Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[mbg1708]

On Tuesday, 4 November 2014 16:49:36 UTC, françai s  wrote:
> I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.
> 
> It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
> of programming that you can write is in hex code?
> 
> What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?
> 
> Is binary code?
> 
> Is hex code?
> 
> Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
> is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.
> 
> Is Assembly?

If you want a really brilliant (and simple) book about the process of 
designing, structuring and building programs in assembly language, I'd 
recommend finding a copy of a book called A Programmer's Notebook written by 
David M Cortesi.  The context is out of date (8080/Z-80 assembly programs for 
CP/M), but the overall structure of each chapter is brilliant: the development 
of decent designs, followed by a discussion of possible approaches to 
programming, followed by a detailed discussion of the development of the 
assembly language, and finally a final assembly code listing.  One advantage of 
this book is that the 8080/Z-80 instruction set and the interface to CP/M are 
both relatively simple to grasp (compared with modern CPUs and modern OSs).  
That said, the lessons from this book translate to any assembly programming 
task.

Good luck.
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[William Ray Wing]

> On Nov 5, 2014, at 6:14 PM, Clayton Kirkwood  wrote:
> 
> Yeah, the 11 was mesmerizing. You didn't need no stinkin' program to see how
> busy the system was, you just checked the lights. You could really tell when
> somebody was compiling or link/loading. As I've done many times since those
> days, I am amazed how many users could be using the system simultaneously
> (yes, general editing, but still...) and it wasn't a quick machine by any
> stretch. We had a whopping 384K memory and big multi-platter disks with a
> whopping 65MB. Still think in terms of PIP sometimes…
> 

And TECO. . .

> Clayton

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RE: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Clayton Kirkwood]

Yeah, the 11 was mesmerizing. You didn't need no stinkin' program to see how
busy the system was, you just checked the lights. You could really tell when
somebody was compiling or link/loading. As I've done many times since those
days, I am amazed how many users could be using the system simultaneously
(yes, general editing, but still...) and it wasn't a quick machine by any
stretch. We had a whopping 384K memory and big multi-platter disks with a
whopping 65MB. Still think in terms of PIP sometimes...

Clayton

>-Original Message-
>From: Python-list [mailto:python-list-
>bounces+crk=godblessthe...@python.org] On Behalf Of Cameron Simpson
>Sent: Wednesday, November 05, 2014 2:28 PM
>To: python-list@python.org
>Subject: Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary
>code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?
>
>On 05Nov2014 15:38, Denis McMahon  wrote:
>>On Tue, 04 Nov 2014 21:30:06 -0500, Dennis Lee Bieber wrote:
>>>   If you have an old system with front-panel toggle switches, you
>>set the
>>> switches for binary values, and then push the "enter" switch.
>>
>>You've booted a PDP-8 then ;)
>
>Not me, but I have booted a PDP-11. Same deal:-)
>
>Our kernels had a patch in the idle loop that updated a specific memory
>address with a regularly changing bit pattern (therefore the change rate
>slowed down when the machine was busy). Post boot we'd set the memory
>view toggle swithces to that address and be treated to a beautiful
>Cylon-like shuttling pattern of red lights indiciating business.
>
>Cheers,
>Cameron Simpson 
>
>The most likely way for the world to be destroyed, most experts agree,
>is by accident. That's where we come in; we're computer professionals.
>We cause
>accidents.  - Nathaniel Borenstein
>--
>https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list



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Re:[OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Dave Angel]

françai s  Wrote in message:
> I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.
> 
> It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
> of programming that you can write is in hex code?
> 
> What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?
> 
> Is binary code?
> 
> Is hex code?
> 
> Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
> is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.
> 
> Is Assembly?
> 

You have to start somewhere. The lowest practical level is called
 hardware. If you're going to ignore that, then you presumably
 have some particular hardware in mind. If you're talking the
 Intel Pentium, you've already skipped the lowest level, because
 Intel has already done it (microcode ) and sealed it inside the
 chip.

Many years ago I wrote microcode for a living,  and on some of our
 machines it was buried in ROM, while in others it was changeable
 and loaded at boot time. In any case, customers didn't usually
 get documentation or tools for changing it. There probably are
 still processors around that have changeable microcode
 available.

You may ask what is Microcode? It's the code that tells the real
 hardware what to do with that binary "machine code" that people
 call machine code. You don't really think that there is hardware
 to do a trig function,  do you?

