is there already something like that in python ? I tried to write : 'element is in mylist' but this appeared to be incorrect syntax... There is no is in operator in Python, but you can write your test more concisely as any(myobject is element for element in mylist) PS: Btw, how is set element comparison implemented ? My first impression was that 'a' and 'b' members are considered equal if and only if hash(a) == hash(b), but I was obviously wrong : class A(object): ... def __eq__(self,y): ... return False ... def __hash__(self): ... return 5 ... a=A();b=A() a==b False hash(b)==hash(a) True b in set([a]) False S=set([a]) S.difference([b]) set([__main__.A object at 0xb7a91dac]) So there is some equality check also, maybe only if '__eq__' is implemented ? In general equality is determined by __eq__() or __cmp__(). By default object equality checks for identity. Some containers (like the built-in set and dict) assume that a==b implies hash(a) == hash(b). Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: sub typing built in type with common attributes. Am I right?
My mistake... The correct __slots__ is like: __slots__ = ['_Attribute_name', '_Attribute_type', '_Attribute_range', 'label'] Could you please suggest an alternative or code improvement for the matter. Prashant -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
On Fri, 18 Jul 2008 01:31:59 -0700, SUBHABRATA wrote: def try2(n): a1=raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) a2=a1.split() a3=God Godess Heaven Sky for x in a2: a4=a3.find(x) if a4-1: a5=a3[a4] print a5 elif a40: a6=x print It is not found print a6 else: print Error s=a5+ +a6 print s Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Maybe you should describe what the input looks like and what output you want to have and how the input and output are connected. In words, not in not very clear code with numbered names. That's a silly idea and makes understanding the code very hard. Please use meaningful names! Ciao, Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: % sign in python?
Terry Reedy wrote: korean_dave wrote: What does this operator do? Specifically in this context test.log( [[Log level %d: %s]] % ( level, msg ), description ) (Tried googling and searching, but the % gets interpreted as an operation and distorts the search results) Having seen a number of comments like this over the years (about the difficulty of searching for symbol meanings), I just started, last night, a symbol index listing nearly all Python syntax uses of non-alpha-or-digit ascii symbols. When I finish and upload it somewhere, I will post an announcement with the link. tjr This will be excellent, Terry. For the present case, perhaps we should also point out that in python 3.0: Note The formatting operations described here are obsolete and may go away in future versions of Python. Use the new String Formatting in new code. (Taken from the provisional documentation at: http://docs.python.org/dev/3.0/library/stdtypes.html#old-string-formatting ) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
SUBHABRATA wrote: I am trying the following code line: def try2(n): user_line = raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) user_words = user_line.split() my_line = God Godess Heaven Sky for word in user_words: pos = my_line.find(word) if pos - 1: first_char = my_line[pos] print first_char elif pos 0: missing_word = word print It is not found print missing_word else: print Error s = first_char + + missing_word print s try2(1) Do you recognise your code? With that jumpstart you should find the error in no time ;) Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Yes, use meaningful variables. They won't make your code magically correct but will make it a lot easier to pinpoint mistakes and false assumptions -- for you and others. Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
Sorry if I didn't say that. The input is a string Petrol Helium Heaven Sky Now, in a3 it is God Goddess Heaven Sky is there, it is matching Heaven and Sky but not Petrol and Helium as they are not in a3. Now, as per the code it is giving me an output S of Sky and Helium But I was looking for an output of H S Petrol Helium and not S Helium meaning all the values of a5 and a6 will be concatenated in s. Best Regards, Subhabrata.. Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch wrote: On Fri, 18 Jul 2008 01:31:59 -0700, SUBHABRATA wrote: def try2(n): a1=raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) a2=a1.split() a3=God Godess Heaven Sky for x in a2: a4=a3.find(x) if a4-1: a5=a3[a4] print a5 elif a40: a6=x print It is not found print a6 else: print Error s=a5+ +a6 print s Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Maybe you should describe what the input looks like and what output you want to have and how the input and output are connected. In words, not in not very clear code with numbered names. That's a silly idea and makes understanding the code very hard. Please use meaningful names! Ciao, Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
On 18 juil, 11:30, Peter Otten [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, I want to test if an object IS in a list (identity and not equality test). I can if course write something like this : test = False myobject = MyCustomClass(*args, **kw) for element in mylist: if element is myobject: test = True break and I can even write a isinlist(elt, mylist) function. But most of the time, when I need some basic feature in python, I discover later it is in fact already implemented. ;-) So, is there already something like that in python ? I tried to write : 'element is in mylist' but this appeared to be incorrect syntax... There is no is in operator in Python, but you can write your test more concisely as any(myobject is element for element in mylist) Thanks a lot However, any() is only available if python version is = 2.5, but I may define a any() function on initialisation, if python version 2.5 I think something like id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist) would also work, also it's not so readable, and maybe not so fast (?)... An is in operator would be nice... PS: Btw, how is set element comparison implemented ? My first impression was that 'a' and 'b' members are considered equal if and only if hash(a) == hash(b), but I was obviously wrong : class A(object): ... def __eq__(self,y): ... return False ... def __hash__(self): ... return 5 ... a=A();b=A() a==b False hash(b)==hash(a) True b in set([a]) False S=set([a]) S.difference([b]) set([__main__.A object at 0xb7a91dac]) So there is some equality check also, maybe only if '__eq__' is implemented ? In general equality is determined by __eq__() or __cmp__(). By default object equality checks for identity. Some containers (like the built-in set and dict) assume that a==b implies hash(a) == hash(b). Peter So, precisely, you mean that if hash(a) != hash(b), a and b are considered distinct, and else [ie. if hash(a) == hash(b)], a and b are the same if and only if a == b ? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
Thanx Peter, I would change my variables next time I would post. And obviously, thanx for your solution. I am reviewing it, I was also trying out some solutions. Best Regards, Subhabrata. Peter Otten wrote: SUBHABRATA wrote: I am trying the following code line: def try2(n): user_line = raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) user_words = user_line.split() my_line = God Godess Heaven Sky for word in user_words: pos = my_line.find(word) if pos - 1: first_char = my_line[pos] print first_char elif pos 0: missing_word = word print It is not found print missing_word else: print Error s = first_char + + missing_word print s try2(1) Do you recognise your code? With that jumpstart you should find the error in no time ;) Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Yes, use meaningful variables. They won't make your code magically correct but will make it a lot easier to pinpoint mistakes and false assumptions -- for you and others. Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: sub typing built in type with common attributes. Am I right?