So once you pick a processor, if you can't write the microcode, 
 what's the lowest level? Toggle switches is probably it, because
 anything else has gobs of software running before you hit your
 first key. Keyboards were once hardware, but probably any recent
 keyboard has more code in it than my satellite navigation program
 written in 1973.

Of course toggle switches on the console are probably binary, but
 the first IBM machines had hex rotary switches on their
 console.

There's no important difference between binary and hex; you do
 those conversions in your head while toggling stuff
 in.

Now if you don't have a console then you have to go up a level, 
 and use some form of console. We used punched paper tape as the
 next level up, and hex punched cards next. I suppose you'll have
 to use a console,  with some kind of monitor echoing your
 keystrokes onto a screen. No tty for you?

Next level up is to have some form of operating system running. 
 You might even use a system call to output a character to your
 terminal. No machine language instruction for that.

And so on.

Assembly is a low level language that is pretty much translated,
 each line of text into one mahine instruction. Usually the
 printout can show the results in hex or octal, but you can
 trivially convert in your head to binary for those toggle
 switches or whatever.  Or use the executable that your assembler
 and linker produce. But by now you're using lots of os services, 
 reading and writing files, displaying stuff, printing to a dot
 matrix or daisy wheel printer.

Pick your level, there are dozens, and I've used most of them. But
 the distinction between binary, octal, and hex is too minor to
 mention,  except you specifically asked.

HTH

-- 
DaveA

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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Cameron Simpson]

On 05Nov2014 18:09, Chris Angelico  wrote:

On Wed, Nov 5, 2014 at 5:39 PM, Cameron Simpson  wrote:

Bah! He asked if there were lower levels than binary. Ergo: chip design!
(And microcode, the intermediate layer. Or one of the layers, depending
where you draw the line.) Should we stop before we reach the quantum foam of
spacetime?


Certainly not. We keep going below electrons, and find ourselves in
Quantumland. It's like Wonderland, only... uhh... actually, it's just
like Wonderland. Pick up a book called "Alice in Quantumland" by
Robert Gilmore - it's worth reading.


It is sitting of the shelf right here, awaiting my attention:-)

Cheers,
Cameron Simpson 

If this experiment we're doing works, then I will follow up and push it as
hard as possible. And if it doesn't work, I will write a science-fiction
novel where it does work. It's a win-win situation.
- John Cramer on his experiment for possible cuasality violation
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Dan Stromberg]

On Tue, Nov 4, 2014 at 10:39 PM, Cameron Simpson  wrote:
> Bah! He asked if there were lower levels than binary. Ergo: chip design!
> (And microcode, the intermediate layer. Or one of the layers, depending
> where you draw the line.) Should we stop before we reach the quantum foam of
> spacetime?

Last I heard, Intel (and others?) had stopped using microcode, to get
a performance boost.  That means CPU's are not field-updatable in the
event of a problem, but most people would just buy another computer
anyway.
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Cameron Simpson]

On 05Nov2014 15:38, Denis McMahon  wrote:

On Tue, 04 Nov 2014 21:30:06 -0500, Dennis Lee Bieber wrote:

  If you have an old system with front-panel toggle switches, you

set the

switches for binary values, and then push the "enter" switch.


You've booted a PDP-8 then ;)


Not me, but I have booted a PDP-11. Same deal:-)

Our kernels had a patch in the idle loop that updated a specific memory address 
with a regularly changing bit pattern (therefore the change rate slowed down 
when the machine was busy). Post boot we'd set the memory view toggle swithces 
to that address and be treated to a beautiful Cylon-like shuttling pattern of 
red lights indiciating business.


Cheers,
Cameron Simpson 

The most likely way for the world to be destroyed, most experts agree, is by
accident. That's where we come in; we're computer professionals. We cause
accidents.  - Nathaniel Borenstein
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[MRAB]

On 2014-11-05 02:30, Dennis Lee Bieber wrote:

On Tue, 4 Nov 2014 13:45:32 -0300, françai s 
declaimed the following:


I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.

It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
of programming that you can write is in hex code?

What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?

Is binary code?

Is hex code?

Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.

Is Assembly?


Meaningless question -- it all relies upon HOW THE CODE GETS INTO
MEMORY.

NOT TO MENTION: "binary" and "hex" are just notations. They both
represent a set of bits, but hex uses one character to encode 4 bits while

binary needs one character for each bit.

0xA5 is the SAME as '101001010'b (note: the notation differs with
whatever system you use to enter them -- 0xA5 in C is 16#A5# in Ada, and
'A5'h in some obsolete systems..


I've also seen $A3 and 0A3h (it needs to start with a digit in the
range 0..9).