King wrote: My mistake... The correct __slots__ is like: __slots__ = ['_Attribute_name', '_Attribute_type', '_Attribute_range', 'label'] Could you please suggest an alternative or code improvement for the matter. How about class AttributesMixin(object): Warning: If you change name, type, or range of an existing object your computer will explode and you will have noone else to blame. def __init__(self, name=None, type=None, range=None, label=None): self.name = name self.type = type self.range = range self.label = label class Float(float, AttributesMixin): pass class Int(int, AttributesMixin): pass Now go and write something useful :-) Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Protecting instance variables
Hello, I am really surprised that I am asking this question on the mailing list, but I really couldn't find it on python.org/doc. Why is there no proper way to protect an instance variable from access in derived classes? I can perfectly understand the philosophy behind not protecting them from access in external code (protection by convention), but isn't it a major design flaw that when designing a derived class I first have to study the base classes source code? Otherwise I may always accidentally overwrite an instance variable used by the base class... Best, -Nikolaus -- »It is not worth an intelligent man's time to be in the majority. By definition, there are already enough people to do that.« -J.H. Hardy PGP fingerprint: 5B93 61F8 4EA2 E279 ABF6 02CF A9AD B7F8 AE4E 425C -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Unusual Exception Behaviour
Ok, Just to add a little interest, when I comment out the configuration line for my logging, like so: #logging.config.fileConfig(/myapp/configuration/logging.conf) It appears to throw the exceptions as normal :-) :-s To tell the truth I have never used logging module extensively, so I'm not expert in this area and can't help you there. However, it seems to me that you may have stumbled upon some subtle bug / side effect of logging module that could cause some side effects in exceptions. Or perhaps it surfaces only in combination with glib? If you discover the root cause, please let us know on this ng, I'm also using Python extensions and bindings to other libraries and this could be of interest at least to me. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
Hi Peter, In your code s would print first_char(of the last word)+ +missing_word(the last word) I was looking all. Best Regards, Subhabrata. SUBHABRATA wrote: Sorry if I didn't say that. The input is a string Petrol Helium Heaven Sky Now, in a3 it is God Goddess Heaven Sky is there, it is matching Heaven and Sky but not Petrol and Helium as they are not in a3. Now, as per the code it is giving me an output S of Sky and Helium But I was looking for an output of H S Petrol Helium and not S Helium meaning all the values of a5 and a6 will be concatenated in s. Best Regards, Subhabrata.. Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch wrote: On Fri, 18 Jul 2008 01:31:59 -0700, SUBHABRATA wrote: def try2(n): a1=raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) a2=a1.split() a3=God Godess Heaven Sky for x in a2: a4=a3.find(x) if a4-1: a5=a3[a4] print a5 elif a40: a6=x print It is not found print a6 else: print Error s=a5+ +a6 print s Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Maybe you should describe what the input looks like and what output you want to have and how the input and output are connected. In words, not in not very clear code with numbered names. That's a silly idea and makes understanding the code very hard. Please use meaningful names! Ciao, Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
SUBHABRATA wrote: Thanx Peter, I would change my variables next time I would post. No, you should use meaningful variable names when you write your code no matter whether you plan to post it or not. And obviously, thanx for your solution. I am reviewing it, I was also trying out some solutions. You misunderstood. I did not modify your code other than changing the variable names. My hope was that with this modification any errors sprang to you eye... Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Best Python packages?
On Jul 16, 3:31 pm, Fredrik Lundh [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Ben Sizer wrote: make my development a lot easier. Knowing what kind of development you do might help, of course. Some libraries are excellent in some contexts and suck badly in others... Sure. Mostly I'm just interested in what's out there though. In C++ you have Boost which everybody knows are a source of high quality libraries, covering a fairly wide set of applications. Obviously that's more low-level and less application specific, and the Python standard libs do pretty much everything that is in Boost, but it's that sort of peer-reviewed and widely-applicable list that I'd like to see. I (attempt to) use TurboGears for web development and that depends on a whole bunch of libraries - SQLObject, PyProtocols, RuleDispatch, SimpleJson, FormEncode, etc - and I would never have heard of these if TurboGears' exposure of its internals wasn't so common. Some of these are web-specific but some are not. And I'd never know to look for them specificially, because in many cases it wouldn't occur to me that they exist. (eg. Object-Relational Mappers like SQLObject may be obvious if you come from certain areas of IT, but I'd never heard of them before I started with TurboGears.) For what it's worth, my main areas of interest are gaming, multimedia, and web development. But I just like to hear about anything that people might use which makes their life a lot easier and which perhaps is not application specific - like ORMs or something similar. Looking at things that larger projects and distributions use can also be a good idea. For example, if you're doing scientific stuff, go directly to enthought.com. If you're doing web stuff, look at the libraries big Django applications use. Etc. Sadly, I know just as little about what major applications are out there as I do about what libraries are out there! -- Ben Sizer -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: sub typing built in type with common attributes. Am I right?
Le Friday 18 July 2008 11:36:20 King, vous avez écrit :
Could you please suggest an alternative or code improvement for the
matter.
I'm not sure what you are trying to achieve with your snippet, but I suspect
it's some sort of templating, right ? If so, using the dynamic nature of
python should help :
[103]: def make_subtype_with_attr(type_, ro_attr, rw_attr) :
dic = {}
for i in ro_attr : dic[i] = property(lambda s, n=i : getattr(s, '_'+n))
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) :
instance = type_.__new__(cls, *args)
for i in rw_attr : setattr(instance, i, kwargs[i])
for i in ro_attr : setattr(instance, '_'+i, ro_attr[i])
return instance
dic['__new__'] = __new__
return type('my_' + type_.__name__, (type_,), dic)
.:
[113]: my_int = make_subtype_with_attr(int,
{'name' : 'myint', 'id':123452}, ('foo',))
[114]: i = my_int(5, foo=3)
[115]: i.foo
...[115]: 3
[116]: i
...[116]: 5
[117]: i.id
...[117]: 123452
[118]: i.id = 2
---
AttributeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
/home/maric/ipython console in module()
AttributeError: can't set attribute
--
_
Maric Michaud
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Re: checking if an object IS in a list
In fact, 'any(myobject is element for element in mylist)' is 2 times slower than using a for loop, and 'id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist)' is 2.4 times slower. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I think something like id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist) would also work, also it's not so readable, and maybe not so fast (?)... An is in operator would be nice... And rarely used. Probably even less than the (also missing) in, | in, you-name-it operators... So, precisely, you mean that if hash(a) != hash(b), a and b are considered distinct, and else [ie. if hash(a) == hash(b)], a and b are the same if and only if a == b ? Correct for set, dict. For lists etc. the hash doesn't matter: class A(object): ... def __hash__(self): ... return nexthash() ... def __eq__(self, other): ... return True ... from itertools import count nexthash = count().next A() in [A() for _ in range(3)] True d = dict.fromkeys([A() for a in range(3)]) d.keys()[0] in d False Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
trying to match a string
Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
trying to match a string
Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Protecting instance variables
Nikolaus Rath schrieb: Hello, I am really surprised that I am asking this question on the mailing list, but I really couldn't find it on python.org/doc. Why is there no proper way to protect an instance variable from access in derived classes? I can perfectly understand the philosophy behind not protecting them from access in external code (protection by convention), but isn't it a major design flaw that when designing a derived class I first have to study the base classes source code? Otherwise I may always accidentally overwrite an instance variable used by the base class... Here we go again... http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_thread/thread/188467d724b48b32/ To directly answer your question: that's what the __ (double underscore) name mangling is for. Diez -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
Hi Peter, Peter Otten wrote: SUBHABRATA wrote: Thanx Peter, I would change my variables next time I would post. No, you should use meaningful variable names when you write your code no matter whether you plan to post it or not. Good You are teaching me something good in life. Thanx. And obviously, thanx for your solution. I am reviewing it, I was also trying out some solutions. You misunderstood. I did not modify your code other than changing the variable names. My hope was that with this modification any errors sprang to you eye... I was seeing that. I am almost near the solution. You can also try some hands if you feel. Best Regards, Subhabrata. Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
[EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
Hi,
Hi,
I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only
contain the chars:L , M or R
I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect:
[^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9]
[L][M][R]
[LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need.
For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that.
regards,
SZ
The string may or may not have all the three chars.
var = 'LRLRLRNL'
residue = var.replace('L','').replace('R','').replace('M','')
if residue != '':
... print 'Invalid characters in input',residue
...
Invalid characters in input N
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Re: Question on Joining of list
Actually, since you want to keep the missing words apart from the found ones, it's not necessary to do that. Using first_char and missing_word (quoting Peter's code) as lists instead of strings comes to mind, then you can join both lists into a string once the code exits the for loop. Cheers, Quentin On Fri, Jul 18, 2008 at 12:34 PM, Subhabrata Banerjee [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Dear Quentin, That's true but where to place, if I use it after elif it is not giving result but if I give in after for there is no use of iteration. I'm thinking to use a3.find(s) whichever not availiable to split and iterate and join with s. Best Regards, Subhabrata. -- Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2008 12:11:00 +0200 From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Question on Joining of list In that case, the line 's=a5+ +a6' should be inside the for loop (and slightly modified to concatenate the results) Cheers, Quentin On Fri, Jul 18, 2008 at 12:00 PM, SUBHABRATA [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Sorry if I didn't say that. The input is a string Petrol Helium Heaven Sky Now, in a3 it is God Goddess Heaven Sky is there, it is matching Heaven and Sky but not Petrol and Helium as they are not in a3. Now, as per the code it is giving me an output S of Sky and Helium But I was looking for an output of H S Petrol Helium and not S Helium meaning all the values of a5 and a6 will be concatenated in s. Best Regards, Subhabrata.. Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch wrote: On Fri, 18 Jul 2008 01:31:59 -0700, SUBHABRATA wrote: def try2(n): a1=raw_input(PRINT A STRING:) a2=a1.split() a3=God Godess Heaven Sky for x in a2: a4=a3.find(x) if a4-1: a5=a3[a4] print a5 elif a40: a6=x print It is not found print a6 else: print Error s=a5+ +a6 print s Here, if I put a string like: Petrol Helium Heaven Sky In s it is giving me S Helium But I am looking for an output of a5 and a6 concatenating all its values not the last ones. Can you suggest me any help? Am I missing any minor point? Maybe you should describe what the input looks like and what output you want to have and how the input and output are connected. In words, not in not very clear code with numbered names. That's a silly idea and makes understanding the code very hard. Please use meaningful names! Ciao, Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list -- This is your window into tinsel town. Keep abreast with the latest movie releases, star shockers and juicy gossip. Try it!http://entertainment.in.msn.com/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: sub typing built in type with common attributes. Am I right?
Thanks Michaud,
You have actually solved an another problem by
'make_subtype_with_attr' function.
What actually I am trying to do here is to create custom types using
built in types to use in my application.
For example , float2, float3, color, vector, point, normal, matrix
etc. The reason being creating as individual subtypes is because each
subtypes has it's own set of functions as well as common functions and
attributes defined in 'Attribute' class.
Although I won't be doing any math using subtypes like multiply a
color by another color or add a float and a color. One of the
important function that every subtype has is to print itself in a
special format. For 'color' it would be :
'type' + 'name' + ' = color('+color[0]+', '+color[2]+',
'+color[2]+');'
Result: color myColor = color(0.5, 0.1, 1.0);
I hope this will make things more clearer. If you do have any
suggestions then please send it across.
Prashant
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RE: Unusual Exception Behaviour
Hi Mk, To tell the truth I have never used logging module extensively, so I'm not expert in this area and can't help you there. However, it seems to me that you may have stumbled upon some subtle bug / side effect of logging module that could cause some side effects in exceptions. Or perhaps it surfaces only in combination with glib? If you discover the root cause, please let us know on this ng, I'm also using Python extensions and bindings to other libraries and this could be of interest at least to me. Yeah it's got me a little bemused to be honest, I've tried playing around with configuration options this morning and not been able to achieve anything that works properly. I'll keep testing though and as soon as I have a root cause to the problem I'll be sure to let the list know. Thanks mate, Robert -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
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Re: trying to match a string
On Jul 18, 8:33 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. re.match(r'[LMR]+\Z', your_string) in English: one or more of L, M , or R, followed by the end of the string. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
On Jul 18, 11:33 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. With regular expressions, [^LRM] matches a character that isn't L, R or M. So: import re var = LRLRLRLNR if re.search(r'[^LRM]', var): print Invalid -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
On Jul 18, 3:46 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Eddie Corns) wrote:
[EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
Hi,
Hi,
I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only
contain the chars:L , M or R
I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect:
[^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9]
[L][M][R]
[LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need.
For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that.
regards,
SZ
The string may or may not have all the three chars.
var = 'LRLRLRNL'
residue = var.replace('L','').replace('R','').replace('M','')
if residue != '':
... print 'Invalid characters in input',residue
...
Invalid characters in input N
That was quick.Thanks.Never thought it that angle :(
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Re: trying to match a string
On Jul 18, 9:05 pm, oj [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 11:33 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. With regular expressions, [^LRM] matches a character that isn't L, R or M. So: import re var = LRLRLRLNR if re.search(r'[^LRM]', var): print Invalid Fails if var refers to the empty string. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: In fact, 'any(myobject is element for element in mylist)' is 2 times slower than using a for loop, and 'id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist)' is 2.4 times slower. This is not a meaningful statement unless you at least qualify with the number of item that are actually checked. For sufficently long sequences both any() and the for loop take roughly the same amount of time over here. $ python -m timeit -sitems=range(1000); x = 1000 any(x is item for item in items) 1000 loops, best of 3: 249 usec per loop $ python -m timeit -sitems=range(1000); x = 1000 for item in items: if x is item: break 1000 loops, best of 3: 276 usec per loop $ python -m timeit -sitems=range(1000); x = 0 any(x is item for item in items) 10 loops, best of 3: 3 usec per loop $ python -m timeit -sitems=range(1000); x = 0 for item in items: if x is item: break 100 loops, best of 3: 0.317 usec per loop Peter PS: Take these numbers with a grain of salt, they vary a lot between runs. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Unexpected default arguments behaviour (Maybe bug?)
[EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED]: On 13 Lug, 19:42, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I expect it's because default values for parameters are evaluated and bound at definition time. So once def m (self, param = a): line executes, the default value for parameter is forever bound to be 1. What you can do is for example: Yes, that's what I thought, too. Although, it does not seem to me the correct thing that has to be done, that is why I reported it. It _is_ the correct thing. Evaluation of default parameters at declaration time and not at invocation is truely a language feature, not a bug. You'll find your bug report being closed quickly. -- Freedom is always the freedom of dissenters. (Rosa Luxemburg) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
On 18 juil, 12:26, Peter Otten [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I think something like id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist) would also work, also it's not so readable, and maybe not so fast (?)... An is in operator would be nice... And rarely used. Probably even less than the (also missing) in, | in, you-name-it operators... Maybe, but imho myobject is in mylist is highly readable, when myobject in mylist is not. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
How to register an extension DLL with python 2.5?
Hello all, I wrote an extension dll in C++ using VS2005 to be used in windows platform. In pyhon 2.4 I used to copy my dll to the dlls sub-directory of python installation and import my dll and it worked fine. This doesn't work with python 2.5. I get the following when trying to import my dll: import pywutil Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in module ImportError: No module named pywutil What should I do in 2.5 to be able to import my extension dll? Thanks a lot in advance, Boaz. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
On 18 juil, 13:13, Peter Otten [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: In fact, 'any(myobject is element for element in mylist)' is 2 times slower than using a for loop, and 'id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist)' is 2.4 times slower. This is not a meaningful statement unless you at least qualify with the number of item that are actually checked. For sufficently long sequences both any() and the for loop take roughly the same amount of time over here. Sorry. I used short lists (a list of 20 floats) and the element checked was not in the list. (That was the case I usually deals with in my code.) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
https in pylons
Hello, I have a question about framework pylons - how to run(in paster) webpages over https? Is it possible, or not? Best regards -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Using Tcl extensions with Python?