If you have an old system with front-panel toggle switches, you set the
switches for binary values, and then push the "enter" switch.

"machine code" typically implies an instruction set specific to that
machine... ALL computers operate in BINARY logic (a bit only holds 0 or 1).
How you get those bits into the computer is irrelevant.



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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Denis McMahon]

On Tue, 04 Nov 2014 21:30:06 -0500, Dennis Lee Bieber wrote:

>   If you have an old system with front-panel toggle switches, you 
set the
> switches for binary values, and then push the "enter" switch.

You've booted a PDP-8 then ;)

-- 
Denis McMahon, denismfmcma...@gmail.com
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Chris Angelico]

On Thu, Nov 6, 2014 at 2:05 AM, Grant Edwards  wrote:
> On 2014-11-05, Dennis Lee Bieber  wrote:
>
>>  "machine code" typically implies an instruction set specific
>> to that machine... ALL computers operate in BINARY logic (a bit only
>> holds 0 or 1). How you get those bits into the computer is
>> irrelevant.
>
> Just to muddy the water...
>
> _Most_ parts of most computers operate in binary.  Portions of some
> parts (e.g. some NAND flash) use ternary, quaternary, or octal.  IIRC,
> four-state transistor cells are pretty common at the moment, but some
> vendor(s) are working with 8-state cells.

Dragging this back to some semblance of reality: Whenever you write
code, you're writing code for some kind of executor. No level of
abstraction higher or lower truly matters; you just write to the level
you're aiming at, and everything else is of educational curiosity
only. I might write code for a Python executor one day, and for a C
executor another, and then another day maybe I'm writing LaTeX code -
that's a language, too, of a sort. If I build my own framework layer
above the base executor, that's just added another type of executor to
the pool, and now I can target that. Everything's abstractions around
something, and *it doesn't matter*, because anyone can fiddle with any
layer without disturbing the others. Those eight-state cells can be
dropped in without breaking my Python code - that's the whole point of
abstractions. They're doing their job.

ChrisA
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Grant Edwards]

On 2014-11-05, Dennis Lee Bieber  wrote:

>  "machine code" typically implies an instruction set specific
> to that machine... ALL computers operate in BINARY logic (a bit only
> holds 0 or 1). How you get those bits into the computer is
> irrelevant.

Just to muddy the water...

_Most_ parts of most computers operate in binary.  Portions of some
parts (e.g. some NAND flash) use ternary, quaternary, or octal.  IIRC,
four-state transistor cells are pretty common at the moment, but some
vendor(s) are working with 8-state cells.

-- 
Grant Edwards   grant.b.edwardsYow! Hold the MAYO & pass
  at   the COSMIC AWARENESS ...
  gmail.com
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Chris Angelico]

On Wed, Nov 5, 2014 at 5:39 PM, Cameron Simpson  wrote:
> Bah! He asked if there were lower levels than binary. Ergo: chip design!
> (And microcode, the intermediate layer. Or one of the layers, depending
> where you draw the line.) Should we stop before we reach the quantum foam of
> spacetime?

Certainly not. We keep going below electrons, and find ourselves in
Quantumland. It's like Wonderland, only... uhh... actually, it's just
like Wonderland. Pick up a book called "Alice in Quantumland" by
Robert Gilmore - it's worth reading.

ChrisA
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Cameron Simpson]

On 04Nov2014 11:24, sohcahto...@gmail.com  wrote:

On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 10:51:53 AM UTC-8, ast wrote:

 a écrit dans le message de
news:e5c95792-f81f-42b4-9996-5545f5607...@googlegroups.com...
On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 8:49:36 AM UTC-8, françai s wrote:
>I can't think of any reason why someone would WANT
>to program in binary/hex machine code.

It happens if you design yourself a specialized microcoded
machine, also known as a number cruncher and you dont
want to developp assembly tools to program it. So you
have to fill a memory with 0 and 1
It's sometimes the work of electronic engineers, chip
designers.


Well, yeah, that's pretty obvious, but I think that's a bit outside the scope 
of this discussion.  The OP didn't mention designing a chip.


Bah! He asked if there were lower levels than binary. Ergo: chip design! (And 
microcode, the intermediate layer. Or one of the layers, depending where you 
draw the line.) Should we stop before we reach the quantum foam of spacetime?


Cheers,
Cameron Simpson 
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Chris Angelico]

On Wed, Nov 5, 2014 at 1:30 PM, Dennis Lee Bieber  wrote:
> "machine code" typically implies an instruction set specific to that
> machine... ALL computers operate in BINARY logic (a bit only holds 0 or 1).
> How you get those bits into the computer is irrelevant.