C Martin wrote: How do you setup a Tcl extension to be accessible through Python? I understand that I'll have to use native Tcl calls to use it (tk.call() etc), but I can't figure out where to put the files or how to initialize them so I can call them. The package I would like to use is TkPNG: http://www.muonics.com/FreeStuff/TkPNG/ Thanks. ARGH, Tcl!!! ;-) I know that's not the question, but do you know PIL (http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil)? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: storing references instead of copies in a dictionary
On 17 juil, 15:56, mk [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Calvin Spealman wrote:
To your actual problem... Why do you wanna do this anyway? If you want
to change the function in the dictionary, why don't you simply define
the functions you'll want to use, and change the one you have bound to
the key in the dictionary when you want to change it? In other words,
define them all at once, and then just d['1'] = new_f1. What is wrong
with that?
Well, basically nothing except I need to remember I have to do that.
Suppose one does that frequently in a program. It becomes tedious. I
think I will define some helper function then:
def helper(fundict, newfun):
... fundict[newfun.func_name] = newfun
...
_If_ there were some shorter and still proper way to do it, I'd use
it.
You're halfway there.
from functools import partial
callbacks = {}
register_callback = partial(helper, callbacks)
@register_callback
def f1(arg):
print f1, arg
callbacks['f1']('ok')
@register_callback
def f1(arg):
print new f1, arg
callbacks['f1']('ok')
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Re: How to process a very large (4Gb) tarfile from python?
Due to the discussion above I wrote a python module for scanning of large tarfiles. You can get it from http://www.procoders.net/wp-content/tarfile_scanner.zip Greetings, Uwe -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
On Jul 18, 12:10 pm, John Machin [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 9:05 pm, oj [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 11:33 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. With regular expressions, [^LRM] matches a character that isn't L, R or M. So: import re var = LRLRLRLNR if re.search(r'[^LRM]', var): print Invalid Fails if var refers to the empty string. No it doesn't, it succeeds if var is an empty string. An empty string doesn't contain characters that are not L, R or M. The OP doesn't specify whether an empty string is valid or not. My interpretation was that an empty string would be valid. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On 18 juil, 13:13, Peter Otten [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: In fact, 'any(myobject is element for element in mylist)' is 2 times slower than using a for loop, and 'id(myobject) in (id(element) for element in mylist)' is 2.4 times slower. This is not a meaningful statement unless you at least qualify with the number of item that are actually checked. For sufficently long sequences both any() and the for loop take roughly the same amount of time over here. Sorry. I used short lists (a list of 20 floats) and the element checked was not in the list. (That was the case I usually deals with in my code.) What is your (concrete) use case, by the way? If you want efficiency you should use a dictionary instead of the list anyway: $ python -m timeit -sd=dict((id(i), i) for i in range(1000)); x = 1000 id(x) in d 100 loops, best of 3: 0.275 usec per loop Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
substitution of list elements
I want to replace each first element in list 5 that is equal to the first element of the list of lists4 by the fourth element. I wrote following code that does not work: list4 = [['1', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['2', 'd', 't', 'e'], ['8', 'g', 'q', 'f']] list5 = ['1', '2', '3'] for j in list4: for k in list5: if j[0] == k: k = j[3] print list5 Wanted result: ['c', 'e', '3'] thanks! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Question regarding os.write() and write() method of a file descriptor
Good Day python users, I have a question regarding os.write and the write method of a file descriptor object. My python was written on linux, under python 2.4 and I've recently migrated to python 2.5. My problem came from a pipe I used to to open and write to using : fd = os.open(myfifo,w+) os.write(fd,'some boring stuff\n') os.close(fd) I'm pretty sure that it worked on a previous version of python and linux but, on my mandriva 2008, running python 2.5, I get the following exception : os.write(fd,'some boring stuff\n') exceptions.TypeError: an integer is required Now, I solved my problem by changing my code to the following : fd open(myfifo,w+) fd.write(some less boring stuff\n) fd.close() I still cant explain why it works with the file descriptor method and i'm seeking an explanation. Please, forgive me if it's a dumb question, but i'm just trying to get better at python. I hope someone will take time to help me out. -- Philippe-Alexandre Lemelin -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
Peter Otten: PS: Take these numbers with a grain of salt, they vary a lot between runs. Another possibility :-) from itertools import imap id(x) in imap(id, items) If you want efficiency you should use a dictionary instead of the list anyway: I agree, but sometimes you have few items to look for, so building the whole dict (that requires memory too) may be a waste of time. In theory this may be faster to build, but in practice you need a benchmark: ids = set(imap(id, items)) followed by: id(x) in ids Bye, bearophile -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: substitution of list elements
Am 18.07.2008 14:33, antar2 schrieb: I want to replace each first element in list 5 that is equal to the first element of the list of lists4 by the fourth element. I wrote following code that does not work: list4 = [['1', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['2', 'd', 't', 'e'], ['8', 'g', 'q', 'f']] list5 = ['1', '2', '3'] for j in list4: for k in list5: for i,k in enumerate(list5): if j[0] == k: k = j[3] list5[i] = j[3] print list5 Wanted result: ['c', 'e', '3'] thanks! You didn't replace the list element itself. HTH, Wolfram -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only
contain the chars:L , M or R
How about skipping re's and doing something like:
set(input_string) = set('LMR')
If you want to disallow the empty string:
set([]) set(input_string) = set('LMR')
--Scott David Daniels
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
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Re: Unexpected default arguments behaviour (Maybe bug?)
On 18 Lug, 13:23, Sebastian \lunar\ Wiesner [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: It _is_ the correct thing. Evaluation of default parameters at declaration time and not at invocation is truely a language feature, not a bug. You'll find your bug report being closed quickly. It has ;). I had totally missed the tutorial section where it is stated, which actually even has an example quite close to the one I provided. Sorry for the waste of time. Giorgio -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Problem with MySQLdb and mod_python
On Jul 18, 3:28 pm, John Nagle [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Cyril Bazin wrote: Thanks for your reply The apache log contains lines like : [Tue Jul 15 23:31:01 2008] [notice]mod_python(pid=11836, interpreter='www.toto.fr'):Importing module '/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/intranet/courrier/test.py' [Tue Jul 15 23:31:02 2008] [notice] child pid 11836 exit signal Segmentation fault (11) [Tue Jul 15 23:31:19 2008] [notice]mod_python(pid=11764, interpreter='www.toto.fr'):Importing module '/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/intranet/courrier/test.py' [Tue Jul 15 23:31:19 2008] [notice] child pid 11764 exit signal Segmentation fault (11) I think the problem comes from the MySQLdb module. If I can't find another solution, I think I will downgrade the MySQLdb version to 1.2.1 Sounds like version hell. mod_python and MySQLdb have to be compiled with exactly the same compiler for this to work. Use of compatible compilers applies to anything you want to use together. This is nothing specific to mod_python, so this comment is a bit misleading. These days with with GNU C everywhere, it is hardly and issue, and was usually only an issue with C++ code and not C code anyway. mod_python is usually troublesome. Python doesn't really have quite enough isolation to run multiple unrelated instances reliably. The isolation issue is nothing to do with Python itself. Isolation is an issue in this case, but most likely comes about because the OP is trying to use both PHP and mod_python together in the same Apache instance. In particular, the PHP package is likely loading a MySQL module and it is linked against a different version of the MySQL client libraries than what the Python MySQL package is wanting. People like to blame mod_python for these problems, but it can equally be attributed to PHP. In practice the reason it shows up as a mod_python issue is that PHP tries to preload a lot of stuff and so manages to load its version of shared libraries first. Python with its lazy loading comes in second, and so conflicts will occur. If mod_python preloaded stuff like PHP did and this was occurring before PHP got a chance, it would be the other way around and mod_python would work fine and PHP would instead be what crashes all the time. We use FCGI, which has the isolation of CGI but doesn't reload the application for every transaction. Also, it's easier to debug if CPython is crashing. With the reason that FCGI works being that the processes, even if they are spawned by Apache, use a fork/exec, thus meaning they have a clean memory space when starting up. In summary, look at what version of MySQL libraries are used by PHP modules and ensure that Python MySQL module is compiled against the same version. Graham -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: property getter with more than 1 argument?
On 17 juil, 16:57, mk [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
It seems like getter is defined in such way that it passes only 'self':
class FunDict(dict):
def __init__(self):
self.fundict = dict()
What's the use of inheriting from dict here ???
def fget(self, fun):
wrong signature for a property.fget callback
return fundict[fun.func_name]
def fset(self, newfun):
self.fundict[newfun.func_name] = newfun
newfun = property (fget, fset)
a=FunDict()
a.newfun=f1
a.newfun('f1')
Note that you're passing a string, when your (incorrect) getter
expects a function object.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File pyshell#67, line 1, in module
a.newfun('f1')
TypeError: fget() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given)
Is it possible to pass more than one argument to fget function?
Yes : call it directly !-)
Or remember the old saying:
Any software problem can be solved by adding another layer of
indirection. Except, of course, the problem of too much indirection.
Steve Bellovin of ATT Labs
Applied to your problem, it would mean making your getter return a
closure that will take the func or func name and return the result of
the lookup, ie:
def fget(self):
return lambda funcname: self.fundict[funcname]
But anyway: this is still a typical case of arbitrary
overcomplexification. A plain dict would be enough. Or, given the
context (as exposed in an earlier post here), I'd suggest something
like:
class CallbacksRegister(object):
def __init__(self, **kw):
self._store = dict(**kw)
def register(self, func, name=None):
if name is None:
name = func.__name__
self._store(name) = func
return func
def get(self, name, default=None):
return self._store.get(name, default)
def __getattr__(self, name):
try:
return self._store[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError('%s object has no attribute '%s' %
(self, name)
callbacks = CallbacksRegister()
@callbacks.register
def f1(arg):
print f1, arg
callbacks.f1(yadda)
callbacks.get('f1')('yadda')
I know: I can define a function with property name ('newfun' in the
example) and call it with more arguments. But then I do not get the
benefits of setter and property in general!
The benefit of computed attributes (the property class being only one
possible implementation) is to decouple interface (looks like an
ordinary attribute) from implementation (is in fact computed). And the
benefit from this decoupling is that you don't have to write getters/
setters until you really need them, since you can then turn a plain
attribute into a computed one without breaking the interface.
I fail to see what benefits you get from a property in your above
snippet.
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Re: https in pylons
On Jul 18, 9:50 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello, I have a question about framework pylons - how to run(in paster) webpages over https? Is it possible, or not? If Paste server that is uses doesn't already support HTTPS, then run Pylons under Apache/mod_wsgi, or just run Pylons with Paste server behind Apache/mod_proxy. In other words, use Apache to handle the HTTPS side of things. Graham -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to register an extension DLL with python 2.5?
OK, found it! I just had to give my dll a new file extension: PYD, that is rename it from foo.dll to foo.pyd Boaz Feldbaum [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Hello all, I wrote an extension dll in C++ using VS2005 to be used in windows platform. In pyhon 2.4 I used to copy my dll to the dlls sub-directory of python installation and import my dll and it worked fine. This doesn't work with python 2.5. I get the following when trying to import my dll: import pywutil Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in module ImportError: No module named pywutil What should I do in 2.5 to be able to import my extension dll? Thanks a lot in advance, Boaz. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Core Dump - Segmentation Fault -Newbie
Hi - I am very new to python. I get this random core dump and am looking for a good way to catch the error. I know the function my core dump occurs. Is there any error catching/handling that I could use in python? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Best Python packages?
On Jul 18, 11:23 am, Ben Sizer [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 16, 3:31 pm, Fredrik Lundh [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Ben Sizer wrote: make my development a lot easier. Knowing what kind of development you do might help, of course. Some libraries are excellent in some contexts and suck badly in others... Sure. Mostly I'm just interested in what's out there though. In C++ you have Boost which everybody knows are a source of high quality libraries, covering a fairly wide set of applications. Obviously that's more low-level and less application specific, and the Python standard libs do pretty much everything that is in Boost, but it's that sort of peer-reviewed and widely-applicable list that I'd like to see. I (attempt to) use TurboGears for web development and that depends on a whole bunch of libraries - SQLObject, PyProtocols, RuleDispatch, SimpleJson, FormEncode, etc - and I would never have heard of these if TurboGears' exposure of its internals wasn't so common. Some of these are web-specific but some are not. And I'd never know to look for them specificially, because in many cases it wouldn't occur to me that they exist. (eg. Object-Relational Mappers like SQLObject may be obvious if you come from certain areas of IT, but I'd never heard of them before I started with TurboGears.) For what it's worth, my main areas of interest are gaming, multimedia, and web development. But I just like to hear about anything that people might use which makes their life a lot easier and which perhaps is not application specific - like ORMs or something similar. Looking at things that larger projects and distributions use can also be a good idea. For example, if you're doing scientific stuff, go directly to enthought.com. If you're doing web stuff, look at the libraries big Django applications use. Etc. Sadly, I know just as little about what major applications are out there as I do about what libraries are out there! -- Ben Sizer Well, if you're looking for a list of excellent 3rd party Python libraries, then I can give you the ones I like and use a lot: wxPython : powerful GUI library which generates native look feel PIL : Imaging Library - if you need to manipulate bitmaps pyGame :SDL for python BeautifulSoup : for real-world (i.e. not-at-all-recommendation- compliant) HTML processing Iain -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on Joining of list
On Jul 18, 5:40 am, SUBHABRATA [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi Peter,Peter Otten wrote:
SUBHABRATA wrote:
Thanx Peter,
I would change my variables next time I would post.
No, you should use meaningful variable names when you write your code no
matter whether you plan to post it or not.
Good You are teaching me something good in life. Thanx.
And obviously,
thanx for your solution. I am reviewing it, I was also trying out some
solutions.
You misunderstood. I did not modify your code other than changing the
variable names. My hope was that with this modification any errors sprang
to you eye...
I was seeing that.
I am almost near the solution. You can also try some hands if you
feel.
Best Regards,
Subhabrata.
Peter
A couple more things on variable naming and coding style:
- You used a{digit} to name variables of different types (a4 was an
int, a2 was a list and the rest were strings). Remember C, where i, j,
k are indices, p, q, r are pointers, s, t are strings and x, y, z are
integers. For unimportant variables, you can skip long descriptive
names, so long you don't use a confusing one.
- You violated your own naming conventions. Why did you choose to use
s to name that last string? Use descriptive names and stick to your
own style.