Bah, those zeroes and ones are just an abstraction! They work in voltages.

Actually, those voltages are just an abstraction. They work in electrons.

Not to mention that electrons are really abstractions too, in their own way...

ChrisA
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Theo van Werkhoven]

You could go to 
 and get the 
Altair 8800 or IMSAI 8080 emulator.  Run the program and toggle in 
binary code for these easy to use 8 bit processors.
There's a short manual for the IMSAI on the same page and the manual 
plus instruction set for the Altair can be found in

.

Have fun with binary, I wish these machine were still available.

Theo

On 4-11-2014 17:45, françai s wrote:

I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.

It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
of programming that you can write is in hex code?

What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?

Is binary code?

Is hex code?

Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.

Is Assembly?


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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Grant Edwards]

On 2014-11-04, ast  wrote:
>
> a écrit dans le message de 
> news:e5c95792-f81f-42b4-9996-5545f5607...@googlegroups.com...
> On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 8:49:36 AM UTC-8, françai s wrote:
>
>
>>I can't think of any reason why someone would WANT
>>to program in binary/hex machine code.
>
> It happens if you design yourself a specialized microcoded
> machine, also known as a number cruncher and you dont
> want to developp assembly tools to program it.

It only takes a couple hours to write a half decent two-pass absolute
assembler in Python.  I've done it.  There are also generic assember
toolkits/frameworks available.  Doing real work in binary is insane.

I know people _think_ they're're only going to spend an hour writing
"just this one" program in binary, so it's not worth spending a few
hours developing tools.  IME, they're always wrong.

> So you have to fill a memory with 0 and 1
>
> It's sometimes the work of electronic engineers, chip designers. 

-- 
Grant Edwards   grant.b.edwardsYow! Did I say I was
  at   a sardine?  Or a bus???
  gmail.com
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Tobiah]

On 11/04/2014 08:45 AM, françai s wrote:

I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.

It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
of programming that you can write is in hex code?

What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?

Is binary code?

Is hex code?


My first computers at home were Z80 powered Timex's.  I tried writing
video games in BASIC, but the machines were to slow to animate anything
at reasonable speeds.  I knew about machine language from a high-school
computer course (using and Apple IIe).  I bought a book on the Z80, and
started reading.

My Z80 manual showed each 8-bit instruction's anatomy in Hex and binary.
Some of the instructions used several bits to denote some aspect of the
instruction.

I got some graph paper, and started coding that way, using one square
per bit, and one line per byte.  I translated all the binary by brain
into integer, and used BASIC programs to 'poke' the bytes into memory
then execute at the starting address.

This was all quite educational and extremely tedious.  Eventually, when
I found out that assemblers existed, I wrote a crude one in BASIC, and found
that to be a luxury.

Later when I got an Atari 800, and the assembler cartridge I actually
wrote a working two player Tron type game in assembly.  Having delved
into all of this, I'd like to echo the sentiments of a previous poster,
that assembly is really the place to start for a low level language.
You get all of the control of machine language, with far less of the
headaches.  Depending on what you want out of your hobby, if a working
program that is of some use is one of those things, then start with
assembly.

If you just want to geek out and write a program that can guess a number
between 1 and 100 by using graph paper, then sure, go for binary writing.

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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[sohcahtoa82]

On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 10:51:53 AM UTC-8, ast wrote:
>  a écrit dans le message de 
> news:e5c95792-f81f-42b4-9996-5545f5607...@googlegroups.com...
> On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 8:49:36 AM UTC-8, françai s wrote:
> 
> 
> >I can't think of any reason why someone would WANT
> >to program in binary/hex machine code.
> 
> It happens if you design yourself a specialized microcoded
> machine, also known as a number cruncher and you dont
> want to developp assembly tools to program it. So you
> have to fill a memory with 0 and 1
> It's sometimes the work of electronic engineers, chip
> designers.

Well, yeah, that's pretty obvious, but I think that's a bit outside the scope 
of this discussion.  The OP didn't mention designing a chip.
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[ast]

 a écrit dans le message de 
news:e5c95792-f81f-42b4-9996-5545f5607...@googlegroups.com...

On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 8:49:36 AM UTC-8, françai s wrote:



I can't think of any reason why someone would WANT
to program in binary/hex machine code.


It happens if you design yourself a specialized microcoded
machine, also known as a number cruncher and you dont
want to developp assembly tools to program it. So you
have to fill a memory with 0 and 1
It's sometimes the work of electronic engineers, chip
designers. 