- You use whitespace weirdly (like in a4-1 or a4=a3.find).
Try reading PEP8 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/), the Style
Guide for Python Code.
As for your code, you need to find where it is that missing_word and
first_char are being updated, and assign to s before that happens.
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Re: Core Dump - Segmentation Fault -Newbie
I would suggest importing traceback. import traceback try : mystuff except : print str(traceback.format_exc()) But in the case of a SegFault or core dump, it might not help you at all. Can you post part of the function ? On Fri, Jul 18, 2008 at 9:25 AM, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi - I am very new to python. I get this random core dump and am looking for a good way to catch the error. I know the function my core dump occurs. Is there any error catching/handling that I could use in python? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list -- Philippe-Alexandre Lemelin -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Core Dump - Segmentation Fault -Newbie
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi - I am very new to python. I get this random core dump and am looking for a good way to catch the error. I know the function my core dump occurs. Is there any error catching/handling that I could use in python? Since you are using Windows, this is somewhat non-trivial due to the lack of tools shipped by Microsoft. Are you really getting crashes of the interpreter and not just an exception with a stacktrace? Stefan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Regular expression help
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
I am new to Python, with a background in scientific computing. I'm
trying to write a script that will take a file with lines like
c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 emad=-3.597647
3pv=0
extract the values of afrac and etot and plot them.
...
What is being stored in energy is '_sre.SRE_Match object at
0x2a955e4ed0', not '-11.020107'. Why?
because the re.match() method returns a match object, as documented at
http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/match-objects.html
But this looks like a problem where regular expressions are overkill.
Assuming all your lines are formatted as in the example above (every value
you are interested in contains an equals sign and is surrounded by spaces),
you could do this:
values = {}
for expression in line.split( ):
if = in expression:
name, val = expression.split(=)
values[name] = val
I'd wager that this will run a fair bit faster than any regex-based
solution. Then you just use values['afrac'] and values['etot'] when you
need them.
And when you get to be a really hard-core Pythonista, you could write the
whole routine above in one line, but this seems clearer. ;-)
Russ
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Re: Core Dump - Segmentation Fault -Newbie
On Jul 18, 9:56 am, Stefan Behnel [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi - I am very new to python. I get this random core dump and am looking for a good way to catch the error. I know the function my core dump occurs. Is there any error catching/handling that I could use in python? Since you are using Windows, this is somewhat non-trivial due to the lack of tools shipped by Microsoft. Are you really getting crashes of the interpreter and not just an exception with a stacktrace? Stefan Hi - thanks for responding. I am actually running on linux. Does this make a difference? Also the error shown is: myFunction call failed. Segmentation Fault (core dumped) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Core Dump - Segmentation Fault -Newbie
On Fri, 18 Jul 2008 15:56:10 +0200, Stefan Behnel [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi - I am very new to python. I get this random core dump and am looking for a good way to catch the error. I know the function my core dump occurs. Is there any error catching/handling that I could use in python? Since you are using Windows, this is somewhat non-trivial due to the lack of tools shipped by Microsoft. Are you really getting crashes of the interpreter and not just an exception with a stacktrace? Stefan Hi John, Well, I must be missing something re: why Stefan states that you are using Windows. I don't see that stated in your original post, and, AFAIK, the phrase core dump is seen much more in the Unix world than in the Windows world. So, just in case you are on some *nix variant, you can of course log all the system calls up until your core dump by running: $ strace -o logfile.txt python [...] where [...] should be replaced with any parameters to the python interpreter, such as the Python script you're running, e.g., $ strace -o logfile.txt python Hello.py The trace of system calls will be in the file logfile.txt. For more info on strace, see the strace(1) man page (i.e., run man strace). Doug -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Regular expression help
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello, I am new to Python, with a background in scientific computing. I'm trying to write a script that will take a file with lines like c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 emad=-3.597647 3pv=0 extract the values of afrac and etot... Why not just split them out instead of using REs? fp = open(test.txt) lines = fp.readlines() fp.close() for line in lines: split = line.split() for pair in split: pair_split = pair.split(=) if len(pair_split) == 2: try: print pair_split[0], is, pair_split[1] except: pass Results: IDLE 1.2.2 No Subprocess afrac is .7 mmom is 0 sev is -9.56646 erep is 0 etot is -11.020107 emad is -3.597647 3pv is 0 -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: substitution of list elements
On 18 juil, 14:33, antar2 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I want to replace each first element in list 5 that is equal to the first element of the list of lists4 by the fourth element. I wrote following code that does not work: list4 = [['1', 'a', 'b', 'c'], ['2', 'd', 't', 'e'], ['8', 'g', 'q', 'f']] list5 = ['1', '2', '3'] for j in list4: for k in list5: if j[0] == k: k = j[3] print list5 Wanted result: ['c', 'e', '3'] thanks! select = lambda item, lst: (item, lst[3])[item == lst[0]] list5[:] = [select(*pair) for pair in zip(list5, list4)] # or if you prefer a more procedural solution: for index, (item, lst) in enumerate(zip(list5, list4)): if item == lst[0]: list5[index] = lst[3] -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Regular expression help
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello, I am new to Python, with a background in scientific computing. I'm trying to write a script that will take a file with lines like c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 emad=-3.597647 3pv=0 extract the values of afrac and etot and plot them. I'm really struggling with getting the values of efrac and etot. So far I have come up with (small snippet of script just to get the energy, etot): def get_data_points(filename): file = open(filename,'r') data_points = [] while 1: line = file.readline() if not line: break energy = get_total_energy(line) data_points.append(energy) return data_points def get_total_energy(line): rawstr = r(?Pkey.*?)=(?Pvalue.*?)\s p = re.compile(rawstr) return p.match(line,5) What is being stored in energy is '_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x2a955e4ed0', not '-11.020107'. Why? 1. Consider using the 'split' method on each line rather than regexes 2. In your code you are compiling the regex for every line in the file, you should lift it out of the 'get_total-energy' function so that the compilation is only done once. 3. A Match object has a 'groups' function which is what you need to retrieve the data 4. Also look at the findall method: data = 'c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 emad=-3.597647 3pv=0 ' import re rx = re.compile(r'(\w+)=(\S+)') data = dict(rx.findall(data)) print data hth G. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Help with decorators
Hi,
I'm using decos for the first time.I want to check the input and then call a
function in a class.
I'm pasting the code:
def check_input_sanity(self,rover_input):
'''Check the input from client'''
def _check(fn):
def _inner(rover_input):
if
rover_input[0].upper().replace('L','').replace('R').replace('M') == '' and
rover_input[1].upper() in ['N','S','E','W']:
print 'Input is sane'
fn()
return _inner
return _check
@check_input_sanity([self.origorient,self.direction_str,self.init_loc])
def tell_coord_from_path(self):
'''Gives the final co-ordinate and the direction untill it falls
off/reaches.'''
pdir = self.origorient #Present direction
here the vars : self.origorient,self.direction_str,self.init_loc are the ones I
would like to check for sanity.
But I get an error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File tw.py, line 5, in module
import sys,os,robo
File C:\Python25\thought\robo.py, line 30, in module
class robo_actions(robo):
File C:\Python25\thought\robo.py, line 58, in robo_actions
@check_input_sanity([self.origorient,self.direction_str,self.init_loc])
NameError: name 'self' is not defined
Why is this so? aren't they to be referred to by self with in a class as they
are attributes of the object ?
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Re: Regular expression help
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 I think you're over-complicating this. I'm assuming that you're going to do a line graph of some sorta, and each new line of the file contains a new set of data. The problem you mentioned with your regex returning a match object rather than a string is because you're simply using a re function that doesn't return strings. re.findall() is what you want. That being said, here is working code to mine data from your file. [code] line = 'c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 mad=-3.597647 3pv=0' energypat = r'\betot=(-?\d*?[.]\d*)' #Note: To change the data grabbed from the line, you can change the #'etot' to 'afrac' or 'emad' or anything that doesn't contain a regex #special character. energypat = re.compile(energypat) re.findall(energypat, line)# returns a STRING containing '-12.020107' [/code] This returns a string, which is easy enough to convert to an int. After that, you can datapoints.append() to your heart's content. Good luck with your work. [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello, I am new to Python, with a background in scientific computing. I'm trying to write a script that will take a file with lines like c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 emad=-3.597647 3pv=0 extract the values of afrac and etot and plot them. I'm really struggling with getting the values of efrac and etot. So far I have come up with (small snippet of script just to get the energy, etot): def get_data_points(filename): file = open(filename,'r') data_points = [] while 1: line = file.readline() if not line: break energy = get_total_energy(line) data_points.append(energy) return data_points def get_total_energy(line): rawstr = r(?Pkey.*?)=(?Pvalue.*?)\s p = re.compile(rawstr) return p.match(line,5) What is being stored in energy is '_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x2a955e4ed0', not '-11.020107'. Why? I've been struggling with regular expressions for two days now, with no luck. Could someone please put me out of my misery and give me a clue as to what's going on? Apologies if it's blindingly obvious or if this question has been asked and answered before. Thanks, Nicole -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.4.9 (MingW32) Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org iEYEARECAAYFAkiAqiAACgkQLMI5fndAv9h7HgCfU6a7v1nE5iLYcUPbXhC6sfU7 mpkAn1Q/DyOI4Zo7QJhF9zqfqCq6boXv =L2VZ -END PGP SIGNATURE- -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: checking if an object IS in a list
What is your (concrete) use case, by the way? I try to make it simple (there is almost 25000 lines of code...) I have a sheet with geometrical objects (points, lines, polygons, etc.) The sheet have an object manager. So, to simplify : sheet.objects.A = Point(0, 0) sheet.objects.B = Point(0, 2) sheet.objects.C = Middle(A, B) Then we have : sheet.objects.A == sheet.objects.B True since have and B have the same coordinates. But of course A and B objects are not same python objects. In certain cases, some geometrical objects are automatically referenced in the sheet, without being defined by the user. (Edges for polygons, for example...) But they must not be referenced twice. So if the edge of the polygon is already referenced (because the polygon uses an already referenced object for its construction...), it must not be referenced again. However, if there is an object, which accidentally have the same coordinates, it must be referenced with a different name. So, I use something like this in 'sheet.objects.__setattr__(self, name, value)': if type(value) == Polygon: for edge in value.edges: if edge is_in sheet.objects.__dict__.itervalues(): object.__setattr__(self, self.__new_name(), edge) Ok, I suppose it's confused, but it's difficult to sum up. ;-) Another possibility :-) from itertools import imap id(x) in imap(id, items) I didn't know itertools. Thanks :-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Regular expression help
On Jul 18, 3:35 pm, Nick Dumas [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: -BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 I think you're over-complicating this. I'm assuming that you're going to do a line graph of some sorta, and each new line of the file contains a new set of data. The problem you mentioned with your regex returning a match object rather than a string is because you're simply using a re function that doesn't return strings. re.findall() is what you want. That being said, here is working code to mine data from your file. [code] line = 'c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 mad=-3.597647 3pv=0' energypat = r'\betot=(-?\d*?[.]\d*)' #Note: To change the data grabbed from the line, you can change the #'etot' to 'afrac' or 'emad' or anything that doesn't contain a regex #special character. energypat = re.compile(energypat) re.findall(energypat, line)# returns a STRING containing '-12.020107' [/code] This returns a string, which is easy enough to convert to an int. After that, you can datapoints.append() to your heart's content. Good luck with your work. [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello, I am new to Python, with a background in scientific computing. I'm trying to write a script that will take a file with lines like c afrac=.7 mmom=0 sev=-9.56646 erep=0 etot=-11.020107 emad=-3.597647 3pv=0 extract the values of afrac and etot and plot them. I'm really struggling with getting the values of efrac and etot. So far I have come up with (small snippet of script just to get the energy, etot): def get_data_points(filename): file = open(filename,'r') data_points = [] while 1: line = file.readline() if not line: break energy = get_total_energy(line) data_points.append(energy) return data_points def get_total_energy(line): rawstr = r(?Pkey.*?)=(?Pvalue.*?)\s p = re.compile(rawstr) return p.match(line,5) What is being stored in energy is '_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x2a955e4ed0', not '-11.020107'. Why? I've been struggling with regular expressions for two days now, with no luck. Could someone please put me out of my misery and give me a clue as to what's going on? Apologies if it's blindingly obvious or if this question has been asked and answered before. Thanks, Nicole -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.4.9 (MingW32) Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla -http://enigmail.mozdev.org iEYEARECAAYFAkiAqiAACgkQLMI5fndAv9h7HgCfU6a7v1nE5iLYcUPbXhC6sfU7 mpkAn1Q/DyOI4Zo7QJhF9zqfqCq6boXv =L2VZ -END PGP SIGNATURE- Thanks guys :-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
[ANN] PyStar 0.1 -- A* graph search algorithm
Announcing PyStar, a python module implementing the A* graph search algorithm. Available under the GPL, you can find it at http://fluffybunny.memebot.com/pystar.html I tried to find a decent Python version of this on the Interweb, but the only one I found (http://arainyday.se/projects/python/AStar) was just a bit too cryptic for me to understand and use. So I knocked this up from pseudocode on the Wikipedia A* page, and rewrote the AStar demo program in Tkinter. Comments, bug reports, big wads of cash, etc., are welcome. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
oj wrote: On Jul 18, 12:10 pm, John Machin [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 9:05 pm, oj [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 11:33 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. With regular expressions, [^LRM] matches a character that isn't L, R or M. So: import re var = LRLRLRLNR if re.search(r'[^LRM]', var): print Invalid Fails if var refers to the empty string. No it doesn't, it succeeds if var is an empty string. An empty string doesn't contain characters that are not L, R or M. The OP doesn't specify whether an empty string is valid or not. My interpretation was that an empty string would be valid. Why not just use * instead of + like: if re.search(r'^[^LRM]*$', var): # note: ^ outside [] is start of string; $ means end of string print Invalid This will *only* print invalid when there is a character other than L, R, or M or a empty string. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
Andrew Freeman wrote: oj wrote: On Jul 18, 12:10 pm, John Machin [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 9:05 pm, oj [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 11:33 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. With regular expressions, [^LRM] matches a character that isn't L, R or M. So: import re var = LRLRLRLNR if re.search(r'[^LRM]', var): print Invalid Fails if var refers to the empty string. No it doesn't, it succeeds if var is an empty string. An empty string doesn't contain characters that are not L, R or M. The OP doesn't specify whether an empty string is valid or not. My interpretation was that an empty string would be valid. Why not just use * instead of + like: if re.search(r'^[^LRM]*$', var): # note: ^ outside [] is start of string; $ means end of string print Invalid This will *only* print invalid when there is a character other than L, R, or M or a empty string. Sorry, forget the beginning and ending markers, I just tried it out, it doesn't work. use this instead: if re.search(r'[^LRM]*', var): print Invalid -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: trying to match a string