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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[sohcahtoa82]

On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 8:49:36 AM UTC-8, françai s wrote:
> I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.
> 
> It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
> of programming that you can write is in hex code?
> 
> What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?
> 
> Is binary code?
> 
> Is hex code?
> 
> Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
> is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.
> 
> Is Assembly?

I can't think of any reason why someone would WANT to program in binary/hex 
machine code.  If you want to program in a language that is as close to the 
metal as you can get, just learn Assembly.  It will save you many headaches, 
especially if you're planning on writing for x86 CPUs.  The number of opcodes 
is absurd without even getting into 64-bit instructions, SSE, etc.
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[sjmsoft]

Grant's statements are correct and his advice is sound.

I would not waste my time writing machine code, even as a hobby (and not even 
if your other hobbies include juggling chain saws).  It's too time-consuming, 
tedious, bug-prone, and eyeglass-prescription-enhancing.

Programming in assembly language will show you how the machine really works, 
and is challenging enough for almost anyone.  And it will help you truly 
appreciate a powerful high-level language like Python.  I've written much 
assembly language, on two different architectures, over the past 35 years, and 
I'm glad I did.  But these days I work in assembly language only when necessary 
(legacy code).  Give me Python any day!

Cheers,
  Steve J. Martin
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Rustom Mody]

On Tuesday, November 4, 2014 10:19:36 PM UTC+5:30, françai s wrote:
> I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.
> 
> It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
> of programming that you can write is in hex code?
> 
> What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?
> 
> Is binary code?
> 
> Is hex code?
> 
> Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
> is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.
> 
> Is Assembly?

Machines of earlier years had something called microprogramming
below the machine language level.

After the advent of RISC machines (ie for the last 20 years or so)
this is not available to a 'normal' user.
[Where by 'normal' user I mean someone who is not an employee
of Intel for example].
Classic book for this is Tanenbaum's Structured computer organization.

Then below this is a bunch of layers (very remote from programming) which 
electronics folks deal with going upto the 
solid-state physics of silicon
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Re: [OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[Grant Edwards]

On 2014-11-04, françai s  wrote:

> I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.
>
> It is true that is impossible write in binary code,

No.  You can write in binary if you want.  If I were going to do
something like that I'd pick a CPU like a PDP11 with a nice simple,
regular, orthogonal instruction set.  That will minimize the amount of
stuff you'll need to memorize.  The MSP430 isn't bad either.

> the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

Hex is just a shorthand notation for binary where a group of 4 bits is
represented by a single character 0-9,A-F, but it's the exact same
"code":

binary  hex

 0
 00011
 00102
 00113
 01004
 01015
 01106
 01117
 10008
 10019
 1010A
 1011B
 1100C
 1101D
 1110E
 F 

> What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?
>
> Is binary code?
> Is hex code?

They're the same thing.  I supposed I could write in hex/binary if I
really wanted to.  I did it once or twice in the distant past, but
it's not something I'd consider fun. 

The lowest language I actually write code in is assembly.

> Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that
> there is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.

> Is Assembly?

Assembly is small a step up from binary, where you enter keywords that
are translated directly into binary using a simple lookup table.  You
still have to know all about the CPU's instructions, registers, modes,
and so on the same as you do when writing in binary -- you just don't
have to memorize exactly which bit patterns are used for which
instructions.

On many CPUs there is another layer below "binary" and that's the
microcode that runs on the actual CPU gates.  The microcode is a
little program that interprets the "binary" code that you're talking
about writing.  The only people that write microcode are the design
engieers where the CPU was designed.

If you really want to write in "binary", you should probably first
learn to program in assembly language as a way to understand the the
CPU and it's instruction set and addressing modes.  The assmebler will
still do all sorts of bookkeeping and keep track of memory addresses
for you so that when you insert or remove an instruction you don't
have to manually adjust the addresses for the entire rest of the
program.

-- 
Grant Edwards   grant.b.edwardsYow! A dwarf is passing out
  at   somewhere in Detroit!
  gmail.com
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[OFF-TOPIC] It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level of programming that you can write is in hex code?

[françai s]

I intend to write in lowest level of computer programming as a hobby.

It is true that is impossible write in binary code, the lowest level
of programming that you can write is in hex code?

What is the lowest level of programming computers that you can write ?

Is binary code?

Is hex code?

Is another machine code? Honestly do not know if it is true that there
is another machine code beyond the binary and hex code.

Is Assembly?
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