On Jul 18, 7:51 pm, Andrew Freeman [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Andrew Freeman wrote: oj wrote: On Jul 18, 12:10 pm, John Machin [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 9:05 pm, oj [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Jul 18, 11:33 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Hi, I am taking a string as an input from the user and it should only contain the chars:L , M or R I tried the folllowing in kodos but they are still not perfect: [^A-K,^N-Q,^S-Z,^0-9] [L][M][R] [LRM]?L?[LRM]? etc but they do not exactly meet what I need. For eg: LRLRLRLRLM is ok but LRLRLRNL is not as it has 'N' .like that. regards, SZ The string may or may not have all the three chars. With regular expressions, [^LRM] matches a character that isn't L, R or M. So: import re var = LRLRLRLNR if re.search(r'[^LRM]', var): print Invalid Fails if var refers to the empty string. No it doesn't, it succeeds if var is an empty string. An empty string doesn't contain characters that are not L, R or M. The OP doesn't specify whether an empty string is valid or not. My interpretation was that an empty string would be valid. Why not just use * instead of + like: if re.search(r'^[^LRM]*$', var): # note: ^ outside [] is start of string; $ means end of string print Invalid This will *only* print invalid when there is a character other than L, R, or M or a empty string. Sorry, forget the beginning and ending markers, I just tried it out, it doesn't work. use this instead: if re.search(r'[^LRM]*', var): print Invalid I was using kodos to check the regex.I should have used the IDE instead.Thanks a lot again. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
create PyString
Hi, in an extension module i'd like to create a very large PyString. As the string is very large i'd first like to create the string and let Python allocate the space for it and then fill it from my code. But the only interface that i can find in Python/stringobject.h is: PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyString_FromStringAndSize(const char *, Py_ssize_t); But my extension module does not have the data consecutively in memory. If i'd use this function i'd first have to allocate the data, construct the string and then let python _again_ allocate the same amount of memory and copy my data. Is there a way to tell python to: 1. let python create a PyString with an allocated buffer 2. let my extension module fill the buffer 3. let python validate the strings hash value and whatever else is necessary? Thanks for any hints, Torsten. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Unusual Exception Behaviour
On Jul 18, 12:03 pm, Robert Rawlins [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Yeah it's got me a little bemused to be honest, I've tried playing around with configuration options this morning and not been able to achieve anything that works properly. The logging configuration functionality provided by fileConfig is all- or-nothing, i.e. it does not support incremental configuration. Do you know if any libraries you depend on use fileConfig? If you use programmatic configuration only, and don't use fileConfig at all, does everything work as expected? Regards, Vinay Sajip -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: x, = y (???)
kj wrote:
I just came across an assignment of the form
x, = y
where y is a string (in case it matters).
1. What's the meaning of the comma in the LHS of the assignment?
2. How could I have found this out on my own?
(Regarding (2) above, I consulted the index of several Python
reference books but I could not find the answer to (1). I hope to
find a better Python reference!)
TIA!
kynn
Try this:
y = 'abc'
type(y)
type 'str'
type((y,))
type 'tuple'
y = y, # y, is just short for (y,) you *have* to use a coma in 1
length tuples
y
('abc',)
type(y)
type 'tuple'
y[0]
'abc'
x, = y #same as x = y[0] OR more verbosely (x,) = (y,)
x
'abc'
type(x)
type 'str'
Maybe that will hape you understand what the comma is for?
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Python evening class
I am learning about python but I would like to attend and evening class at college as I find it hard to study at home. Does anyone know of such a class in London UK? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Core Dump - Segmentation Fault -Newbie
Doug Morse wrote: Well, I must be missing something re: why Stefan states that you are using Windows. I don't see that stated in your original post It's stated in the mail headers of his post, though. That's the problem with newbies - you never know where that stops being right. Stefan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Regular expression help
On Fri, 18 Jul 2008 10:04:29 -0400, Russell Blau wrote:
values = {}
for expression in line.split( ):
if = in expression:
name, val = expression.split(=)
values[name] = val
[…]
And when you get to be a really hard-core Pythonista, you could write
the whole routine above in one line, but this seems clearer. ;-)
I know it's a matter of taste but I think the one liner is still clear
(enough)::
values = dict(s.split('=') for s in line.split() if '=' in s)
Ciao,
Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch
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Re: Converting from local - UTC
On 2008-07-18 05:28, Dennis Lee Bieber wrote: On Thu, 17 Jul 2008 20:26:11 -0300, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] declaimed the following in comp.lang.python: Note that I used %s everywhere (it's just a placeholder, not a format) and cue the beer commercial Unfortunately, in the case of MySQLdb... It is both -- maybe that will change once MySQLdb gives up compatibility with MySQL 4.x by incorporating usage of prepared statements in place of a Python % interpolation. It has to be %s as the adapter first converts to string, escapes, and quotes the arguments; regardless of native datatype they are strings when put into the SQL statement... If you prefer a different parameter style, you could use mxODBC and the MySQL ODBC drivers. You'd then write: query = INSERT INTO image VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?) and avoid any confusion due to the parameter style looking a lot like the Python string formatting markers (for obvious reasons, since that's what the MySQLdb module uses internally). -- Marc-Andre Lemburg eGenix.com Professional Python Services directly from the Source (#1, Jul 18 2008) Python/Zope Consulting and Support ...http://www.egenix.com/ mxODBC.Zope.Database.Adapter ... http://zope.egenix.com/ mxODBC, mxDateTime, mxTextTools ...http://python.egenix.com/ Try mxODBC.Zope.DA for Windows,Linux,Solaris,MacOSX for free ! eGenix.com Software, Skills and Services GmbH Pastor-Loeh-Str.48 D-40764 Langenfeld, Germany. CEO Dipl.-Math. Marc-Andre Lemburg Registered at Amtsgericht Duesseldorf: HRB 46611 -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Using Tcl extensions with Python?
On Jul 17, 5:18 pm, Guilherme Polo [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [snip] And.. for tkpng specifically, you won't need tk.call to use it, you just need to create your images using Tkinter.PhotoImage with a png type. Thank you Guilherme, that's all great info. Thomas Troeger [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: ARGH, Tcl!!! ;-) I know that's not the question, but do you know PIL (http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil)? Yes, I know about PIL. However, I need use PNGs with a full alpha channel. PIL only seems support simple transparency, whereas TkPNG seems to work as expected with them. If I am incorrect in this, then please let me know how to use it! Thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: x, = y (???)
In [EMAIL PROTECTED] Matthew Woodcraft [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: kj wrote: I still don't get it. If we write y = 'Y' x, = y what's the difference now between x and y? And if there's no difference, what's the point of performing such unpacking? If y really is is a string, I think it's likely that the line you came across was a typo. OK, this is the best explanation I've seen for the code I'm talking about. This code may be found at: http://norvig.com/sudo.py in the definition of the function eliminate. Here's the fragment: elif len(values[s]) == 1: ## If there is only one value (d2) left in square, remove it from peers d2, = values[s] Now, in the assignment, values[s] *is* a string of length 1. So this assignment appears to me entirely equivalent (in its ultimate effect) to the more straightforward d2 = values[s] ...but, since I'm a noob, I thought I'd ask :-) Thanks! kynn -- NOTE: In my address everything before the first period is backwards; and the last period, and everything after it, should be discarded. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
